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Background: Economic analysis in 20 specialized cattle and buffalo dairy farms of Gujarat was comparatively studied. The required information from selected farms was collected through personal interview. Methods: It was studied by working annual fixed and variable cost. Gross total income was obtained by sum of all the income generated in dairy farm by selling milk, dung and animals. The collected and derived data were subject to nonparametric test in SPSS software. Result: Total fixed cost was consisted of 19.06% of total cost and it was nonsignificant between cattle and buffalo farms. Total variable cost was higher in buffalo farms. The proportion of variable cost was major (80.94%) among total cost. Among total cost, feed and fodder cost was highest i.e. 63.69% followed by labour cost i.e. 15.72%. Buffalo farms were spending significantly higher amount toward dry fodder and labours. Average total income from sale of milk was Rs. 48.44 lakh (86.59%). Sale of ghee (9.81%), dung (2.72%) and animals (0.90%) was also having some contribution in return. The average net profit was Rs. 16.06 lakh per farm which was nonsignificant. Similarly, yearly overall net return per adult unit (AU) and per man day was 0.16 and 2.35 lakh, respectively. The net profit per liter of milk was Rs. 17.36 and 8.84 lakhs in buffalo farms and cattle farms, respectively. The overall benefit cost ratio was 1:1.35. Thus, it can be concluded that specialized dairy farm of crossbred cattle or buffaloes with herd strength 80-180 were profitable and viable enterprise in Gujarat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out in Yamuna Nagar, Kurukshetra, and Karnal districts of Haryana during 2021-22. A total of 210 tomato growers were interviewed to collect data to study the thorough cost and return analysis of tomato cultivation. Tomato cultivation was a profitable venture for farmers with a BC ratio of 1: 1.86. The per hectare cost of cultivation was worked out to be Rs. 305701.14 of which major contributors were rental value of land (24.96%), picking/harvesting charges (15.44%), transportation (11.61%) and nursery raising/seed (5.74%). The gross return, return over variable cost and net return per hectare were Rs. 569528.28, 412210.72, and 263827.14 on an overall basis. The production cost per quintal of tomato was computed to be Rs. 707.23 per quintal. It was suggested that farmers should take tomato cultivation with a business and market-oriented approach to compete with the challenges of the glut situation and opt cooperative approach in the production and selling of crops to avail maximum profit by reducing the cost of inputs and transportation and ultimately improving bargaining and negotiating power for better price availing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind farms have gained wide attention due to unlimited resources and clean energy. Considering that wind turbine systems are always in harsh conditions, subsystem failures could reduce the reliability of wind turbine systems. At present, the maintenance behaviors for wind turbine systems are various (e.g., corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance) when reliability is reduced below the threshold. Considering the maintenance cost and downtime, it is impossible to repair each component in a timely manner. One of the key problems is dividing components into maintenance groups to improve maintenance efficiency. In this paper, a grouping maintenance policy considering the variable cost (GMP-VC) is proposed to improve direct-drive permanent magnet (DPM) turbine systems. Grouping modes are proposed to fully consider the stated transition probability of turbine components and the variable cost of turbine systems. A maintenance model is formulated to select components as members of the group based on a RIM-VC index. An instance is given to verify the proposed GMP-VC method. The result indicates that the proposed maintenance policy may save maintenance costs over baseline plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indicator “Full cost per production of BGN 100” is a key business indicator that characterises the efficiency of the operations of enterprises carrying out industrial activities as their principal business. This indicator is calculated as percentage ratio of full cost of production to the production value by net sales prices. The relevance of this indicator and the methods for its analysis is due to the following facts: 1) The impact of three direct factors on the dynamics of the full cost per production of BGN 100 may be identified, assessed and controlled: changes of the product range structure; changes of the full cost per product unit within the composition of sold products; changes of net sales prices of products. 2) The impact of expenses comprised in the full cost of production may be identified by classifying them on the basis of appropriate criteria. For example: with view of the expenses’ relation to and dependence on the volume of sold products, they may be classified as conditionally fixed and variable; classification of expenses by economic items: expenses on materials; expenses on staff, including wages and salaries and social security and health insurance expenses; expenses on amortisation and other expenses. Classification of expenses by types of activities: expenses for principal activity; expenses for sale of products and administrative expenses. 3) Efficiency may be analysed, assessed and controlled both by types of activities and by types of industrial enterprise’s expenses. The main source of information for the needs of the analysis of full cost per production of BGN 100 is the accounting information created in the enterprise. Data are contained in the synthetic, financial-resultative account “Sales revenue”. The object studied in this publication is the indicator “Full cost per production of BGN 100”, and its subject matter covers the direct factors affecting the change of actual versus basic full cost per production of BGN 100, as well as the methods for analysis and evaluation of such influence. The author’s objective is to suggest guidelines for improvement of the methods for analysis of the indicator “Full cost per production of BGN 100”. The analytical information so obtained is useful with view of the opportunities for being used in the process of making informed, proper, timely and efficient decisions for the management of cost of sold products and the efficiency of the operations. Furthermore, the full cost per production of BGN 100 indicator is directly related to the net sales revenue-based return (profitability of sales) – a summary indicator for the efficiency of the industrial enterprise’s business. This information is also useful with view of the fact that the factors affecting the dynamics of the full cost per production of BGN 100 are factors that influence the change of profitability of sales with the same value but with opposite signs. This is due to the economic nature of the two factors for efficiency of the enterprise’s operations mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has been carried out in South-Western and Central agro climatic regions of Punjab state for studying the cost-returns and marketing pattern of dairy and fish farming based integrated model. It was observed from the study that the net returns from crop farming was 1,65,852 per farm per year, whereas the net returns on per acre basis were found to be 32,328 per acre per year. Further, the net returns from dairy farming were found to be 44,928 per farm per year and 78,822 per acre per year. From fish farming, net returns were observed to be 2, 47, 396 per farm per annum and 84,725 per acre per year. Total profitability of the crop-dairy-fish farming integrated model was observed to be 4,58,176 per farm per annum, and net returns per acre from this model were 53,030 per year. Hence, it may be inferred that dairy and fish farming are more profitable as compared to crops and when adopted in an integrated manner along with crops, can enhance the overall profitability of the farm by efficient utilisation of farm waste products and byproducts. At the same time, there is need of creating awareness among the farmers regarding the importance of dairy and fish farming based integrated models, so that they can adopt these types of models for enhancing their income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has been carried out in three agro-climatic regions of Punjab state, i.e. Sub mountainous, Central and South-Western regions for examining the economics of different green fodder crops and importance of green fodder in enhancing the dairy profitability. The study consisted of a total sample size of 120 farmers growing green fodder crops and keeping dairy animals. It was observed from the study that the profitability from important green fodder crops based crop cycle is a little bit higher (bajra + berseem 51,213) than the traditional wheat-paddy crop rotation ( 49,005). It was found that proportion of green fodder in the cost of milk production was lower (12.12 per cent) if green fodder is home-produced compared to the market prices of green fodder (23.13 per cent). In this way, the expenditure on green fodder can be curtailed by about 13-14 per cent, which will curtail the overall cost of production of milk and enhance the productivity and profitability from milk production. A direct link between green fodder quantity and milk yield has been observed. Therefore, farmers need to motivated for enhancing the green fodder production for properly feeding the animals and further, they should try to increase the herd size so that higher profits from dairy farming can be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Break Even Analysis has wide application in most of the industries but its application so far is limited in hospital industry, this study attempts to perform break even analysis of both MRI and CT unit of a tertiary care hospital in North Eastern state of India, Sikkim. In this study the MRI machine was found to be underutilized with a utilization coefficient of 48%, whereas the CT machine utilization was acceptable with a utilization coefficient of 73%. In this study the MRI unit was incurring a loss of Rs 1837.39 per scan whereas the CT unit was making a profit of Rs 891 per scan. Moreover, the break-even point for MRI is found to be 203 scans per month, the current average scan per month was 138, similarly for CT the calculated break even point was 308 scans and the current average CT scans done were 550 scans per month. This study also uses the break-even selling price calculation to determine the price revision for MRI assuming that the number of MRI scans per month will remain 138 only and after doing the calculation it was found that the average selling price per MRI scan should be Rs 6231 i.e. an increase of Rs 1837 per scan from the existing average selling price of Rs 4394. However, revision of price should not be seen in isolation but together with the competitor’s prices, and anticipated reduction in cases because of price elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Serbica is the property of University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the survey data and information, this paper conducts analysis on the extra cost of traceability systems for agro-product enterprises in China. Calculation on concrete pricing of traceable products is conducted with Enterprise A as an example by using break-even pricing. The price that consumers are willing to pay for 10 traceable products in Enterprise A was measured by collecting 576 valid questionnaires in three cities in China. The benefit-cost ratio, contribution margin ration and profit growth rate are figured before and after implementing the traceability system to illustrate if Enterprise A is profitable after implementing the traceability system. The results show that extra cost incurred by the traceability system of Enterprise A is not high in China; it is not the main reason for the high price of traceable products. Enterprise A increases its operating efficiency and profit growth rate after implementing the traceability system. The pricing of traceable product should consider target consumers' willingness to pay rather than setting prices blindingly. Government support and education to consumers are important to promote the construction of traceability system at the early stage of establishment of traceability system in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Break-even analysis plays an important role in financial appraisal of projects. Preparation of the financial profitability statement is a major mile stone in financial appraisal. This is because of the reason that it involves many assumptions. The assumptions must be realistic. Out of the many assumptions made, the assumption on capacity utilisation for different years is a crucial one since many other parameters in the financial projection depend on this. Suppose a realistic financial projection has been made. The top management is in need of certain key performance indicators (KPI) to monitor. One such KPI is the Break-even point. If the top management has this indicator in hand for every year of operation, it will prove to be a very useful tool in having a check on whether the on-going operations are in order and whether the volume of output being produced/likely to be produced is above the required Break-even volume. This article explores the use of Break-even point as a Key Performance Indicator. Further, the article touches upon the finer aspects of classifying the costs into fixed and variable costs in arriving at the Break-even point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Global Science & Technology is the property of Global Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cost diagnosis is a tool for controlling, regulating, and piloting an enterprise's performance in a competitive economy. Understanding the complete and complex analysis and perceived investigation of resource consumption in an enterprise requires: a good knowledge of subordinate concepts, cost typology, cost analysis methods, calculation methods and unit cost analysis, implicit the cost and strategic decision of the enterprise. Looking from this perspective, in the present paper we have proposed that objectives, to approach the full cost calculation methods based on partial costs (direct-costing on the product or direct-costing evolved), and comparing them to determine the effect they have on the outcome of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lavender is a perennial shrub cultivated primarily for its inflorescence which produces high value essential oil. In Turkey, a great deal of studies has been done regarding the calculation of input, cost and profit of many agricultural products. However; there are not sufficient studies for medical and aromatic plants. In this study, it was aimed to determine the production inputs, costs and profitability of lavender farms. As research field, Isparta Province, which constitutes significant portion of Turkey’s lavender production, was chosen. The material of this study consists of data obtained through face-to-face surveys with 38 farmers. The mean yield of farm was calculated as 1636.70 kg ha-1 while 1 kg lavender production cost was calculated as $0.95. The average selling price of farm for 1 kg of lavender was $1.57. The GPV from lavender farming was calculated as 2573.31$ ha-1. Gross profit and the net profit were calculated as $1695.08 and 1018.37 $ ha-1 respectively. Relative profit was found to be 1.65. Lavender production was an alternative and important source of income for producers in region. Therefore, governmental support to lavender can lead to improvements in profitability indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As agricultural policy reform and its effects have become increasingly territorialised, analyses that attempt to explain or predict impacts need to be both more localised and to identify spill-over effects. Local and regional general equilibrium approaches have become increasingly popular because they can extend predictions of policy shocks obtainable from partial equilibrium sectoral models to identify the wider effects. However, agriculture is usually described as a single sector in input-output accounts, whereas policy shocks that affect constituent commodities with differential impacts will have inter-industry effects that are different to those implied by average input-output coefficients. Regionalisation of aggregated input-output tables adds further to these difficulties. The objective of this study is to develop a practical method for dealing with these problems. It describes the theoretical basis of aggregation bias and shows how it can be measured, in two contrasting case study regions in the UK and Sweden. Having established that this is a significant issue, a simple but effective procedure is demonstrated, based on additional information on variable costs, which transforms policy shocks from a direct change in agricultural output to that transmitted to the suppliers of inputs. This method provides an impact close to that which could be calculated if the general equilibrium system had indeed been disaggregated, and supports use of this approach in impact studies where insufficient time or funding are available for complete disaggregation of an agricultural sector's regional accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lam, V. W. Y., Sumaila, U. R., Dyck, A., Pauly, D., and Watson, R. 2011. Construction and first applications of a global cost of fishing database. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1996–2004.The development of a new global database of fishing cost is described, and an overview of fishing cost patterns at national, regional, and global scales is provided. This fishing cost database provides economic information required for assessing the economics of fisheries at various scales. It covers variable and fixed costs of maritime countries, representing ∼98% of global landings in 2005. Linked to country and gear-type combinations, cost estimates can be mapped to a database of spatially allocated fisheries catches for future analysis in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The global average variable cost per tonne of catch in 2005 is estimated to range between US$639 and $1217, and the total cost per tonne from $763 to $1477, with mean values of $928 and $1120, respectively. The total global variable fishing cost is estimated to be in the range US$50–96 billion per year, with a mean of $73 billion per annum in 2005 dollar equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of University of Kafkas, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study conducted on 55 khoa producing areas from 11 talukas of Beed district, during 2007-08 using multi stage stratified random sampling technique,findings revealed that, on an average, Rs. 2720 was required to set up a unit. The study further revealed that cost of production of khoa varies according to area of milk production and geographical situation. The study further revealed that even having profit margin in fluid milk production,due to lack of milk collection centers, lack of chilling facilities and transportation facilities, milk producers in some area converts their milk in to khoa as there is market for khoa than milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duality methods for incomplete systems of consumer demand equations are adapted to the dual structure of variable cost functions in joint production. This allows identification of necessary and sufficient restrictions on technology and cost so that conditional factor demands can be written as functions of input prices,fixed inputs,and cost. These are observable when variable inputs are chosen and committed to production, hence the identified restrictions allow ex ante conditional demands to be studied using observable data. This class of production technologies is consistent with all von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions when ex post production and/or output prices are uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Energetika is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The authors reply to Colander's comment in this issue on their earlier article (Wang and Yang 2001). They emphasize the necessity to define fixed cost differently than sunk cost because fixed vs. variable costs and sunk vs. avoidable costs classify the total costs from two different perspectives. They show that it is logically incorrect and inconsistent if fixed cost is a synonym of sunk cost. To avoid confusion in pedagogy and education of economics, they argue that fixed cost should be correctly defined in principles textbooks, rather than corrected later at more advanced levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-based production of sea bream ( S. aurata) isone of the alternative types of aquaculture for different areas of theMediterranean coast, but its future development will mainly depend both on thecapacity to make this technology compatible with other uses of the land and thecapacity to make it cost-effective, especially in comparison with production incages. The present work analyzes all costs related to sea bream production inland-based facilities. With this aim in mind, a “standard facility”,growing 200 t per year of fish from 10 to 400 g, isdefined. It is assumed that there will be a collective utilization by some farmsof the infrastructure for intake, transport and outfall of water as well as theeffluent treatment system. The work is developed for a specific area, The EbroDelta in Spain, but intends to be a wide approach to the subject and to offergeneral conclusions. The average total production cost obtained, around four anda half euro per kg, allows us to consider that this type of technologyis feasible under the conditions considered. The different items that couldaffect this cost are also discussed. Feed and juveniles represent respectively30% and 25% of average total cost. Those costs differentiating betweenland-based and cage technology, i.e. oxygen and power, amount to only 6.3% ofthe average total cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors attempt to clarify the concepts of, and the link between, fixed costs and sunk costs. They argue that the root for possible confusion between fixed costs and sunk costs is the inconsistency in defining the term fixed costs. They define fixed costs uniformly as the costs that are independent of the level of output and suggest that instructors refer to the part of fixed costs that are irrevocably committed as sunk costs. Under these definitions, the statement ‘there are no long-run fixed costs’ is incorrect. Instructors should teach students that in the long run there are no sunk costs, although there may easily be fixed costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the actual cost of pediatric intensive care and its different components, particularly the differences between various patient groups, with special reference to the variable cost and the elements included in it. Design: Prospective, observational study. Setting: Multidisciplinary 12-bed pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a tertiary university hospital. Patients: 495 admissions to the unit over 17 consecutive months; 64.2 % were medical patients and 35.8 % were surgical patients; the mean (SE) stay in the PICU was 6.6 ± 0.4 days. Measurements and results: The fixed cost per day per patient was calculated, including the costs of physicians, nurses, auxiliary and other personnel who worked during the study period, and the costs of structural depreciation, maintenance, consumption, and disposable material. The variable cost was individually calculated from the costs of routine procedures and also included expenditure on pharmaceuticals, blood products, biochemical, hematological, and bacteriologic tests, radiology, image diagnosis procedures, and other procedures. The Physiologic Stability Index (PSI) was obtained in the first 24 h after admission. The mean fixed cost per patient per day was u. s. $ 608, which represents 72 % of the total patient cost during this study; 86 % of this amount was for personnel (58 % for nurses and auxiliary staff). Variable costs came to 28 % of the total amount, and were $ 218 ± 100 ( M± SEM) per patient per day. In addition to the costs of their longer stay in the PICU, the daily variable costs of nonsurvivors were higher than those of survivors ($ 542 ± 52 vs $ 179 ± 7; p < 0.001). We classified the patients into four groups according to their PSI score in the first 24 h; variable daily costs increased ( p < 0.05) in all comparisons with the PSI level: group I: < 4 points ($ 155 ± 0.5), group II: 5–9 points ($ 210 ± 13), group III: 10–14 points ($ 324 ± 54), group IV: > 15 points ($ 480 ± 42). However, this pattern was not found for all resources: the cost of treatment techniques and biochemical and hematological tests increased, but the consumption of antibiotics, parenteral nutrition, blood products, and bacteriologic tests reached their maximum level in groups I–III and radiology was not significantly influenced by PSI level. Conclusions: The cost of personnel was the biggest factor in intensive care costs: 62.4 % of the total costs. Nonsurvivors generated 3 times the mean variable daily expenditure on survivors and had longer stays in the PICU. The increase in PSI score on the first day was associated with a global increase in variable costs. The cost of treatment techniques significantly increased as the illness became more severe but consumption of antibiotics and parenteral nutrition and use of bacteriologic tests and radiology did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the synthesis of a chitosan–montmorillonite nanocomposite material grafted with acrylic acid is presented based on its function in a case study analysis. Fuzzy optimization is used for a multi-criteria decision analysis to determine the best desirable swelling capacity (YQ) of the material synthesis at its lowest possible variable cost. For YQ, the integrating the result's cumulative uncertainty is an essential element to investigate the feasibility of the developed model equation. The Pareto set analysis is able to set the appropriate boundary limits for YQ and the variable cost. Two case studies are presented in determining the lowest possible cost: Case 1 for maximum YQ, and Case 2 for minimum YQ. These boundary limits were used in the fuzzy optimization to determine its global optimum results that achieved the overall satisfaction ratings of 67.2% (Case 1) and 52.3% (Case 2). The synthesis of the polyacrylic acid/chitosan material for Case 1 resulted in 305 g/g YQ and 10.8 USD/kg, while Case 2 resulted in 97 g/g YQ and 12.3 USD/kg. Thus, the fuzzy optimization approach proves to be a practical method for examining the best possible compromise solution based on the desired function to adequately synthesize a material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vital component for the development of a functioning internal electricity market is the adoption by each European member state of the Pan-European Hybrid Electricity Market Integration (EUPHEMIA) for the day-ahead market solution. The consideration of the national power market's characteristics enables more realistic market design towards the implementation of the so-called "Target Model". This work considers a series of factors, including the EUPHEMIA order types, their use by market participants, the relative competitiveness of power generators, the impact of interconnected markets, the existence of market players with dominant positions, and the existence of specific regulations such as the minimum average variable cost restriction on offers by producers, as well as the strategy adopted by market participants. The main goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis on the adoption of EUPHEMIA's algorithm in case of the Greek wholesale market, based on a relevant research project funded by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission to support the Hellenic Regulatory Authority of Energy on its decision-making. The paper contributes to the relevant literature on the quantification of the impacts of the EUPHEMIA algorithm in the case of the Greek wholesale market, providing insights on the crucial aspects affecting realistic, market-based decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]