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AbstractOver the last decade, rapid advances in information systems (ISs) have greatly reshaped and changed the nature of doing business and how its performance is measured, with Electronic Auditing (E-auditing) emerging as a pivotal element in improving organizational efficiency. This study addresses the challenges faced in manually implementing audits and underscores the necessity for transitioning to electronic audit systems. The manual approach has limitations regarding the accuracy of operations, so to enhance performance, E-auditing is now imperative. The purpose of the study is to evaluate E-auditing in the public sector of Saudi Arabia, utilizing DeLone and McLean’s information system model (DM ISM). The focus is on vital factors including information quality, system quality, service quality, system usage and user satisfaction and their influence on the performance of internal audit departments, particularly during the challenges posed by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a self-administered survey questionnaire to collect data from E-auditing users in the Saudi public sector. The study applies partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to validate the gathered data. Findings reveal that information quality and system quality significantly influence E-auditing usage. While service quality exhibits no marked effect on usage, the study establishes a strong relationship between E-auditing usage and user satisfaction. Effective E-auditing usage and satisfied users contribute convincingly to the improved performance of internal audit departments. The paper concludes with implications, limitations, and suggestions for future studies.

The uneven English proficiency level among college students can lead to a lack of confidence and a passive learning process, especially for those with weak foundations. However, applying cognitive psychology principles in college English teaching can optimize the teaching mode and create a high-quality classroom atmosphere. By stimulating students’ enthusiasm through practical activities, respecting and encouraging their learning, teachers can improve the quality of teaching. This empirical study offers a comprehensive exploration of the relevance of cognitive psychology in college English teaching. It discusses the challenges faced by college students in learning English due to uneven proficiency levels and passive attitudes towards learning. The paper also introduces innovative teaching models and strategies that can optimize the learning experience and improve teaching quality. By addressing these challenges and providing effective solutions, the paper aims to enhance students’ English proficiency and overall learning outcomes. The implementation of cognitive psychology in English teaching is expected to create a positive classroom atmosphere, promote student engagement and motivation, and ultimately lead to continued improvement in the students’ English level.

The didactic class is a pedagogical tool meant to increase classroom interactivity by encouraging student discussion of real-life cases in connection with theory. This paper evaluates the pedagogical impact of using a one-off didactic class where an external expert is brought in to discuss how to relate a cognitive psychology course’s content to real-life problems. Using a mixed-methods approach, we measure the undergraduate students’ sense of conceptual understanding, their perspective on applying cognitive sciences, their sense of belonging to the department, and their motivation to work. Students’ sense of understanding and their perspective in applying cognitive sciences to real-world problems significantly increased after this class. However, we found no significant differences in their sense of belonging to the department or their motivation to study. This suggests didactic classes may further course-specific content but do not change broader aspects of motivation or belonging. The qualitative interviews support the quantitative results. Students reported that didactic class made them think laterally about content from other modules and how they could apply theoretical insights to real-world problems, which boosted confidence. Students reported great satisfaction with the didactic class. Of course, the speaker must be relevant to the course content, and students should feel empowered and able to speak in class. However, these are practical concerns that should not discourage lecturers from exploring didactic classes as a fun and instructive tool that has significant pedagogical benefits.

This paper proposes the complex dynamics of collective behavior through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates individual cognition with potential fields. Firstly, the interaction between individual cognition and external potential fields in complex social systems is explored, integrating perspectives from physics, cognitive psychology, and social science. Subsequently, a new modeling method for the multidimensional potential field mechanism is proposed, aiming to reduce individual behavioral errors and cognitive dissonance, thereby improving system efficiency and accuracy. The approach uses cooperative control and distributed learning algorithms to simulate collective behavior, allowing individuals to iteratively adapt based on local information and collective intelligence. Simulations highlight the impact of factors such as individual density, noise intensity, communication radius, and negative potential fields on collective dynamics. For instance, in a high-density environment with 180 individuals, increased social friction and competition for resources significantly decrease collective search efficiency. Validation is achieved by comparing simulation results with existing research, showing consistency and improvements over traditional models. In noisy environments, simulations maintain higher accuracy and group cohesion compared to standard methods. Additionally, without communication, the Mean Squared Error (MSE) initially drops rapidly as individuals adapt but stabilizes over time, emphasizing the importance of communication in maintaining collective efficiency. The study concludes that collective behavior emerges from complex nonlinear interactions between individual cognition and potential fields, rather than being merely the sum of individual actions. These insights enhance the understanding of complex system dynamics, providing a foundation for future applications in adaptive urban environments and the design of autonomous robots and AI systems.

The notion of unconscious finds support in many experimental studies that use the dissociation method. This method allows us to distinguish between conscious and unconscious mental states when participants cannot explain why they performed as they did in an experiment. The paper will discuss the notion of unconscious by considering David R. Shanks’ criticisms of the application of the dissociation method: it will assess three studies Shanks proposes as reexaminations of three other relevant studies in the literature and show how Shanks’ work provides an examination of the methodological pitfalls of such studies. The paper will argue that, although Shanks’s results are relevant regarding theories about the structure of cognition, his theoretical positions are at best confused and at worst diminish the importance of his research outcomes. It will conclude by showing why Shanks’s results that legitimize the role of consciousness in cognition can be problematic for the physicalistic or materialistic framework endorsed by cognitive psychologists.

This paper explored the training methods to improve the level of deaf college students’ ToM. Eighty deaf college students were selected as participants and randomly divided into experimental group and control group. The ToM training group received ToM training; The non-ToM training group received physical-conversation training. Cognitive ToM task and affective ToM task were used to investigate the training effect. After training, the level of ToM of deaf college students who received ToM training was significantly improved. The results show that ToM training can effectively promote the level of deaf college students’ ToM.

In this introduction to the thematic issue on the future of the cognitive science(s), we examine how challenges and uncertainties surrounding the past and present of this discipline make it difficult to chart its future. We focus on two main questions. The first is whether cognitive science is a single unified field or inherently pluralistic. This question can be asked at various levels: First, with respect to the disciplines that should be included in the cognitive hexagon and their reciprocal relationships: should we speak of cognitive science or of the cognitive sciences? Second, with regard to the conceptual and methodological changes (turns or revolutions) that have taken place within the cognitive project from its inception to the present day. Third, it pertains to cognitive psychology as a discipline. Before the emergence of cognitive science psychology was a fragmented discipline characterized by different traditions and approaches: has cognitive science been able to stem this fragmentation? Finally, we can question the unity of the cognitive architecture itself: is cognition produced by homogeneous or heterogenous mechanisms for information processing? We show that the issue of unity is addressed by several of the papers included in this thematic issue. In the second part of this introduction, we query the role that each component discipline should play in the cognitive project and in particular which should lead the project going forward, and why. Again, we show how this issue has been tackled by several articles featured in this collection.

The question posed in the title serves as a springboard to examine the interdisciplinary nature of cognitive science and the role philosophy should play. I will argue that philosophy has a clearly defined role to play over and above the contributions made by philosophies specific to the various disciplines engaged in cognitive science. I also point out that by engaging with cognitive science – an endeavor defined by a clear scientific goal – philosophy itself will have to change in ways that are bound to affect the future of philosophizing. In the first part of this paper, I play devil’s advocate, arguing that philosophy should not be amongst the disciplines engaged in cognitive science. In the second part, I discuss how the relationship between philosophy and psychology has been changed by their common participation in cognitive science: psychology is now admittedly philosophical and philosophy has become naturalized. In the third part, I suggest that philosophy is better equipped than psychology to handle the thorny question of representation in cognitive science. In the fourth part and conclusion, I argue that cognitive science will influence both the theory and practice of philosophy: the futures of cognitive science and philosophy are tied together.

Education public opinion information management is an important research focus in the field of Education Data Mining (EDM). In this paper, we classify the education data information based on the traditional Flat-OCC model. From the cognitive psychology perspective, we identify up to 12 kinds of emotions, including sadness and happiness. In addition, the EMO-CBOW model is also proposed in this paper to further identify emotion by using various emoticons in educational data sets. The empirical result shows that (1) the proposed Flat-OCC model can classify and identify the emotion of education public opinion data well; and (2) for the recognition of educational emotion classification, the categorization accuracy of the Flat-OCC+EMO-CBOW model is significantly higher than that of a single Flat-OCC model, which reveals that the emotional-pack-based model we propose can enhance our benchmark model.

The translation of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) terms is an important practical aspect of cross-lingual expressions related to ICH knowledge. Chinese ICH terms are heavily loaded with specific historical and cultural knowledge and regional characteristics. Based on cognitive psychology, this paper analyzes the metonymic mechanism of traditional translation techniques such as substitution in the English translation of Chinese ICH terms. The English translation of Chinese ICH nominal terms can be realized based on the metonymic mechanism of replacing either a superordinate with a subordinate of the linguistic structure or a subordinate of the linguistic structure with a subordinate of the linguistic structure in the pair language, English-Chinese. The English translation of Chinese ICH verbal terms can regard the whole verbal action as an event process and can highlight one aspect of the process through a metonymic mechanism as well. This paper holds that metonymy is an important psychological motivation and cognitive mechanism for translation skills such as substitution as it brings the relationship between the corresponding items of the target language and the source language into a unified interpretation framework. Hence, this may add some significance to the research of translation theory and translation practice. This also contributes to the UN Sustainable Development Goal number 17 which seeks global parternship for sustainable development.

Cognitive psychology can help better understand human thinking and behavior, and its application in design can increase the infectious force of design. In this paper, because the brain will generate ERP signals when cognitive stimuli stimulate it, the group sparse decomposition method obtains ERP from EEG signals, and uses the BAP of brain regions to construct the interaction activity pattern of brain regions, and then combines with the interaction genetic algorithm to search for the optimal solution for the data in graphic design by using hierarchical degradation method for processing. The EEG data and interaction behavior characteristics of users were explored through chromatic stimulus response experiments and interaction behavior analysis. It was found that the accuracy of users’ responses to orange, green and purple were all higher than 60%, and P400 in EEG responded to the stimuli most significantly, with P-values of 0.0291, 0.0462, and 0.0355 at P5, P6, and Pz, respectively, with significant effects. The average number of interactions of 46 users in the graphic design enjoyment was 31.47, with the highest success rate of interaction reaching 99.81%, and the average duration of interaction experience for all subjects was 10.26 minutes. Graphic design based on cognitive psychology can capture people’s inner emotions and make better design solutions.

As a psychological quality and developmental potential of college students, the accumulation of psychological capital is influenced by a variety of factors. Individuals do not exist in isolation, and their psychological and behavioral changes often depend on the relationships that exist with others. In this paper, from the perspective of cognitive psychology, we intend to introduce the origin, classification, application conditions, and estimation methods of the network autocorrelation model, compare the differences between the conventional linear model and network autocorrelation model in processing relationship data through a simulation study, explore the factors influencing the accumulation of psychological capital of college students, and analyze the internal and external factors influencing the psychological capital of college students through the results of questionnaire survey. The actual role and sensitivity of these factors are explored and analyzed, expecting to provide ideas for the intervention and enhancement of college students’ psychological capital accumulation and to provide certain pedagogical references as well as inspiration for the cultivation of students’ psychological quality.

This paper first investigates cognitive psychology and art design, divides cognitive memory into sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory according to cognitive psychology, and investigates art design's needs, psychology and creative thinking ability. Then, an art design is proposed that uses image processing technology. The first step in designing an art design using image processing technology is to use an image processing algorithm. Based on the image luminance equalization processing in art design, image fusion and wavelet noise reduction processing are carried out, and ANOVA cognitive psychology and art design experimental data are used to realize art design human-computer interaction. The results show that the analysis of the model with artistic design creative thinking variability as the dependent variable found that the R2 of the model was 0.036, and the adjusted R2 was 0.023. F=2.633, p=0.015, and the grade level had a significant effect on artistic design creative thinking variability. This study is a comprehensive and thorough cognitive psychology and art and design relationship that can contribute to development.

This paper analyzes the problems existing in the current packaging design of children's food in China, and studies the emotional value, intellectual value, information transmission value and brand value of story elements in the packaging design of children's food. Explores the specific application of story elements in the packaging design of children's food from three aspects, namely, the theme of the incident, the scenario of the story, and the plot design, with the help of several award-winning international packaging works in recent years.

As a result of the rushed transition to remote teaching because of the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers have suddenly been forced to design mobile-assisted language learning (MALL; m-learning) activities, mostly for the first time in their careers. However, it is imperative that instructors realize that the challenge is greater than simply converting paper-based assignments into a digital format. There has been very little research done examining the cognitive effects of writing on a smartphone, compared to writing on paper. The current study therefore sought to examine how recollection of content differed depending on the medium used for notetaking. A population of 138 Japanese university students of English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) were asked to transcribe a short text, either by paper or by smartphone, and then quizzed on the content immediately afterwards. Students who wrote the text by hand were found to have significantly greater recollection of the content compared to those who had ‘tapped’ on smartphones. These results follow precursor research which indicated that Japanese students compose significantly slower on their phones in English (Lee, 2020b), and wrote significantly less in writing tasks (Lee, 2019, 2020a) than handwriting counterparts.

The empirical evidence in the developed equity markets such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and emerging markets had pronounced that there are institutional and individual investors’ cognitive psychology and mental biases in favor of the Growth Stocks, that is, the Growth Stocks are always preferred to the Value Stocks by the investors. The investors most times prefer the Growth Stocks to the Value Stocks irrespective of the stock fundamentals behavior in the equity market. The paper investigated whether Cognitive Psychology and Mental biases affect Portfolio Selection strategies using the Growth or the Value Stocks investment styles in the Nigerian Stock Market. In the study, the summary of the primary data was described and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) models were adopted to make inferential decisions. The paper collected primary data through questionnaire administered to individual and institutional investors on the floor of Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE). The findings from the analyses conducted confirmed a strong existence of Cognitive Psychology and mental biases in favor of the Growth Stocks in the Nigerian Equity Market. Investors had more belief in Growth Stocks than the Value Stocks notwithstanding the behavior of the market fundamentals. The study recommended that investors should seriously consider occurrences and performance fundamentals in Portfolio Selection in the Nigerian Equity Market.

Most of the current development of artificial intelligence is based on brain cognition, however, this replication of biology cannot simulate the subjective emotional and mental state changes of human beings. Due to the imperfections of existing artificial intelligence, this manuscript summarizes and clarifies that artificial intelligence system combined with cognitive psychology is the research direction of artificial intelligence. It aims to promote the development of artificial intelligence and give computers human advanced cognitive abilities, so that computers can recognize emotions, understand human feelings, and eventually achieve dialog and empathy with humans and other artificial intelligence. This paper emphasizes the development potential and importance of artificial intelligence to understand, possess and discriminate human mental states, and argues its application value with three typical application examples of human–computer interaction: face attraction, affective computing, and music emotion, which is conducive to the further and higher level of artificial intelligence research.

Drowning has been the cause of over 2.5 million preventable deaths in the past decade. Despite the fact that the majority of drownings occur in open water, assessment of water safety competency typically occurs in swimming pools. The assessment of water safety competency in open water environments brings with it a few difficulties, but also promises tremendous benefits. The aim of this position paper is to discuss the benefits and caveats of conducting assessments in open water environments as opposed to closed and controlled environments, and to provide recommendations for evidence-based practice. The first theoretical section discusses the effects of the environment and key variables (such as temperature and water movement) on various factors of assessment. These discussions are linked to the two perspectives of representative learning design (based on ecological dynamics) and information processing theory. The second section presents two pilot studies of relevance and provides practical implications for assessment of water safety competency. It seems that a combination of pool-based practice and open water education may be ideal in assessing aquatic skills competency. Assessment in open water presents clear benefits regarding validity, but often poses seemingly unsurmountable barriers, which providers may have reservations about in the absence of clear evidence. Hence this article provides a robust discussion about competency assessment and signals the practical importance of faithfully reproducing the environment in which skilled behavior is most relevant.

The idea of interviewing Dan Ariely was somehow latent on my mind since I started being interested in cognitive psychology and cognitive behavior psychotherapy, but actually got more ardent ever since irrationality became a research topic for his team at Duke University. I picked him as an interviewee thinking not only at his exceptional skills as a researcher and as Kahnemann ‘disciple’, but mainly for his fantastic wit, true modesty and utmost interest in making people’s lives easier and more comfortable, by creating awareness on a lot of topics otherwise neglected. Dan Ariely’s very agreeable personality and humor would not let you think of him as a burnt casualty who, in his youth struggled to survive a personal drama, so well-documented in his paper “Painful lessons” posted on the MIT website (http://web.mit.edu/ariely/www/MIT/Papers/mypain.pdf). I think reading his paper and also this transcribed interview with him would be also comforting for people who found out about Bucharest fire incident that rocked our society and also for people who are personally related to this tragedy.

The digital revolution and interactive technology have made a tremendous shift in human life, as well as numerous transformations at all levels and levels, which have resulted in a breakthrough in the design of interior design and furniture elements, and this is why interior design elements such as facades, floors, walls, ceilings, and furniture appeared in a new and interactive way as a result of the remarkable development in the field of Computer technology and the strong relationship between individuals and electronic devices, which are constantly evolving and the need to keep abreast of developments in the manufacture of interior design and furniture elements and catch up with this technological component. This paper deals with the study of interactive design and its importance as a source for developing elements of interior design.This is where interactive design is one of the most important mechanisms for self-learning in which the learner practices the self-experience in forming educational experience through touching, understanding and convincing, as it is important that the learner learns how to learn, and it is not important to give the information and test it in its ability to retrieve it, but positive education must be emphasized Change the stereotypes that depend on understanding and persuasion by experimenting and watching, encouraging thought, self-learning, deduction, and conclusion, until the student reaches the information himself and has his educational experiences through positive participation, not negative reception . interactive design is a general term that is concerned with the design of usable products, that achieve ease of learning, and effectiveness of use, and provides the user with an enjoyable and effective experience which means that the product is designed to be a good tool, efficient and effective, easy to use, learning and remembering. Computer, cognitive science, psychology, and finally organizational science in an attempt to understand how people use and interact with technology. This is where the need to study modern interactive design standards to reach an intelligent interactive system emerged to enrich the internal void with new design and intellectual approaches through the use of modern technological means, which have advanced ideas and solutions that contribute to solving many design and implementation problems and an effective role affecting the individual receiving modern technological developments and technologies.

Practice in a Second Language: Perspectives from Applied Linguistics and Cognitive Psychology, edited by Robert DeKeyser, discusses the role of second language (L2) practice across two related research fields: applied linguistics and cognitive psychology. The notion of practice is controversial and raises debate, as DeKeyser acknowledges in the very first page of the introduction to this volume. The controversy stems from the fact that practice is wrongly equated with mechanical drills, these having been rejected by mainstream language teaching methodologies over the past 30 years. In order to minimize potential controversies, DeKeyser presents a focused definition of practice as “specific activities in the second language, engaged in systematically, deliberately, with the goal of developing knowledge of and skills in the second language” (p. 1). The book is intended to be a helpful resource for L2 practitioners and researchers interested in understanding the role of practice in L2 acquisition.

Following Rowland’s and Foucault’s respective observations that apocalypses are not necessarily temporal, and that historical analyses have diverted attention unduly from spatial phenomena, this paper examines Revelation using a spatial hermeneutic, comparing it to the semi-contemporaneous Parables of Enoch. Analyzing ostensibly similar spaces that are presented divergently, the paper focuses particular attention on “doorway” phenomena in Revelation. Recent research in cognitive psychology by Radvansky et al. suggests that passing through a doorway has a measurable cognitive effect, inducing forgetfulness of prior thoughts. Revelation employs doorway and gateway language repeatedly, while Parables of Enoch does not. The respective spatial emphases of Revelation and Parables suggest diverging engagements with a traumatized material world. References in Parables of Enoch to oppressive landowners and transformative goals for the earth suggest a continuing critical engagement with the material world. The lack of comparable language in Revelation suggests a comparatively more escapist perspective. Revelation combines polemic against all the “inhabitants of the earth”, an emphasis on the replacement of the old order, and the use of compensatory cultic language to orient the reader away from the existing material world. The parallel narrative employment of doorway language suggests an operative governing psychology of separation and forgetfulness in Revelation.

The analysis of attitude and human behavior, represents a major axis of research in cognitive psychology and marketing, in addition to the complexity of the brain's structure, its functioning is known by a great diversity, which can be explained by the interaction of the individual with his environment, and also by the way the brain reacts when it’s exposed to a stimulus or in a situation that causes some hesitation. First of all, the aim of this paper is to explain, through an analysis of empirical results of more than 30 selected studies, the necessity to revisit what is thought to be obvious in terms of methodological approaches, which are essentially based on the individual’s declarative, seeking a better understanding of what is really happening inside the consumer. So to do this, we will discuss the role of several brain mechanisms in the treatment of marketing stimuli. Secondly, to present a meta-analysis based on more than 140 scientific article and thesis in the field of consumer neuroscience. All, in order to demonstrate the growing interest of marketing researchers in this new multidisciplinary field.

O presente artigo inicia pela discussão sobre as contribuições que pesquisadores de diversas áreas - psicologia, história, matemática, antropologia, entre outras - trazem para a Educação Matemática. A ênfase será nas pesquisas que tomam por base a psicologia, detendo-se na teoria dos campos conceituais. Para ilustrar sua posição, o artigo apresenta um estudo descritivo realizado com 103 professoras polivalentes que atuam nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, no qual foi pedido para que elas elaborassem quatro problemas de estrutura aditiva. Os resultados são analisados à luz da referida teoria e apontam que a maioria dos problemas elaborados (88,43%) são problemas considerados como protótipos; ou seja, os menos complexos cognitivamente. O estudo conclui que parece não haver uma preocupação, ou compreensão, dos professores em trabalhar problemas que facilitem o entendimento e a expansão do campo conceitual aditivo de seus estudantes.The starting point of this paper is to promote a discussion concerning the contributions that were brought to Mathematics Education from researchers from different areas, such as Psychology, Mathematics, Anthropology, History, among others. The focus will be on research based on Psychology, in special on the theory of conceptual field (TCF). To illustrate this position, the paper presents a descriptive study carried out with 103 primary school teachers, in which they were asked to elaborate four problems of addictive structure. The results, which are analyzed from the TCF perspective, point out that most of these elaborated problems (88,43%) were classified as prototypes ones, that is, those which require less cognitive effort. The study concludes that it seems that there is no worrying, or comprehension, from teachers in relation to explore problems that make their students' understanding easier or to expand the addictive conceptual field.

This paper briefly surveys several prominent modeling approaches to knowledge-based intelligent systems (KBIS) design and, especially, expert systems and the breakthroughs that have most broadened and improved their applications. We argue that the implementation of technology that aims to emulate rudimentary aspects of human intelligence has enhanced KBIS design, but that weaknesses remain that could be addressed with existing research in cognitive science. For example, we propose that systems based on representational plasticity, functional dynamism, domain specificity, creativity, and concept learning, with their theoretical and experimental rigor, can best characterize the problem-solving capabilities of humans and can best overcome five key limitations currently exhibited by knowledge-based intelligent systems. We begin with a brief survey of the relevant work related to KBIS design and then discuss these five shortcomings with new suggestions for how to integrate results from cognitive science to resolve each of them. Our ultimate goal is to increase awareness and direct attention to areas of theoretical and experimental cognitive research that are fundamentally relevant to the goals underlying KBISes.

The researches in the field of spatial cognition have grown steadily since the sixties (XX century). Architects, urban planners, geographers, anthropologists and psychologists have attempted, from their different points of view, to characterize those attributes of spatial environments that constitute for them a great source of experience. These are highly multidisciplinary experiences dealing with the interaction between humans and their environment at many levels. The task of this paper is to give an overview of Kevin Lynch's theory of 'urban form', as set out in the book 'Image of the City' (1960). This book is crucial among all the literature about the look of cities. Lynch introduced the importance of human vision and our analysis has the task of elucidating this importance today. It is an important study, following on from which several new theories have been developed. More important, is the theory of cognitive perception of the urban environment and more specifically - cognitive mapping; in the domain between space representation and cognitive psychology. This paper explains concepts concerning cognitive maps, and provides some comments on them as an review of post-Lynchians theories and some related computer-based applications.

Social engineering cyberattacks are a major threat because they often prelude sophisticated and devastating cyberattacks. Social engineering cyberattacks are a kind of psychological attack that exploits weaknesses in human cognitive functions. Adequate defense against social engineering cyberattacks requires a deeper understanding of what aspects of human cognition are exploited by these cyberattacks, why humans are susceptible to these cyberattacks, and how we can minimize or at least mitigate their damage. These questions have received some amount of attention, but the state-of-the-art understanding is superficial and scattered in the literature. In this paper, we review human cognition through the lens of social engineering cyberattacks. Then, we propose an extended framework of human cognitive functions to accommodate social engineering cyberattacks. We cast existing studies on various aspects of social engineering cyberattacks into the extended framework, while drawing a number of insights that represent the current understanding and shed light on future research directions. The extended framework might inspire future research endeavor toward a new sub-field that can be called Cybersecurity Cognitive Psychology, which tailors or adapts principles of Cognitive Psychology to the cybersecurity domain while embracing new notions and concepts that are unique to the cybersecurity domain.

With the explosive growth of user-generated data in social media websites such as Twitter and Weibo, a lot of research has been conducted on exploring the prediction power of social media data in financial market and discussing the correlation between the public mood in social media and the stock market price movement. Our previous research has demonstrated that the topic-based public mood from Weibo can be used to predict the stock price movement in China. However, one of the most challenging problems in topic-based sentiment analysis is how to get the relevant topics about a stock. The relevant topics are also considered as concepts about a stock which can be used to build the ontology of stock market for semantic computing and behavioral finance research. In this paper, motivated by the basic level concept in cognitive psychology, we present a novel method using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to generate topics about a stock based on the social media data. The experimental results show that the proposed method is e ective and better than other topic modeling methods. The topics generated by our method are more interpretable and could be used for topic-based sentiment analysis.

The research indicates that there is no prospect of searching specific entrepreneurial traits that are necessary for conducting successful entrepreneurial activity. It is pointed on the impossibility to fully explain the negative state of domestic business exclusively by the influence of environmental factors. The paper points on the necessity of concentrating the scientific search on the cognitive features of personality, as factors that contribute to success of entrepreneurial activities. It is revealed that the decision-making process directed on problem-solving in entrepreneurial activity, from an entrepreneurial idea to obtaining an appropriate result, cannot be algorithmized. The author points out on the insufficiency of attempts to model cognitive processes of entrepreneurs, in which their cognitive activity is regarded as an information processing system that resembles a computer. The results obtained in the framework of the cognitive approach in studying the phenomenon of the entrepreneur are analyzed. Particular emphasis is placed on the features of heuristics and cognitive biases. It is stated that the high levels of uncertainty, novelty, time deficit, information overload and emotional tension facilitate influence of cognitive biases on the cognitive processes of the entrepreneur. The role of «availability heuristic», «anchoring and adjustment heuristic», «confirmation bias», «hindsight bias» and self-efficacy in making decisions about starting an entrepreneurial activity are considered. The article points to the role of «belief in the law of small numbers» and the illusion of control in establishing optimistic bias (overly positive self-esteem, excessive optimism about future plans and events) that lead to reducing the subjective perception of entrepreneurial risk.

This paper aims to explain how the Cognitive Psychology supports the language development on children. The supporting data was taken from some related books and journals. The data collection is conducted through the proper source collection used for obtaining various information related to the topic. Then the information obtained from many sources was analyzed. The result of the analyses shows that the language acquisition process begins even since infancy period. In this process, the cognitive psychology supported it. In the process of acquiring the language, the children will pass through four steps of Cognitive process namely, sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operation stage, and formal operation stage. The entire stages are related to human’s age. In addition there are some assumptions of children’s cognitive development which are children’s schemas, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration.

This paper: (1) briefly outlines a study tips presentation that uses both evidence from the cognitive psychology literature as well as demonstrations to teach students how to study more effectively, and (2) provides empirical evidence about whether this study tips presentation affects students’ study habits. We provide an overview of the presentation, a handout that summarizes the tips, and a reference list rich with sources that support the efficacy of these study approaches. We also summarize a study we conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the presentation. Thirty-two students completed a questionnaire about their typical study strategies before and three months following the presentation. Additionally, 102 students who did not attend the presentation (control group) completed the study strategies survey, and their responses were compared to those from 74 students who had attended the presentation sometime between 3 months and 3 years and 3 months earlier. Finally, the 74 presentation attendees rated their memory for, utilization of, and perceived influence of the eight study tips. Results support the efficacy of the “Study Smarter, Not Harder” presentation as a way to improve students’ understanding and utilization of effective study approaches.

Throughout his career, New York-based experimental filmmaker and animator Jeff Scher has created animated works that are in dialogue with the diary film tradition in avant-garde cinema. Scher uses his distinctive single-frame rotoscope and collage animation technique to investigate the selective nature of memory and to celebrate the moments that constitute everyday life. Scher’s animated trilogy, You Won’t Remember This (2007), You Won’t Remember This Either (2009), and You Might Remember This (2011), depicts a series of everyday moments in the early childhoods of his two sons Buster and Oscar. The trilogy is centred on the mnemonic phenomenon that is referred to in developmental and cognitive psychology as childhood amnesia, which has presented problems for the philosophy of memory since John Locke first investigated the roles of memory and consciousness in the constitution of the identity of the self. Scher’s three portraits invite spectators to reflect on the mnemonic imbalance that is specific to this particular temporal situation—where the parent is able to remember what the child will ultimately forget—in both a distilled and heightened way. This paper investigates the ways in which the rotoscope collage technique employed by Scher in the You Won’t Remember This trilogy not only endows the works with a special capacity to emphasise the universal nature of childhood amnesia but also, conversely, resembles the phenomenological experience of remembering itself.

The research from cognitive psychology has found a promising path of application in the field of branding and consumer behaviour. In this paper, we review the most striking findings in implicit cognition that are relevant to the research on evaluations and decision making. In doing this, we expect to clarify the possible scope of cognitive psychology as a potential tool for research in consumer psychology. In particular, we discuss the possible implications of this line of research for the developing of two specific areas: subliminal advertising and implicit measures of brand perception.

Research on human–technology interaction has been concerned with assessing the experience of interacting with technology that is already in the process of being designed. However, the challenge nowadays is to help industry find out what technology should be designed. In this new context, cognitive psychology and ergonomics should be able to assist the innovation process through an analysis of the actions that constitute human life and the role that technology plays in these actions. In this paper, we present our approach to the definition of the role of cognitive psychologists and cognitive ergonomists in the innovation process. We aim to define new concepts and methodologies that would help in the process. One example, taken from a research project from a Spanish consortium of universities and industries, is described.

Previous theoretical reviews about the development of Psychology in Latin America suggest that Latin American psychology has a promising future. This paper empirically checks whether that status remains justified. In so doing, the frequency of programs/research domains in three salient psychological areas is assessed in Latin America and in two other regions of the world. A chi-square statistic is used to analyse the collected data. Programs/research domains and regions of the world are the independent variables and frequency of programs/research domains per world region is the dependent variable. Results suggest that whereas in Latin America the work onSocial/Organizational Psychology is moving within expected parameters, there is a rather strong focus on Clinical/Psychoanalytical Psychology. Results also show that Experimental/Cognitive Psychology is much underestimated. In Asia, however, the focus on all areas of psychology seems to be distributed within expected parameters, whereas Europe outperforms regarding Experimental/Cognitive Psychology research. Potentialreasons that contribute to Latin America's situation are discussed and specific solutions are proposed. It is concluded that the scope of Experimental/Cognitive Psychology in Latin America should be broadened into a Cognitive Science research program.

The objective of this paper is to introduce an application of multi-sensory cognitive learning theory into the development of a multimedia tutorial for Item Response Theory. The cognitive multimedia theory suggests that the visual and auditory material should be presented simultaneously to reinforce the retention of learned materials. A computer-assisted module is carefully designed based upon the preceding theory and also an experiment was conducted to examine the effect of audio types (human audio, computer audio, and no audio) on learner performance measured by an objective test. It was found that while there is no significant performance gap between the human audio and the no audio group, the two groups substantively outperform the computer audio group. A plausible explanation is that un-natural audio requires additional cognitive power to process the information and thus this distraction affects the performance.

Ontologies are continuously confronted to evolution problem. Due to the complexity of the changes to be made, a maintenance process, at least a semi-automatic one, is more and more necessary to facilitate this task and to ensure its reliability. In this paper, we propose a maintenance ontology model for a domain, whose originality is to be language independent and based on a sequence of text processing in order to extract highly related terms from corpus. Initially, we deploy the document classification technique using GRAMEXCO to generate classes of texts segments having a similar information type and identify their shared lexicon, agreed as highly related to a unique topic. This technique allows a first general and robust exploration of the corpus. Further, we apply the Latent Semantic Indexing method to extract from this shared lexicon, the most associated terms that has to be seriously considered by an expert to eventually confirm their relevance and thus updating the current ontology. Finally, we show how the complementarity between these two techniques, based on cognitive foundation, constitutes a powerful refinement process.

There has been increasing interest in the social dimensions of economic clusters. The literature now includes select examples of social network analysis plus an extensive discussion of learning regions. Unfortunately, much of this work treats the network as the primary unit of analysis. It may be that network attributes such as density, centrality, and power are primarily dependent on human limitations and not instituted factors. In other words, a human’s limited ability to process information may be a better determinant of cluster success than economic or network theory. The purpose of this paper is to highlight human limits in cluster formation. To do this, we draw on recent developments in the cognitive psychology and communications literatures. We explain that many of the factors that lead to underperforming cluster policies are the result of a human’s inability to develop and sustain a large number of social interactions. Any cluster policy must be cognizant of such limitations and carefully address these limits in the formation of the initial strategy.

Narratological studies have frequently focused upon linguistic structures, considered to be paradigmatic cases of narrativity, while pictorial signs, such as icons and symbols or indices, have received comparably much less attention. In this paper, however, some basic and regularly occurring narrative aspects of pictures and non-pictorial objects will be presented and discussed.

Previous theoretical reviews about the development of Psychology in Latin America suggest that Latin American psychology has a promising future. This paper empirically checks whether that status remains justified. In so doing, the frequency of programs/research domains in three salient psychological areas is assessed in Latin America and in two other regions of the world. A chi-square statistic is used to analyse the collected data. Programs/research domains and regions of the world are the independent variables and frequency of programs/research domains per world region is the dependent variable. Results suggest that whereas in Latin America the work on Social/Organizational Psychology is moving within expected parameters, there is a rather strong focus on Clinical/Psychoanalytical Psychology. Results also show that Experimental/Cognitive Psychology is much underestimated. In Asia, however, the focus on all areas of psychology seems to be distributed within expected parameters, whereas Europe outperforms regarding Experimental/Cognitive Psychology research. Potential reasons that contribute to Latin Americas situation are discussed and specific solutions are proposed. It is concluded that the scope of Experimental/Cognitive Psychology in Latin America should be broadened into a Cognitive Science research program.

We have to investigate the function of religion, the nature of the environment, and the nature of the human being. We have to ask: what is the nature of the relationship which connects people to their world? The aim of this paper is to present the outline of a new hermeneutical model in ecology of religion. Here the term "ecology of religion" serves as an umbrella to unify different methodological tools which are needed. As the term ecology implies, what is at issue is the impact of the environment on religion investigated through the interrelation between living organisms and their environment. From the fact that the subfield is defined as contextual research, it follows that the environment is principally a non-religious context. The orientation for ecology of religion, as represented here, is the investigation of the direct interrelation of the human being, actor in all cultural processes, with the natural environment. If it were our intention to reduce human nature to a biological organism, then we could place our approach in the field of biology. But, because it is our intention to show that the human being by nature is essentially one that lives a religion and is enabled to do so through cognitive processes, it is cognitive psychology that offers the orientation for our research.

A cognitive study of religion shares some of its concerns with traditional approaches in cultural anthropology or the history of religion: It aims to explain why and how humans in most cultural groups develop religious ideas and practices, and why these have recurrentand enduring features. By contrast with other approaches, however, a cognitive approach centres on one particular set of factors that influence the emergence and development of religion. The human mind is a complex set of functional capacities that were shaped by natural selection and evolved, not necessarily to build a coherent or true picture of the world and certainly not to answer metaphysical questions, but to solve a series of specific problems to do with survival and reproduction. A crucial aspect of this natural mental make-up is that humans, more than any other species, can acquire vast amounts of information through communication with other members of the species. A cognitive study takes religion as a set of cultural representations, which are acquired by individual minds, stored and communicated to others. In this paper the author presents some general features of the cognitive study of religious concepts, and then presents in detail a framework that emphasizes the role of universal cognitive constraints on the acquisition and representation of religious ontologies, and presents anthropological and cognitive data that supports the model.