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High citations most often characterize quality research that reflects the foci of the discipline. This study aims to spotlight the most recent hot topics and the trends looming from the highly cited papers (HCPs) in Web of Science category of linguistics and language & linguistics with bibliometric analysis. The bibliometric information of the 143 HCPs based on Essential Citation Indicators was retrieved and used to identify and analyze influential contributors at the levels of journals, authors, and countries. The most frequently explored topics were identified by corpus analysis and manual checking. The retrieved topics can be grouped into five general categories: multilingual-related, language teaching, and learning related, psycho/pathological/cognitive linguistics-related, methods and tools-related, and others. Topics such as bi/multilingual(ism), translanguaging, language/writing development, models, emotions, foreign language enjoyment (FLE), cognition, anxiety are among the most frequently explored. Multilingual and positive trends are discerned from the investigated HCPs. The findings inform linguistic researchers of the publication characteristics of the HCPs in the linguistics field and help them pinpoint the research trends and directions to exert their efforts in future studies.

The content of the article up consists in methodological reflections about general principles of experimenting in linguistics on the whole and in Russian linguistics in particular. In this regard the article deals with the studies which are within the tradition starting in the works of I. A. Baudeuine de Courtenay, L. V. Sherba and other linguists who thought the address to the language consciousness (language feeling) to give the relevant information about the language itself. The other line is the reflection over axiomatization and absolutization of this principle in modern anthropocentric linguistics. Though these two lines present different subjects coming from different sources and different research presumptions, they are put in close connection and interrelation. In conclusion, the author states that a full and deep view of language cannot be created without studies based on the other contrary presumption.

The paper sums up the experimental linguistic research of Russian words and texts carried out by the group of Western Siberia linguists under the supervision of the author of this paper. The experiments were based on different materials, they used different forms and ways of experimenting. The paper presents the attempt of realizing and reflecting their set as some entity united by the main principles of making experiments and peculiarities of their realization in hindsight. The paper presents two directions: methodical and methodological. The first direction, presented in Paper 1, consists in the collection and systematization of the positive experience of particular experimenting. As a result of its realization the following principles of experimenting are pointed out and described: word inclusion into the context; seriality; paradigmatic and syntagmatic organization; approximation of the experimental situation to the real speech situations. According to the author, such generalizations can be useful for other researchers to conduct similar experiments.

This paper provides a critical review of the state of the art in code-switching research being conducted in linguistics. Three issues of theoretical and practical importance are explored: (a) code-switching vs. borrowing; (b) grammaticality; and (c) variability vs. uniformity, and I take a position on all three issues. Regarding switching vs. borrowing, I argue that not all lone other-language items are borrowings once more subtle measures of integration are used. I defend the use of empirical data to compare competing theoretical frameworks of grammaticality, and I exemplify quantitative research on variability in code-switching, showing that it also reveals uniformity and the possible influence of community norms. I conclude that more research is needed on a range of bilingual communities in order to determine the relative contribution of individual factors, processing and community norms to the variability and uniformity of code-switching.

Review

Review

Kadir Uludag Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Kadir Uludag, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, 16 Wanping Nan Road, 600, Shanghai, 20030, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18401653162, Email kadiruludag@mails.ucas.ac.cnBackground: Textual data analysis has become a popular method for examining complex human behavior in various fields, including psychology, psychiatry, sociology, computer science, data mining, forensic sciences, and communication studies. However, identifying the most relevant textual parameters for analyzing complex behavior is still a challenge.Goal of Study: This paper aims to explore potential textual parameters that could be useful in analyzing behavior through complex textual data. Furthermore, we have examined the randomly generated text based on different textual parameters.Methods: To achieve this goal, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature on textual data analysis and identified several potential topics that could be relevant, such as sentiment analysis, discourse analysis, lexical analysis, and syntactic analysis. We discuss the theoretical background and practical implications of each parameter and provide examples of how they have been used in previous research. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of considering the context in which these parameters are applied and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to gain a deeper understanding of complex behavior through textual data analysis. Furthermore, we have provided Python code in the Supplementary Materials to facilitate a comprehensive analysis of such behaviors. In addition, to generate the text for analysis, we utilized ChatGPT 3.5 Turbo by requesting it to generate a random text of 1000 words divided into five paragraphs. Afterwards, we applied the provided Python code to analyze the randomly generated text.Conclusion: Overall, this paper provides a foundation for researchers to identify relevant textual parameters to analyze complex human behavior in their respective fields such as linguistics, sociology, psychiatry, and psychology.Keywords: chatbot, behavioral analysis, textual parameters, textual data, psychology, text analysis, linguistics, textual patterns

The paper presents the analysis of the most frequent linguistic and stylistic means for expressing ethnocultural heterostereotypes in Serbian electronic media. The analysis has been conducted on concrete linguistic excerpts from Serbian electronic media. The paper aims to show characteristics of linguistic and stylistic means for expressing ethnocultural heterostereotypes. The research is a contribution to journalism stylistics. The most frequent linguistic means of ethnocultural heterostereotypes in Serbian electronic media are phraseology with ethnics and metaphors. The analysis of newspaper texts in Serbian digital media showed common choices of phraseology as expressive linguistic means, used to attract and sustain attention. The use of phraseology with ethnics makes factual newspaper text more expressible and draws attention, which also has an impact on shaping ethnocultural stereotypes among readers. In reports and columns, which belong to the publicistic genre, journalists use linguistic and stylistic means for expressing ethnocultural heterotereotypes not to reinforce stereotypes, but to encourage readers to rethink established ideas about other ethnocultural communities.

This paper deals with the so-called “Brothers poem”, fr. 10 Voigt = Neri, which is up to now the most recent papyrological discovery attributed to Sappho. In its first part, the paper investigates the identities, the actions, and the mutual relationships of the characters featuring in this new poem. In its second one, it will be discussed how the Sapphic lines deal with themes such as power relations, oppression, social hierarchy, and behavioral expectations in relation to genre.

The paper addresses the concept of artistic communication as a type of semiotic interaction in the discourses of art. Semiotic methodologies for modelling the sign and the communicative act, developed in the works of Gottlob Frege, Gustav Shpet, Jan Mukařovský, Roman Jakobson, Juri Lotman, Umberto Eco, Suren Zolyan, and some other semioticians, are discussed with a focus on the models of aesthetic sign and the corresponding models of semiosis in relation to artistic systems. The study focuses on the discourses of verbal art in its various manifestations (poetry, prose, drama, performance, spoken word, etc.) as material for a linguistic analysis of artistic communication. The paper specifically discusses the linguistic representations of artistic discourse within a model of aesthetic semiosis. The resulting model of artistic communication in verbal art is presented as a synthesis of Jakobson’s scheme of communicative act and its important specification in Lotman’s model of “literary communication”. Based on the existing models of sign, semiosis, and communication (taking Jakobson’s scheme as the main framework), a synthetic, linguo-aesthetic model of artistic communication is outlined, considering together the linguistic, semiotic, and aesthetic parameters of the artistic act.

This paper explores “crime” as cultural and not simply an individual act. The aim is to contextualize a transgression as an outcome of a social “phenomenon” that happens in real-time, is reported in the newspaper and TV documentaries, and is adopted for analysis as a “crime fact story”. Using a “discourse-based” frame analysis of the non-linear narrative characteristic of offender engagement discourse, I reorganize the narrator’s experience. Secondly, in the narrative act of the “double function” of a narrator as a character, I reveal an “unreliable” stance when the narrator, like the transgressor, is the victim of the interpretations the actors make of their surroundings in the 1st story of crime. In reorganizing the narrator’s experience, there are “microcontexts” which, as alternative storyworld, emulate the causes leading to the transgression left unnarrated in the 2nd “story of investigation”. Consequently, a “perpetrator-culture” nexus is conceptualized in the dichotomy of social factors and criminal behaviour, which is a phenomenon and represented as antecedentless pronouns and inanimate nouns in the text, stylistically “repeated” for emphasis in the discourse. The paper emphasizes the need to consider the impact of factors that influence society and inform deviance within a context of “culture” that is of shared value and behaviour and situates an offence to the interpretations the actors cognitively make of their surroundings.

Genre analysis studies have refined our understanding of the rhetorical organization of scientific articles. The present paper reports on a study which investigated the rhetorical organization of the conclusion section of English conceptual review articles in linguistics and applied linguistics fields. Drawing on a move-based genre analysis approach, the study was based on a corpus of more than 500 English conceptual review articles. The analysis involved detecting the generic moves and sub-moves that writers use to achieve communicative purposes. The results showed that first, conclusions in English conceptual review articles differ from conclusions in research papers in terms of primary communicative purposes. Second, conclusions of review articles contain a set five moves, including 1) territory, 2) purpose, 3) structure, 4) conclusion, and 5) suggestion. Third, conclusions of review articles feature a cyclic pattern in the last two moves, as the writer reports main findings of prior research, interprets them, relates them to educational practice, and recommends further research based on what is felt most necessary. Last but not least, unlike research papers conclusions, review articles conclusions contain ‘suggestion’ as a core feature of their rhetorical organization. The results of the study benefit both theoreticians and practitioners.

The paper deals with linguistic research in ANUBiH in two directions – the organization of work on linguistic examinations and the analysis of the titles published in publications of ANUBiH. The first part follows the work of the Department of Historical-Philological Sciences, later the Department of Social Sciences, then the Humanities, and the Commission for Linguistics and the Center for Lexicology and Lexicography, through their most important activities and projects, along with the work of the Balkanological Institute, later the Center for Balkanological Studies. The second part of the paper provides an overview of published linguistic texts. In the end, a bibliography of linguistic works published in ANUBiH is provided.

This study is to complete the research in the Russian reflexive verbs - first in a series of articles intended to demonstrate how language teaching could correct some points of General Linguistics. This paper capture the lessons learned and gives recommendations on how the complicated phenomenon can be quite simply presented to foreign audiences when teaching the Russian language. Linguistically postfix -sya that marks reflexive verbs is to regulate subject - object balance within utterance in accordance with the speaker’s intention. And thus, voice of verbs is not so much a verbal category as a syntactic one. In terms of teaching, it is proposed to use a continuum scale with extreme points “100% active - 100% passive” based on the idea of “independence” of the subject S1. It is proposed to use the concept of “closed system”, borrowed from physics. There are 3 zones on the scale: an undoubted asset - a “transition zone” - an undoubted liability. This makes the phenomenon of reflexivity simple and understandable and removes a number of difficulties.

AbstractThis study depicts the usage of the adjectives in the UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) tourism texts from English-speaking and non-English speaking countries. The aim of this paper is to find out if subjective adjectives are the main component of UGGp tourism texts as related to previous arguments. The texts analyzed in this research were collected from UGGp website. The tourism texts are nine texts from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) as English-speaking countries and ten texts from Indonesia as a non-English speaking country. All the texts are published on UGGp’s official website. The research method implemented is a mixed method, both qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on the result, both the UK and Indonesia UGGp tourism texts dominantly applied objective adjectives in comparison with subjective adjectives. The research findings are slightly different from the argument that subjective adjectives are commonly used in tourism discourse. Based on the conclusion, it can be inferred that objective adjectives are commonly used in UGGp texts, particularly in tourism texts. According to the researchers, the findings have the potential to aid writers of tourism texts in choosing adjectives.

The paper refers to the emotional level in online communication, which appears in a special way through colorful emojis in social media. The functions of these pictorial symbols enable people to express their emotions and feelings. It is related to the fact that face-to-face situations are less and less common in digital communication. Moreover, their use leads to the multimodality of the numerous digital contributions, which makes them particularly enriching, colorful and complementary. Research on emojis is becoming significant in linguistics over time, so they form a broad field for the development and discovery of new phenomena. The aim of this paper is to consider what emotions can be conveyed with the help of emojis and whether these pictorial signs can create a new form of communication. For this reason, their influence on digital communication is examined by analyzing selected tweets about Nobel Prize winner Olga Tokarczuk on the basis of three main criteria (form, content and emotions of emojis). Conclusions bring to light the finding that emojis, despite their ambiguity, can convey positive as well as neutral and negative emotions. The new form of communication arouses interest among Internet users, which can lead to next unknown ways of using them. Emojis are an area that has not yet been thoroughly researched, so their study by linguists is noteworthy.

This study presents a groundbreaking approach to preserving the Ainu language, recognized as critically endangered by UNESCO, by developing a bi-directional neural machine translation (MT) system between Ainu and Japanese. Utilizing the Marian MT framework, known for its effectiveness with resource-scarce languages, the research aims to overcome the linguistic complexities inherent in Ainu's polysynthetic structure. The paper delineates a comprehensive methodology encompassing data collection from diverse Ainu text sources, meticulous preprocessing, and the deployment of neural MT models, culminating in the achievement of significant SacreBLEU scores that underscore the models' translation accuracy. The findings illustrate the potential of advanced MT technology to facilitate linguistic preservation and educational endeavors, advocating for integrating such technologies in safeguarding endangered languages. This research not only underscores the critical role of MT in bridging language divides but also sets a precedent for employing computational linguistics to preserve cultural and linguistic heritage.

In this paper I accomplish two goals: first, I briefly reconstruct Hans-Georg Gadamer’s views on language, included foremost in Truth and Method. I discuss if and how can we analyse language in the hermeneutic way; what is Gadamer’s view on philosophy of language and linguistics; what is the hermeneutic priority of the question and why choosing the logic of question may lead to a conflict between philosophical hermeneutics and analytic philosophy. Then, on such base I show correlations, which can be traced between hermeneutic philosophy and other contemporary language research disciplines – generally understood linguistics, analytic philosophy of language and interdisciplinary discourse research. Taking a closer look at each of the mentioned disciplines I focus on trying to answer the question regarding their ideological and methodological connections with the hermeneutic way of thinking. The article ends with a conclusion, that interdisciplinary discourse analysis produces the highest hopes to analyse language in a non-objective matter, which is the way that Gadamer favoured.

In the recent decades the interpersonal nature of written academic communication has been widely studied in various linguistic/cultural contexts, including Lithuanian. To gain new insights into how knowledge is negotiated interpersonally in Lithuanian scientific texts, the present paper explores the distribution and use of interactive and interactional features of metadiscourse in Lithuanian research articles in a single discipline, i.e., linguistics. For the classification of metadiscourse resources, the study employs the interpersonal model of metadiscourse (Hyland 2005a). Based on the analysis of 30 Lithuanian research articles in the field of linguistics, this exploratory investigation reveals rhetorical strategies utilized by professional authors to construct a coherent text and engage their audiences in the chosen disciplinary domain. The dominance of interactive metadiscourse features over interactional ones in the corpus examined shows that Lithuanian authors of research articles in linguistics are generally more concerned with organizing discourse and guiding readers through the text than with expressing attitudes and commitment to their arguments. The most common interactive resources are transitions and evidentials, and the most frequent interactional devices include boosters, engagement markers, and hedges. The analysis offers a number of methodological steps necessary for applying the interpersonal model of metadiscourse to Lithuanian data, and complements numerous investigations into Lithuanian academic discourse by illustrating and discussing the writer-reader interaction in linguistics in a larger corpus.

In today’s times, there is increasing attention paid to the recipients of legal texts and legal documents which can be very complex and incomprehensible to laypeople. However, these texts must be correctly understood by them, as these individuals are also subject to the law. It is debated whether it is worth simplifying texts from the law field, what the consequences of doing that are, and if it is worth doing, then by what methods would allow for achieving the most efficient and satisfactory results. Researchers recognize numerous possibilities and limitations arising from the concept of plain legal language, in the spirit of which legal texts are simplified. The purpose of this paper is to examine the solutions proposed by researchers in the field of simplifying legal and juridical texts, to identify the most satisfactory ones among them, and to share observations on why it is necessary, and even essential, to allocate increasing space in legal-linguistic discussions to the concept of plain language. It is also suggested that European countries can serve as an example in the process of striving towards increasingly effective measures aimed at simplifying legal and juridical texts

The Singapore Stone, discovered in 1819, was blown up in 1843 and remains an enigma today. Several studies have suggested the script to be Kawi, a Brahmic script used between the 8th and 16th centuries in Java and other parts of Southeast Asia. The language remains unknown but is thought to be Old Javanese, Sanskrit, or Tamil. There is great historical value in finding out what the script says, and it is the aim of this project to offer deeper insight into this undeciphered inscription. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the Singapore Stone with the Calcutta Stone (1041 CE), a prominent example of a Later Kawi inscription, is performed. Brief comparisons of the Singapore Stone with other inscriptions are also conducted. Numerous characters on the Singapore Stone are matched to those on the Calcutta Stone. However, the Singapore Stone appears to have a much lower frequency of diacritics and clusters. Such a phenomenon is anomalous and could have hindered decryption efforts thus far. Nonetheless, an identification and comparison of such character signs are attempted. Overall, the two inscriptions are shown to share many stylistic similarities, suggesting that the Singapore Stone could be dated to the Later Kawi period.

Uiyeokju Palsebo is a genealogy record that contains the eighth generation of patrilineal ancestors, maternal grandfathers, and fathers-in-law of technical officials who worked in three fields: medicine, linguistics, and mathematics. This book covers members of influential families who monopolized the positions of technical officers. In that respect, it seems to have had an effect like a kind of 'white list'. This paper identifies the range of families based on common ancestors above eight generations according to the editing method of this book, attempting various statistical analysis. The results of the analysis shows that it is possible to determine the size of the medical families, which varied according to the number of medical bureaucrats and the distance of kinship between them. Most of the families had workers in the three fields of medicine, linguistics, and mathematics, but there were also ‘families more specialized in medicine’ that produced a large number of medical figures. The ancestors of medical figures were mainly engaged in the three fields of medicine, linguistics, and mathematics, but there were also a small number of officials in charge of “unhak(including astronomy, geography, and fortune-telling),” law, art, and transcription. For distant ancestors from common ancestors to the fifth generation, the proportion of technical officers was small, but for relatively close ancestors, the proportion of technical officers, especially medical officers, increased. It can be seen that the status as a medical officer tends to be hereditary further down the generations. The fields of activity of the maternal grandfathers and fathers-in-law of medical figures were more concentrated in the medical field. This can be the result of confirming the influence of the marital relationship network that was formed in the close period with the medical persons being investigated. In this paper, only medical figures were considered as primary research subjects, but their macroscopic networks were relatively evenly spread out in the three fields of medicine, linguistics, and mathematics. In this network, Uiyeokju Palsebo contained homogeneous hierarchies that could continuously dominate a specific field of government office.

The volume Borders and Contacts. Local, Regional and Global Phenomena, coordinated by Carmen Darabus and Camelia Zabava, brings together 28 papers presented by different scholars (from Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Poland, Ukraine, the Northern Macedonia, Lithuania, and Sweden) in a panel organized at Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria, in June 22nd 2019. The volume is structured in three chapters: linguistics, literature and cultural studies. All the papers, having different subjects, are subordinated to the maine topic and try to demonstrate that the borders separate people, but the culture unites them.

Summary: All living things communicate yet only humans can be said to communicate using language. How this came to be the case is a fundamental mystery unsolved by contemporary science. Within a human lifetime, language emerges from a complex developmental process. As such, understanding chimpanzee vocal development is essential to understanding the evolutionary roots of language. In human development, language is directly built upon the early capacity for “vocal functional flexibility”—the ability to flexibly express the same vocalizations in different ways to achieve different functions. Primate vocalizations, by contrast, have long been believed to be relatively inflexible regarding both production and function. In this paper, we break new ground by providing evidence for vocal functional flexibility in one of the first systematic studies of early chimpanzee vocal production and function. This finding implies the developmental foundations for language are rooted in our primate evolutionary heritage.

This paper explores the phenomenon of clitic duplication in Spanish as seen in the sentence Te voy a pegarte (‘I’m going to hit you’). Structures like these have several interesting implications for the Spanish language and generativist syntax. Neverthelesss, clitic duplication has not been extensively examined in the generativist literature. This working paper will critically review the small body of existing work on clitic reduplication. Furthermore, based on data gathered from native speakers of Chilean Spanish, it will provide some preliminary evidence for strengthening the argument that Spanish clitics are object agreement morphemes. Ultimately, this paper aims to provide a base to further pursue the topic of Chilean clitic reduplication to make more theoretically sound claims, provide more robust empirical data, and to propose a more formalized argument of the phenomena. Pedagogical implications of the argument are also considered.

Linguistics as a scientific discipline is widely applicable in the process of examining all persons who are included in the investigation, which is conducted in order to determine the responsibility of the person for the committed criminal acts, to determine the existence of the very essence of the act. The identification of criminal acts and their perpetrators, the role of individuals in the COM-mission of a criminal act, sometimes relies, in addition to material evidence, on the statements of witnesses, victims and the suspects themselves. When taking statements, police officers use different techniques based on linguistics, from manipulation to identifying the element of non-verbal communication. The paper is based on the author's experience, two years of research and relevant literature.

In the last twenty years or so neuroscience and linguistics, language and culture have become increasingly interconnected, as we seek to understand the influence of language on behaviour and the way we think and express ourselves. Neuroscience is the study of how the brain and mind work and cognitive science applies that study to how we use language to express our thoughts and feelings and also how our mental faculties work. One of these faculties is memory. How do we recall and express what has happened in the past and even assuming we can remember it at all? The purpose of this paper is to examine how cognitive science has clarified the relationship between language and culture in particular in the way we remember things and express our recollections, using experiments based on facial recognition. In the process the paper demonstrates how language and culture influence our cultural processes and the importance of cognitive science as a part of language and cultural study.

This paper presents a historical view of the emergence of what is known as the communicative paradigm. Through a personal reminiscence of his long career, Thomas Luckmann entangles the main sources of what was a radical shift of the role of language and communication in the humanities and social sciences. In doing so, Luckmann shows that the epistemological and ontological assumptions on which the contemporary study of social interaction and communicative processes rely were practically non-existent half a century ago. While sociology and linguistics seemed to exist in separate universes during Luckmann’s student days, a dialogical approach to language and social life eventually appeared — for example, in ethnomethodology, conversational analysis and French structuralism — and laid the foundation to the (today taken for granted) idea that social realities are the result of human activities. Human social reality and the worldview that motivates and guides interaction are mainly constructed in communicative processes. If social reality is constructed in communicative interaction our most reliable knowledge of that reality comes from reconstructions of these processes. Such reconstructions have been greatly facilitated by technological innovation, such as tape— and video-recorder, which, alongside theoretical advancements, may explain the timing of the communicative turn. Finally, this paper marks the benefits of sequential analysis in enabling us to trace step-by-step the processes by which social reality is constructed and reconstructed.

This paper gives a critical overview of the analytical approaches dominating the field of discourse studies in the last three decades, from the perspective of their philosophical and formative bases: social constructionism and linguistics. It explores different conceptions of the theoretical nexus between these two bases leading to the emergence of three distinct yet complementary strands of thought (i-iii). The paper starts with poststructuralist views of discourse salient in (i) Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse Theory. Laclau and Mouffe’s assumption that no discourse is a closed entity but rather transformed through contact with other discourses is taken as the introductory premise to present a large family of (ii) critical discourse studies, characterized as text-analytical practices explaining how discourse partakes in the production and negotiations of ideological meanings. Finally, the paper discusses (iii) three recent discourse analytical models: Discourse Space Theory, Critical Metaphor Analysis and the Legitimization-Proximization Model. These new theories take a further (and thus far final) step towards consolidation of the social-theoretical and linguistic bases in contemporary discourse studies. The empirical benefits of this consolidation are discussed in the last part of the paper, which includes a case study where the new models are used in the analysis of Polish anti-immigration discourse.

‘Death’, ‘dying’, ‘dead’, ‘extinct’, ‘endangered’, ‘murdered’, ‘resurrected’ etc. The language-death-metaphor for language loss has permeated the contemporary linguistic literature for decades and decades. While biological metaphors for language have served a function historically in the study of language endangerment, this paper aims to outline how the language-death-metaphor specifically fails in that functioning. Maybe, the metaphor does not actually articulate what we are trying to articulate about a process common to all languages. This paper will dissect ‘language death’ cross-linguistically, investigating the changes in morphology, the loss of domains, creolization, and language shift that are all often purported to be ‘symptomatic’ of a language in its ‘last days’. I will then propose an alternative term, ‘phasing’, that might more clearly describe the process by which a language becomes more or less dynamic, more or less adaptable, more or less use(ful)d over time. The more accurate the terminology, the more specific the tool, the more that might be done to assist from the periphery in language reclamation efforts, to aid in slowing or reversing the process of linguistic loss, and to support the speakers of ‘dying’ languages more productively in their already ongoing effort(s).

Language and Linguistics According to Krystyna Pisarkowa (1932–2010) Krystyna Pisarkowa’s rich output is characterised by a variety of forms and a wide range of topics, as well as an innovative interpretation of linguistic phenomena. The following paper can be described as biographical and substantive. The text contains certain facts from Pisarkowa’s life that are connected with certain spheres of her scientific activity in which she succeeded, references to people who played a significant role in her life, as well as development of her research interests. The publications which are mentioned in the paper have been selected according to Pisarkowa’s attitude to language, its essence, pragmatic-functional-stylistic variety, as well as potential context and purpose which lies beyond its typical usage. Moreover, an attempt has been made at reconstructing Pisarkowa’s views on the range, shape and place of linguistics among humanistic disciplines.

Although neural machine translation has made great progress, and the Transformer has advanced the state-of-the-art in various language pairs, the decision-making process of the attention mechanism, a crucial component of the Transformer, remains unclear. In this paper, we propose to understand the model’s decisions by the attention heads’ importance. We explore the knowledge acquired by the attention heads, elucidating the decision-making process through the lens of linguistic understanding. Specifically, we quantify the importance of each attention head by assessing its contribution to neural machine translation performance, employing a Masking Attention Heads approach. We evaluate the method and investigate the distribution of attention heads’ importance, as well as its correlation with part-of-speech contribution. To understand the diverse decisions made by attention heads, we concentrate on analyzing multi-granularity linguistic knowledge. Our findings indicate that specialized heads play a crucial role in learning linguistics. By retaining important attention heads and removing the unimportant ones, we can optimize the attention mechanism. This optimization leads to a reduction in the number of model parameters and an increase in the model’s speed. Moreover, by leveraging the connection between attention heads and multi-granular linguistic knowledge, we can enhance the model’s interpretability. Consequently, our research provides valuable insights for the design of improved NMT models.

Characterization of intertextual references among authors is fundamental for the study of Latin literature. In this paper, we describe a large-scale intertextuality dataset compiled from three modern commentaries on Valerius Flaccus’ epic poem Argonautica. The dataset includes 945 references to earlier and contemporary Roman authors, as well as associated metadata required for use of multiple intertext search tools. To illustrate the dataset’s reuse potential, we perform a new benchmark analysis of Fīlum, a sequence alignment tool for intertextuality detection.

Words can shift their meaning across time. This study shows the results obtained by the exploratory analysis of the semantic shifting on Spanish vocabulary using Diachronic Word Embeddings. Diachronic data consists of a 2018 Spanish corpus, before the COVID-19 outbreak, and a second corpus with documents from 2021. This paper addresses the construction of the diachronic Spanish word embeddings model, as well as the results obtained by the analysis using a non-supervised distance vector technique. The results allowed us to identify topics with the most semantic shift between those periods.

Fake news poses one of the greatest threats to democracy, journalism, and freedom of expression. In recent cases, fake news’ designs are to create confusion and lower trust among the general public—as seen in the 2016 United States presidential campaign and the Brexit referendum. The spread of information without formal verification increased since the introduction of social media and online news channels. After the popularization of fake news, researchers have tried to evaluate and understand the effects of false information from multiple different perspectives. However, it is evident that to tackle the problem of fake news, interdisciplinary collaboration is needed. This article evaluates the main findings of recent literature from an integrated psychological, linguistic, cognitive, and societal perspective, with a particular focus on digital and age-related aspects of fake news. From a psychosociological standpoint, the article provides a synthesized profile of the fake news believer. This profile generally denotes overconfidence in one’s ability to assess falsehoods due to a human need for causal explanations. The fake news believer can be described as well-intentioned and critical, yet driven by a basis of distrust and false foundational knowledge. Within linguistics, manual analytical tools exist to understand the persuasive tactics in fake news. The article takes analytical techniques from both the humanities and the social sciences, such as transitivity analysis, Hugh Rank’s language persuasive framework, and others that can be used to analyze the language used in the news. However, in the age of big data perhaps only computational techniques can adequately address the issue at the root. While this proves successful, there are hurdles like the ambiguity of satire and sarcasm, manual labeling of data, and the supple nature of language. Reading comprehension differences between digital versus paper reading seem inconclusive. There are, however, notable behavioral and cognitive differences in reading behavior for the digital medium such as more scanning, less sustained attention, cognitive retreat, and shallower processing. Interestingly, when metacognitive strategies were probed by, for example, having participants independently allocate reading time, a difference in comprehension scores started to emerge. Researchers have also found accounts of differences due to medium preference; and on average older people seem to prefer paper reading. Cognitive retreat, shallow processing, and overconfidence associated with digital reading and the digital medium, in general, might make readers less likely to engage in the cognitive effort fake news detection requires. Considering that there are clear cognitive differences between older generations and younger generations (in terms of decreased processing speed, metacognition, and ability to multitask) differences in how these generations process fake news is plausible. Regrettably, most current research into psychological factors influencing susceptibility to fake news does not take into account age differences. Our meta-analysis showed that 74% of behavioral studies looking at fake news largely ignore age (N = 62), even though voter turnout was far higher among older generations for both the 2016 United States presidential election and the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. Many provisional programs set up in the past few years aimed at training digital literacy, reading comprehension, and asking critical questions as virtual skills to detect fake news. These training programs are, however, mostly aimed at younger – digitally native – groups. As a result, these efforts might not be as efficacious as intended and could be improved upon significantly. This article argues that age must become a larger focus in fake news research and efforts in educating people against fake news must expand outside of the universities and isolated areas and include older generations.

Cross-disciplinary research, involving scholars of multiple disciplines, has attracted much attention from universities recently. This type of study extends beyond simple collaboration in integrating data, methodologies, perspectives and concepts and engages with real world problems, especially as global complexities have undermined the underlying ideology of countability and singularity of various disciplines founded on antiquated notions of territorialization. Since most disciplines are transferred through language and linguistics sciences like socio-linguistics, applied-linguistics and psycho-linguistics, an interrogation of received discourses on language study has direct and indirect impact on almost all the other disciplines and can be used to enhance language related studies in different ways. This paper shall define cross-disciplinary research and provide an overview of how applied linguistics and professional studies interrelate, focusing on the fact that research across disciplines must yield output that advances and benefits society, while allowing for complex and nuanced assessments allowed by the porous borders of different disciplines. This paper shares the kind of cross-disciplinary research which marries linguistics, languages and communication with other disciplines (for example, studies based on socio-linguistics and health, law, business or industry) to show how knowledge achieved from such research can result in trans-disciplinary recombination and expertise in other professional domains.

The aim of this paper is to assess the role of emotional language and neutral language in the preparation and production of formal official documents. The paper explores the model offered by the United Nations in two references of diplomatic writing, The United Nations Editorial Manual and the United Nations Correspondence Manual. The example selected, from many that could be chosen, is that of Arabic-speaking diplomatic students responding in writing to a simulated political incident that could lead to conflict. The discussion examines the importance of emotional intelligence in managing one’s own feelings and hence the language one uses. It also offers a methodology teachers can use in helping students become aware of emotive usage in reading passages and in their own writing and how to manage it. The conclusion stresses the importance of avoiding emotive language in official correspondence and finding ways of substituting it with more neutral words and expressions to achieve balance.

Theoretical and practical approaches to agreement in various languages can be found in the grammar books of the languages in question, and in numerous scientific and expert papers. Papers that compare agreement in two related languages, or within a particular language family, also deal with this topic. However, there are not many papers that offer a model for determining the agreement properties of all the languages that is based on clear theoretical foundations and a systematic methodology. Ranko Matasović’s An Areal Typology of Agreement Systems is precisely one such book. It was published in 2018 by the Cambridge University Press, a renowned publisher of scientific works. The book is the result of ten years of research. The book is divided into two parts: Theoretical Prerequisites and Empirical Results. It contains several lists (List of Figures, List of Maps, List of Tables and List of Abbreviations), indices (Language Index and Subject Index), a rich list of references consisting of some 400 bibliographic units (References), while the Appendix: Languages in the Database will be particularly useful for the readers.

This paper aims at investigating the role of Arabic Literature in Teaching Arabic as a Foreign Language, from the first manuals and grammars to the new tools, from the grammar-translation method to the digital storytelling approach. The situation of Arabic language teaching in Italy is compared to the methods used in the rest of Europe, notably in France where there is a long tradition in teaching Arabic. The debate also focuses on which literary texts, which literary periods (Classical or Contemporary Arabic Literature), which genres, and which authors are best suited to improving the linguistic skills of the learners. Finally, the paper deals with the question of diglossia and dialects in Arabic teaching as L2.

In the contemporary Francophone literary space, the Belgian author of Algerian origin Malika Madi is a leading figure among the exponents of second-generation migrant writing, born out of the identity and cultural debate of ‘belgitude’. It must be said that the migratory discourse is being explored by writers who were born in or moved to their parents’ host country. Among the texts on immigration from Maghreb, Madi’s work tackles, with new writing methods, issues concerning realities that clearly and objectively outline the contemporaneity of women, still subjected to prejudices that limit their right to speak. This paper will analyse Nuit d’Encre pour Farah (2000), the writer’s first novel, in which the subjective dimension of the speaker will be highlighted through the analysis of the experience lived by the novel’s protagonist, thanks to the analytical investigation of the different enunciative strategies. As for literary discourse in relation to linguistic issues, reference will be made to personal experiences that the author pours into the behaviour and stances of the protagonist, all with the aim of highlighting the importance of a biographical reading, which outlines a different discursive image of gender identity, related to a new cultural and geographical space.

The aim of the following paper is to examine what range of vocabulary connected with handcrafting in wood in contemporary everyday Polish is used by amateurs creating in wood as well as by authors of texts depicting the beforementioned handicraftsmen.The source material has been excerpted from the website publications related to urban carpentry shop Wióry lecą. The Linguistic Field Theory has been applied to present 150 lexical items ( 557 used in total), where 132 items are noted in the selected Polish dictionaries and 18 names are neologisms.The analysis of the source material proves that the vocabulary connected with handicraft in internet publications is the lexical reflection of their work, creation in wood and also their emotional attitude towards raw material.

The purpose of the research. This paper describes the linguistic situation in the oil industry of Kazakhstan. The linguistic situation in the oil industry of Kazakhstan is characterized by functioning of the trilingualism with three languages being used simultaneously – Kazakh, Russian and English. Methods and procedure of research. A survey was conducted among industry staff for the level identification of Kazakh-Russian-English trilingualism. Based on questionnaire method, we interviewed 600 oil industry specialists comparing the level of proficiency in the second and third languages, identifying the level of activity and particular spheres of communication for L1, L2, L3 for informants with different socio-demographic characteristics as well as individual motivations when choosing, studying and using the second and third languages Results. Obtained records point out that the forms of interaction of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages are far from being similar. Kazakhs who do not know their native language, but only understand certain phrases make up 2.7%. Statistical data analysis revealed that 80.6% of Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, 1.4% of Kazakhs do not know Russian, 1.0% of Kazakhs are able to understand certain phrases. The age groups of 21-25, 26-35, and 36-45 have the highest English speakers percentage. Conclusions. The Kazakh-Russian-English trilingualism is widespread among representatives of various social and professional groups of the oil industry, who speak their native Kazakh and Russian languages fluently, and also know how to communicate in English.

Since Norris and Ortega’s (2000) seminal work on the effectiveness of second language instruction, there has been a proliferation of meta-analyses in the field of applied linguistics. Subsequent meta-analysts, however, have uncritically followed the methodological choices made by Norris and Ortega. This paper suggests a critical reevaluation of the methodological procedures underlying the Norris and Ortega (2000) meta-analysis. I reexamined their procedures, and reassessed the 49 unique samples they used in their meta-analysis. In doing so, I identified three key methodological limitations with the study, pertaining, respectively, to (a) the data collection procedure, (b) the coding system, and (c) the statistical analysis. I argue that the lack of data quality inherent in the primary studies, the oversimplified coding scheme, and the inappropriate use of effect size statistics combine to compromise the validity of the conclusions Norris and Ortega have drawn from their meta-analysis. I subsequently provide alternative procedures which may yield a more empirically sound research synthesis, recommending, for future meta-analysts, the “best evidence synthesis‟ approach where conclusions are drawn from combining quantitative and qualitative analyses.