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This paper analyses the position taken by the Balearic Communists on the national and linguistic debate from its origins to the beginning of the post-Franco Transition. The importance of the evolution experienced in the final phase of Franco's dictatorship, when the identification of the regime with Spanish centralism led the political left to approach the stance of the peripheral nationalisms, is underlined

This paper aims to analyze the end of Eurocommunism and the situation of the Spanish Communist Party in the late seventies, offering at the same time, a comparative study of the cases of Italy and France. Eurocommunism represented a trend of interior renovation within the communist camp, which finally produced few results. In the sixties and seventies, the Communist Parties of France, Spain and Italy began to consider democracy as a fundamental value and vehicle on the road to socialism. Its attempt did not produce the expected results and the Spanish, French and Italians Communists were increasingly marginal (and marginalized) as a political force. Probably the case of Spain was the most complicated and interesting because it was where the Eurocommunism crisis was most intense. The failure of the eurocommunist project produced the implosion of the Spanish Communist Party: after poor election results, the internal disagreements increased threatening the survival of the party.

This paper examines the recent political change in Romania, with particular consideration of the contemporary political history of its historical territories in the Balkan region. The main idea put forward in the article stems from the weak democratic tradition in Romania, since one of the greatest controversies surrounding both culture and politics is that of the «shapes without background», that is, the assimilation of institutions and cultural forms which, as some would argue, were not filled with the appropriate essence, or as others would contend, were inadequate for Rumanian society, since they displayed numerous archaic features as well as practices of feudal origin. | Este artículo analiza el cambio político reciente en Rumanía en relación con la evolución de la historia política contemporánea de sus territorios históricos en el contexto de los Balcanes. La idea principal del trabajo parte de la débil tradición democrática rumana, puesto que una de las mayores controversias tanto en la cultura como en la política es la de las «apariencias», es decir, la asimilación de instituciones y formas culturales a las que, según la opinión de algunos, no se les dio la esencia apropiada, o en opinión de otros, eran inadecuadas para la sociedad rumana, ya que revestían muchos elementos arcaicos y prácticas de origen feudal.

This paper seeks to retrieve Marx's ideas about the development of psychology. It offers historical perspectives on different attempts to create a Marxist psychology that shed light on its scope and trajectory. According to Marx, concrete social and material real life play a key role in the development of human psychological functions. Later, Vygotsky, Wallon, Politzer, Leontiev, Luria, Sève among others built on Marx's ideas. These psychologists suggested that individual psychological functions are formed and shaped in concrete, cultural, social, historical circumstances, and pictured an organizing, creative force driving individual activity (instead of behavior). Marxist psychology is the study of the social individual within social relations of production. In a Marxist sense, the emphasis is placed on production, both material and social as the essence of social relations. Hence, psychology cannot be dealt with in an abstract, private and individual manner as the capitalist mode of production would want, but must be seen in terms of the social individual that is formed, structured, and shaped within the social relations of a production framework. In this context, the social production of the individual (as developed in Marx's Die Grundrisse) signifies social relations between people connected with concrete common real social conditions and material production. Production, both social and material, is the totality of social relations. In the process of production, social individuals act not only upon nature but also upon one another, they enter into a definite rich web of connections and relations to one another. Marx's writings encompassed the fields of psychology and made a substantial contribution to the stock of knowledge about human nature processes. Marx never wrote a full-length treatise on psychology, though his own work is the outstanding example of psychological conceptualizations. This paper stresses the decisive relevance of Marx's psychological conceptions for a paradigm shift whose time has come.