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As entertainment tools, computer games are important phenomena in the world, which are considered as a popular medium, an effective educational solution and a considerable economy resource. In this paper, Multi-Layer perceptron (MLP) neural network was used to detect human behavior pattern in rock, paper, scissors game. The similarity of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to the human brain is the main motivation of this study. MATLAB software was used to implement the network code. These codes consisted of two phases: 1) training the ANN to learn the human behavioral pattern considering forty games. 2) real play against a human by doing ten games. After the implementation of the network, its effectiveness in detecting human behavioral patterns was investigated. The network was tested on 40 people (20 women and 20 men). Each player played with the target network in three stages. The results of this study showed that the win percentage of computers with MLP neural network was 57.5% for men and 60.8% for women. While the percentage of the computer without neural networks and with random selections in 60 games was 52.5% for men and 42.5% for women

In this study, we propose the use of artificial synaptic transistors with coplanar-gate structures fabricated on paper substrates comprising biocompatible and low-cost potato-starch electrolyte and indium–gallium–zinc oxide (IGZO) channels. The electrical double layer (EDL) gating effect of potato-starch electrolytes enabled the emulation of biological synaptic plasticity. Frequency dependence measurements of capacitance using a metal-insulator-metal capacitor configuration showed a 1.27 μF/cm2 at a frequency of 10 Hz. Therefore, strong capacitive coupling was confirmed within the potato-starch electrolyte/IGZO channel interface owing to EDL formation because of internal proton migration. An electrical characteristics evaluation of the potato-starch EDL transistors through transfer and output curve resulted in counterclockwise hysteresis caused by proton migration in the electrolyte; the hysteresis window linearly increased with maximum gate voltage. A synaptic functionality evaluation with single-spike excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC), paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), and multi-spike EPSC resulted in mimicking short-term synaptic plasticity and signal transmission in the biological neural network. Further, channel conductance modulation by repetitive presynaptic stimuli, comprising potentiation and depression pulses, enabled stable modulation of synaptic weights, thereby validating the long-term plasticity. Finally, recognition simulations on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digit database yielded a 92% recognition rate, thereby demonstrating the applicability of the proposed synaptic device to the neuromorphic system.

This paper explores the application of non-intrusive load monitoring techniques in the industrial sector for disaggregating the energy consumption of machinery in manufacturing processes. With an increasing focus on energy efficiency and decarbonization measures, achieving energy transparency in production becomes crucial. Utilizing non-intrusive load monitoring, energy data analysis and processing can provide valuable insights for informed decision-making on energy efficiency improvements and emission reductions. While non-intrusive load monitoring has been extensively researched in the building and residential sectors, the application in the industrial manufacturing domain needs to be further explored. This paper addresses this research gap by adapting established non-intrusive load monitoring techniques to an industrial dataset. By employing artificial neural networks for energy disaggregation, the determination of energy consumption of industrial machinery is made possible. Therefore, a generally applicable cross-energy carrier method to disaggregate the energy consumption of machinery in manufacturing processes is developed using a design science research approach and validated through a practical case study utilizing a compressed air demonstrator. The results show that the utilization of artificial neural networks is well-suited for energy disaggregation of industrial data, effectively identifying on and off states, multi-level states and continuously variable states. Non-intrusive load monitoring should be further considered in the research of emerging artificial intelligence technologies in energy consumption evaluation. It can be a viable alternative for intrusive load monitoring and is a prerequisite to installing energy meters for every machine.

Given the climate change in recent decades and the ever-increasing energy consumption in the building sector, research is widely focused on the green revolution and ecological transition of buildings. In this regard, artificial intelligence can be a precious tool to simulate and optimize building energy performance, as shown by a plethora of recent studies. Accordingly, this paper provides a review of more than 70 articles from recent years, i.e., mostly from 2018 to 2023, about the applications of machine/deep learning (ML/DL) in forecasting the energy performance of buildings and their simulation/control/optimization. This review was conducted using the SCOPUS database with the keywords “buildings”, “energy”, “machine learning” and “deep learning” and by selecting recent papers addressing the following applications: energy design/retrofit optimization, prediction, control/management of heating/cooling systems and of renewable source systems, and/or fault detection. Notably, this paper discusses the main differences between ML and DL techniques, showing examples of their use in building energy simulation/control/optimization. The main aim is to group the most frequent ML/DL techniques used in the field of building energy performance, highlighting the potentiality and limitations of each one, both fundamental aspects for future studies. The ML approaches considered are decision trees/random forest, naive Bayes, support vector machines, the Kriging method and artificial neural networks. The DL techniques investigated are convolutional and recursive neural networks, long short-term memory and gated recurrent units. Firstly, various ML/DL techniques are explained and divided based on their methodology. Secondly, grouping by the aforementioned applications occurs. It emerges that ML is mostly used in energy efficiency issues while DL in the management of renewable source systems.

Millimeter-wave and Terahertz communications consist of complex analog and mixed-signal transceivers where overall system performance is often limited by the weakest performing subsystem. While analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits have significantly advanced, the future of 5G and 6G transceiver design could be accelerated by including artificial intelligence. In this combination, analog integrated circuit design and operation would harness machine learning to identify, characterize, and act upon variations and anomalies in system performance. Focusing on 5G and 6G, this paper investigates solutions for a unified intelligent integrated transceiver: a conceptual combination of a traditional analog subsystem, a supporting digital subsystem that enables artificial intelligence, and dedicated feedback circuitry or sensors that monitor performance, efficiency, or reliability. Active and passive components and propagation channels are reviewed based on their merits of introducing intelligence. Holistically and for broader applicability, the paper conceptualizes and coins the notion of an “intelligent integrated system (IIS)”, which brings forward a novel unified vision and approach toward context-aware subsystems that dynamically interact with ambient and varying operating conditions. To demonstrate viability, the paper concatenates a select set of measurement results.

The paper presents simulation of the cutting force components for machining of magnesium alloy AZ91HP. The simulation employs the Black Box model. The closest match to (input and output) data obtained from the machining process was determined. The simulation was performed with the use of the Statistica programme with the application of neural networks: RBF (Radial Basis Function) and MLP (Multi-Layered Perceptron).

Human-induced force analysis plays an important role across a wide range of disciplines, including biomechanics, sport engineering, health monitoring or structural engineering. Specifically, this paper focuses on the replication of ground reaction forces (GRF) generated by humans during movement. They can provide critical information about human-mechanics and be used to optimize athletic performance, prevent and rehabilitate injuries and assess structural vibrations in engineering applications. It is presented an experimental approach that uses an electrodynamic shaker (APS 400) to replicate GRFs generated by humans during movement, with a high degree of accuracy. Successful force reconstruction implies a high fidelity in signal reproduction with the electrodynamic shaker, which leads to an inverse problem, where a reference signal must be replicated with a nonlinear and non-invertible system. The solution presented in this paper relies on the development of an iterative neural network and an inversion-free approach, which aims to generate the most effective drive signal that minimizes the error between the experimental force signal exerted by the shaker and the reference. After the optimization process, the weights of the neural network are updated to make the shaker behave as desired, achieving excellent results in both time and frequency domains.

In this paper, an analysis of a mathematical model of the coronavirus is carried out by using two fractal-fractional parameters. This dangerous virus infects a person through the mouth, eyes, nose or hands. This makes it so dangerous that no one can get rid of it. One of the main factors contributing to increasing infections of this deadly virus is crowding. We believe that it is necessary to model this effect mathematically to predict the possible outcomes. Hence, the study of neural network-based models related to the spread of this virus can yield new results. This paper also introduces the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to approximate the solutions, which is a significant contribution in this regard. We suggest employing this new method to solve a system of integral equations that explain the dynamics of infectious diseases instead of the classical numerical methods. Our study shows that, compared to the Adams-Bashforth algorithm, the ANN is a reliable candidate for solving the problems.

Abstract In ophthalmology, artificial intelligence methods show great promise due to their potential to enhance clinical observations with predictive capabilities and support physicians in diagnosing and treating patients. This paper focuses on modelling glaucoma evolution because it requires early diagnosis, individualized treatment, and lifelong monitoring. Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive, irreversible, multifactorial optic neuropathy that primarily affects elderly individuals. It is important to emphasize that the processed data are taken from medical records, unlike other studies in the literature that rely on image acquisition and processing. Although more challenging to handle, this approach has the advantage of including a wide range of parameters in large numbers, which can highlight their potential influence. Artificial neural networks are used to study glaucoma progression, designed through successive trials for near-optimal configurations using the NeuroSolutions and PyTorch frameworks. Furthermore, different problems are formulated to demonstrate the influence of various structural and functional parameters on the study of glaucoma progression. Optimal neural networks were obtained using a program written in Python using the PyTorch deep learning framework. For various tasks, very small errors in training and validation, under 5%, were obtained. It has been demonstrated that very good results can be achieved, making them credible and useful for medical practice.

Recently, various strategies for energy management have been proposed to improve energy efficiency in smart grids. One key aspect of this is the use of microgrids. To effectively manage energy in a residential microgrid, advanced computational tools are required to maintain the balance between supply and demand. The concept of load disaggregation through non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is emerging as a cost-effective solution to optimize energy utilization in these systems without the need for extensive sensor infrastructure. This paper presents an energy management system based on NILM and the Internet of Things (IoT) for a residential microgrid, including a photovoltaic (PV) plant and battery storage device. The goal is to develop an efficient load management system to increase the microgrid’s independence from the traditional electrical grid. The microgrid model is developed in the electromagnetic transient program PSCAD/EMTDC to analyze and optimize energy performance. Load disaggregation is obtained by combining artificial neural networks (ANNs) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to identify appliances for demand-side management. An ANN is applied in NILM as a load identification task, and PSO is used to optimize the ANN algorithm. This combination enhances the NILM technique’s accuracy, which is verified using the mean absolute error method to assess the difference between the predicted and measured power consumption of appliances. The NILM output is then transferred to consumers through the ThingSpeak IoT platform, enabling them to monitor and control their appliances to save energy and costs.

This paper primarily focused on analyzing a stochastic $ \mathcal{SVIR} $ epidemic model that incorporates Levy noises. The population may be divided into four distinct compartments: vulnerable class ($ \mathcal{S} $), vaccinated individuals ($ \mathcal{V} $), infected individuals ($ \mathcal{I} $), and recovered individuals ($ \mathcal{R} $). To achieve this, we chose existing and unique techniques as the most feasible solution. In the nexus, the stochastic model was theoretically analyzed using a suitable Lyapunov function. This analysis broadly covered the existence and uniqueness of the non-negative solution, as well as the dynamic properties related to both the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. In order to eradicate diseases, a stochastic threshold value denoted as "$\textbf{R}_0$" was used to determine if they may be eradicated. If $ \textbf{R}_0 < 1, $ it means that the illnesses have the potential to become extinct. Moreover, we provided numerical performance results of the proposed model using the artificial neural networks technique combined with the Bayesian regularization method. We firmly believe that this study will establish a solid theoretical foundation for comprehending the spread of an epidemic, the implementation of effective control strategies, and addressing real-world issues across various academic disciplines.

Abstract Background There are a variety of lethal infectious diseases that are seriously affecting people's lives worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Hepatitis B, a fatal liver disease, is a contagious disease spreading globally. In this paper, a new hybrid approach of feed forward neural networks is considered to investigate aspects of the SEACTR (susceptible, exposed, acutely infected, chronically infected, treated, and recovered) transmission model of hepatitis B virus disease (HBVD). The combination of genetic algorithms and sequential quadratic programming, namely CGASQP, is applied, where genetic algorithm (GA) is used as the main optimization algorithm and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is used as a fast-searching algorithm to fine-tune the outcomes obtained by GA. Considering the nature of HBVD, the whole population is divided into six compartments. An activation function based on mean square errors (MSEs) is constructed for the best performance of CGASQP using proposed model. Results The solution's confidence is boosted through comparative analysis with reference to the Adam numerical approach. The results revealed that approximated results of CGASQP overlapped the reference approach up to 3–9 decimal places. The convergence, resilience, and stability characteristics are explored through mean absolute deviation (MAD), Theil’s coefficient (TIC), and root mean square error (RMSE), as well as minimum, semi-interquartile range, and median values with respect to time for the nonlinear proposed model. Most of these values lie around 10−10–10−4 for all classes of the model. Conclusion The results are extremely encouraging and indicate that the CGASQP framework is very effective and highly feasible for implementation. In addition to excellent reliability and level of precision, the developed CGASQP technique also stands out for its simplicity, wider applicability, and flexibility.

Based on the propagation of laser-induced tensile waves in materials and the principle of material ply cracking, nondestructive testing technology for measuring the interfacial bonding force of composite materials can be developed. The study of the ultra-high strain rate dynamic response model of composite materials under the action of laser shock waves is crucial to this technique. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for constructing a dynamic response prediction model for composites based on data and a physical model driven by comprehensively considering the strain rate effect of materials. The constructed model can accurately predict the peak velocity and duration of the initial pulse of the velocity curve under the condition of ultra-high strain rate. The relative error between the predicted and simulated peak values is within 3%, and the relative error between the predicted and simulated initial pulse durations is within 5%. In addition, laser impact experiments were conducted on specimens of various thicknesses to validate the accuracy of the predicted data at ultra-high strain rates. The results show that the relative errors between the predicted and experimental peak values are all within 2%, and the relative errors of the initial pulse duration are within 9%.

The present paper provides an innovative approach in the existing methods of studying energy poverty, i.e., a crucial socio-economic challenge of the past decade in Europe. Since the literature has shown that conventional statistical models lack effectiveness in handling unconventional relationships between variables and present limitations in terms of accurate classification and prediction, the paper explores the ability of Artificial Intelligence and, particularly, of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), to successfully predict energy poverty in Greece. The analysis included the prediction of seven energy poverty indicators (output indicators) based on certain socio-economic/geographical factors (input variables), via training an ANN, i.e., the Multilayer Perceptron. Three models (Model A, Model B and Model C) of different combinations of the input variables were tested for each one of the seven indicators. The analysis showed that ANNs managed to predict energy poverty at a remarkably good level of accuracy, ranging from 61.71% (lowest value) up to 82.72% (highest accuracy score). The strong relationships that came up on the examined cases confirmed that ANNs are a promising tool towards a deeper understanding of the energy poverty roots, which in turn can lead to more targeted policies.

This paper introduces a numerical methodology for classifying and identifying types of bio-based materials through experimental thermal characterization. In contrast to prevailing approaches that primarily focus on thermal conductivity, our characterization methodology encompasses several thermal parameters. In this paper, the physical characteristics of seven types of bio-based concrete were analyzed, focusing on the thermal properties of palm- and esparto-fiber-reinforced concrete. The proposed method uses artificial intelligence techniques, specifically the k-means clustering approach, to segregate data into homogeneous groups with shared thermal characteristics. This enables the elucidation of insights and recommendations regarding the utilization of bio-based insulation in building applications. The results show that the k-means algorithm is able to efficiently classify the reference concrete (RC) with a performance of up to 71%. Additionally, the technique is more accurate when retaining only six centroids, which, among other things, allows all the characteristics associated with each type of concrete to be grouped and identified. Indeed, whether for k clusters k = 7 or k = 5, the technique was not able to predict the typical characteristics of 2% or 3% esparto concrete (EC).

This paper presents a novel application of machine learning models to clarify the intricate behaviors of expansive soils, focusing on the impact of sand content, saturation level, and dry density. Departing from conventional methods, this research utilizes a data-centric approach, employing a suite of sophisticated machine learning models to predict soil properties with remarkable precision. The inclusion of a 30% sand mixture is identified as a critical threshold for optimizing soil strength and stiffness, a finding that underscores the transformative potential of sand amendment in soil engineering. In a significant advancement, the study benchmarks the predictive power of several models including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), gradient boosting regression (GBR), random forest regression (RFR), decision tree regression (DTR), support vector regression (SVR), symbolic regression (SR), and artificial neural networks (ANNs and proposed ANN-GMDH). Symbolic regression equations have been developed to predict the elasticity modulus and unconfined compressive strength of the investigated expansive soil. Despite the complex behaviors of expansive soil, the trained models allow for optimally predicting the values of unconfined compressive parameters. As a result, this paper provides for the first time a reliable and simply applicable approach for estimating the unconfined compressive parameters of expansive soils. The proposed ANN-GMDH model emerges as the pre-eminent model, demonstrating exceptional accuracy with the best metrics. These results not only highlight the ANN’s superior performance but also mark this study as a groundbreaking endeavor in the application of machine learning to soil behavior prediction, setting a new benchmark in the field.

Modern and precision agriculture is constantly evolving, and the use of technology has become a critical factor in improving crop yields and protecting plants from harmful insects and pests. The use of neural networks is emerging as a new trend in modern agriculture that enables machines to learn and recognize patterns in data. In recent years, researchers and industry experts have been exploring the use of neural networks for detecting harmful insects and pests in crops, allowing farmers to act and mitigate damage. This paper provides an overview of new trends in modern agriculture for harmful insect and pest detection using neural networks. Using a systematic review, the benefits and challenges of this technology are highlighted, as well as various techniques being taken by researchers to improve its effectiveness. Specifically, the review focuses on the use of an ensemble of neural networks, pest databases, modern software, and innovative modified architectures for pest detection. The review is based on the analysis of multiple research papers published between 2015 and 2022, with the analysis of the new trends conducted between 2020 and 2022. The study concludes by emphasizing the significance of ongoing research and development of neural network-based pest detection systems to maintain sustainable and efficient agricultural production.

This paper proposes to use a type of machine learning network called artificial neural networks to design a circularity accounting network. The network is composed of human and non-human actors and accounts for the impact of products’ CO2 emissions and sequestration along global supply chains. The network serves to connect people and other actors that share a CO2 indicator and allows users to visualize the level of (un-) circularity of different products through specific diagrams calculated by a CO2 estimator drawing on insights from actor-network theory. Unlike most previous circular economy accounting studies that develop some type of framework or indicator that represent measurements at micro, meso or macro levels, the circularity accounting network is not confined to a particular level of analysis but is designed to build relationships between multiple users at different levels (e.g., government, corporate or consumer actors). The paper presents the conceptual design and a preliminary test of the network using real data, helping to advance the underexplored potential of artificial intelligence in the field of circular economy accounting. The main contribution of this network is that data provided by the indicator: (i) is derived from the network itself learning from open sources, the network (ii) is not static but keeps flowing as new relationships are built within the network, moving toward self-regulating, (iii) contemplates both emissions and sequestrations along supply chains.

With the growing need for renewable energy, wind farms are playing an important role in generating clean power from wind resources. The best wind turbine architecture in a wind farm has a major influence on the energy extraction efficiency. This paper describes a unique strategy for optimizing wind turbine locations on a wind farm that combines the capabilities of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The PSO method was used to explore the solution space and develop preliminary turbine layouts, and the ANN model was used to fine- tune the placements based on the predicted energy generation. The proposed hybrid technique seeks to increase energy output while considering site-specific wind patterns and topographical limits. The efficacy and superiority of the hybrid PSO-ANN methodology are proved through comprehensive simulations and comparisons with existing approaches, giving exciting prospects for developing more efficient and sustainable wind farms. The integration of ANNs and PSO in our methodology is of paramount importance because it leverages the complementary strengths of both techniques. Furthermore, this novel methodology harnesses historical data through ANNs to identify optimal turbine positions that align with the wind speed and direction and enhance energy extraction efficiency. A notable increase in power generation is observed across various scenarios. The percentage increase in the power generation ranged from approximately 7.7% to 11.1%. Owing to its versatility and adaptability to site-specific conditions, the hybrid model offers promising prospects for advancing the field of wind farm layout optimization and contributing to a greener and more sustainable energy future.

Abstract This paper presents an analysis and prediction of the shear strength of wide-shallow reinforced concrete beams, utilizing Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and machine learning techniques. The methodology involves validating a detailed Finite Element Model (FEM) against experimental results, conducting a parametric study, and developing three Machine Learning prediction equations. The FEM captures concrete and steel behaviors, including cracking and crushing for concrete and linear isotropic properties for steel reinforcement. Loading and boundary conditions are defined for accuracy and validated against 13 experimental specimens, exhibiting a maximum 8% and 12% difference in loads and deflections, respectively. A parametric study generates a dataset of 77 wide beam configurations, exploring variations in beam widths, concrete strengths, compression rebars, and shear reinforcement. This dataset is used to develop machine learning models, including “Genetic Programming (GP)”, “Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR)”, and “Artificial Neural Network (ANN)”. Comparative analysis reveals GP and EPR models with over 95% correlation, while the ANN model outperforms with 99% accuracy. Sensitivity analysis underscores the significant influence of concrete strength and beam aspect ratio on shear strength. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the potential of FEA and machine learning models to predict shear strength in wide-shallow reinforced concrete beams, providing valuable insights for architectural design and engineering practices and emphasizing the role of concrete strength and beam geometry in shear behavior.

Abstract Recently, skin cancer is one of the spread and dangerous cancers around the world. Early detection of skin cancer can reduce mortality. Traditional methods for skin cancer detection are painful, time-consuming, expensive, and may cause the disease to spread out. Dermoscopy is used for noninvasive diagnosis of skin cancer. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a vital role in diseases’ diagnosis especially in biomedical engineering field. The automated detection systems based on AI reduce the complications in the traditional methods and can improve skin cancer’s diagnosis rate. In this paper, automated early detection system for skin cancer dermoscopic images using artificial intelligent is presented. Adaptive snake (AS) and region growing (RG) algorithms are used for automated segmentation and compared with each other. The results show that AS is accurate and efficient (accuracy = 96%) more than RG algorithm (accuracy = 90%). Artificial Neural networks (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms are used for automated classification compared with each other. The proposed system with ANN algorithm shows high accuracy (94%), precision (96%), specificity (95.83%), sensitivity (recall) (92.30%), and F1-score (0.94). The proposed system is easy to use, time consuming, enables patients to make early detection for skin cancer and has high efficiency.

The paper considers the problem of monitoring the technical state of steel ropes used in industrial and civil installations, such as elevators, cable cars, lifts, etc. To date, the assessment of the state of steel ropes and the safety of their operation is carried out mainly through visual-instrumental control, which is long in time and subject to the influence of the human factor, which determines the relevance of the task of automating this process using computer technology and artificial intelligence methods in order to improve the quality of the assessment, reducing the check interval, detecting defects in steel ropes at an early stage. The article proposes two approaches to the algorithmizing of the problem of videoscopic control of the state of steel ropes using computer vision technologies, based on software modeling of the logic of visual analysis and machine learning methods, such as deep learning artificial neural networks. The authors have developed algorithms for automatic detection of the main types of defects in images of the surface of steel ropes: increase/decrease in diameter, deformation in the form of rope, breaks in the outer wires, thermal and electric damage. The paper presents the results of preliminary testing of the developed algorithms and programs, the composition and methods for determining the main indicators for evaluating their effectiveness are proposed.

Today, the chemical corrosion of metals is one of the main problems of large productions, especially in the oil and gas industries. Due to massive downtime connected to corrosion failures, pipeline corrosion is a central issue in many oil and gas industries. Therefore, the determination of the corrosion progress of oil and gas pipelines is crucial for monitoring the reliability and alleviation of failures that can positively impact health, safety, and the environment. Gas transmission and distribution pipes and other structures buried (or immersed) in an electrolyte, by the existing conditions and due to the metallurgical structure, are corroded. After some time, this disrupts an active system and process by causing damage. The worst corrosion for metals implanted in the soil is in areas where electrical currents are lost. Therefore, cathodic protection (CP) is the most effective method to prevent the corrosion of structures buried in the soil. Our aim in this paper is first to investigate the effect of stray currents on failure rate using the condition index, and then to estimate the remaining useful life of CP gas pipelines using an artificial neural network (ANN). Predicting future values using previous data based on the time series feature is also possible. Therefore, this paper first uses the general equipment condition monitoring method to detect failures. The time series model of data is then measured and operated by neural networks. Finally, the amount of failure over time is determined.

Intelligent design is a trend in geotechnical engineering. However, a middle link between demand identification and intelligent design is missing in anchor engineering, resulting in lower efficiency in terms of the interaction between the anchor components, geological body and modeling information. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a method for modeling a three-dimensional anchor engineering information model based on sparse boreholes. This method includes three parts: modeling the geological body, integrated modeling of the anchor components and the geological body, and multiple information assignments based on the anchor model. The feasibility was validated in actual engineering scenarios by using neural networks and rendering engines. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of the strata improved by 17.69%, the modeling efficiency increased by double, and engineering information was fit to the model well. This paper has the application potential to achieve intelligent design in anchor engineering.

Medical time series data often exhibit intricate and dynamic patterns. With the rapid advancement of medical digitization, deep learning-based time series anomaly detection techniques have found extensive applications in the healthcare field, such as detecting irregular heart rhythms and monitoring patients’ vital signs. To fully leverage digitized medical records to identify anomalies in healthcare and address key challenges in precise anomaly detection, this paper provides a comprehensive review of deep learning-based anomaly detection techniques applied to medical time series data. By reviewing and summarizing the relevant research, this paper explores the deep learning-based time series anomaly detection techniques within the medical and health domain, analyzing the strengths and limitations of different deep learning architectures and algorithms in tackling specific medical tasks. Lastly, we discuss the challenges faced by this field and outline future research directions. By reviewing and summarizing advanced deep learning methods for time series anomaly detection in medical applications in recent years, this study contributes to the advancement of healthcare analytics, aiming to enhance patient treatment outcomes.

It is important for humans to remain hydrated, particularly for older adults who are at a greater risk of dehydration and may forget to drink. Monitoring liquid intake and getting reminders to drink throughout the day is a useful solution to increase hydration levels. The objective of this paper is to automatically detect drink events from multiple containers in a simulated home environment using a vision-based approach. The proposed work compares the use of depth and RGB (red, green, blue) cameras for this task. In this paper, we compared 2D and 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) using RGB and depth cameras. We collected data from nine participants performing drinking, eating and other Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in a simulated home environment. We found that for the 3D models, the RGB and depth camera inputs provided very similar F1-scores for both 10-Fold (94.3% vs 93.9%, respectively) and Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) cross validation (84.2% vs 86.2%, respectively). This is a promising result as depth cameras also mitigate the challenges to privacy of RGB-based models. The 3D CNN models outperformed the 2D models, thereby creating a more robust system. Depth cameras are a useful alternative to RGB cameras with equal performance in identifying drinking events.

Non-linearity of wireless transceivers, specifically power amplifier (PA) non-linearity, could pose major limitations towards having high throughput, and cost and energy efficient wireless communication systems. Such limitations from the PA is typically compensated in the transmitter, e.g. by applying power back-off or performing digital-pre-distortion (DPD) aiming to linearize the transmitter. However, applying PA power back-off leads to lower energy efficiency, and lower output power, and hence lower coverage; and performing DPD results in higher complexity of the transmitters. This paper presents an alternative approach based on a receiver method to perform signal detection in the presence of distortions due to PA non-linearity. We propose a receiver technique using artificial neural networks (ANN) to compensate for the PA non-linearity at the receiver side. The paper presents link-level simulation results using pre-trained neural network models based on synthesized training data. The simulation results confirm that the designed receiver can tolerate higher distortions, hence allow the PA output power back-off to be reduced, leading to higher output power improving coverage, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and throughput.

This paper proposes a model based on machine learning for the prediction of road traffic noise for the city of Bogota-Colombia. The input variables of the model were: vehicle capacity, speed, type of flow and number of lanes. The input data were obtained through measurement campaigns in which audio and video recordings were made. The audio recordings, made with a measuring microphone calibrated at a height of 4 meters, made it possible to calculate the noise levels through software processing. On the other hand, by processing the video data, the capacity, and speed of the vehicle were obtained. This process was carried out by means of a classifier trained with images of vehicles taken in the field and free databases. In order to determine the machine learning algorithm to be used, five models were compared, which were configured with their respective hyperparameters obtained through mesh search. The results showed that the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) regression had the best fit with an MAE of 0.86 dBA for the test data. Finally, the proposed MLP regressor was compared with some classical statistical models used for road traffic noise prediction. The main conclusion is that the MLP regressor obtained the best error and fit indicators with respect to traditional statistical models.

Background: Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture (OVCF) substantially reduces a person's health-related quality of life. Computer Tomography (CT) scan is currently the standard for diagnosis of OVCF. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the OVCF detection potential of artificial neural networks (ANN). Methods: Models of artificial intelligence based on deep learning hold promise for quickly and automatically identifying and visualizing OVCF. This study investigated the detection, classification, and grading of OVCF using deep artificial neural networks (ANN). Techniques: Annotation techniques were used to segregate the sagittal images of 1,050 OVCF CT pictures with symptomatic low back pain into 934 CT images for a training dataset (89%) and 116 CT images for a test dataset (11%). A radiologist tagged, cleaned, and annotated the training dataset. Disc deterioration was assessed in all lumbar discs using the AO Spine-DGOU Osteoporotic Fracture Classification System. The detection and grading of OVCF were trained using the deep learning ANN model. By putting an automatic model to the test for dataset grading, the outcomes of the ANN model training were confirmed. Results: The sagittal lumbar CT training dataset included 5,010 OVCF from OF1, 1942 from OF2, 522 from OF3, 336 from OF4, and none from OF5. With overall 96.04% accuracy, the deep ANN model was able to identify and categorize lumbar OVCF. Conclusions: The ANN model offers a rapid and effective way to classify lumbar OVCF by automatically and consistently evaluating routine CT scans using AO Spine-DGOU osteoporotic fracture classification system.

In swimming, the posture and technique of athletes are crucial for improving performance. However, traditional swimming coaches often struggle to capture and analyze athletes' movements in real-time, which limits the effectiveness of coaching. Therefore, this paper proposes RL-CWtrans Net: a robot vision-driven multimodal swimming training system that provides precise and real-time guidance and feedback to swimmers. The system utilizes the Swin-Transformer as a computer vision model to effectively extract the motion and posture features of swimmers. Additionally, with the help of the CLIP model, the system can understand natural language instructions and descriptions related to swimming. By integrating visual and textual features, the system achieves a more comprehensive and accurate information representation. Finally, by employing reinforcement learning to train an intelligent agent, the system can provide personalized guidance and feedback based on multimodal inputs. Experimental results demonstrate significant advancements in accuracy and practicality for this multimodal robot swimming coaching system. The system is capable of capturing real-time movements and providing immediate feedback, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of swimming instruction. This technology holds promise.

The digitization of distribution power systems has revolutionized the way data are collected and analyzed. In this paper, the critical task of harnessing this information to identify irregularities and anomalies in electricity consumption is tackled. The focus is on detecting non-technical losses (NTLs) and energy theft within distribution networks. A comprehensive overview of the methodologies employed to uncover NTLs and energy theft is presented, leveraging measurements of electricity consumption. The most common scenarios and prevalent cases of anomalies and theft among consumers are identified. Additionally, statistical indicators tailored to specific anomalies are proposed. In this research paper, the practical implementation of numerous artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, including the artificial neural network (ANN), ANFIS, autoencoder neural network, and K-mean clustering, is highlighted. These algorithms play a central role in our research, and our primary objective is to showcase their effectiveness in identifying NTLs. Real-world data sourced directly from distribution networks are utilized. Additionally, we carefully assess how well statistical methods work and compare them to AI techniques by testing them with real data. The artificial neural network (ANN) accurately identifies various consumer types, exhibiting a frequency error of 7.62%. In contrast, the K-means algorithm shows a slightly higher frequency error of 9.26%, while the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) fails to detect the initial anomaly type, resulting in a frequency error of 11.11%. Our research suggests that AI can make finding irregularities in electricity consumption even more effective. This approach, especially when using data from smart meters, can help us discover problems and safeguard distribution networks.

Predicting bankruptcy within selected industries is crucial because of the potential ripple effects and unique characteristics of those industries. It serves as a risk management tool, guiding various stakeholders in making decisions. While artificial intelligence (AI) has shown high success rates in classification tasks, it remains uncertain whether its use significantly enhances the potential for early warning of impending problems. The following question arises: will classical methods eventually replace the effectiveness of these advanced techniques? This paper sheds light on the fact that even classical methods continue to achieve results that are not far behind, highlighting their enduring importance in financial analysis. This paper aims to develop bankruptcy prediction models for the chemical industry in Slovakia and to compare their effectiveness. Predictions are generated using the classical logistic regression (LR) method as well as AI techniques, artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector machines (SVMs), and decision trees (DTs). The analysis aims to determine which of the employed methods is the most efficient. The research sample consists of circa 600 enterprises operating in the Slovak chemical industry. The selection of eleven financial indicators used for bankruptcy prediction was grounded in prior research and existing literature. The results show that all of the explored methods yielded highly similar outcomes. Therefore, determining the clear superiority of any single method is a difficult task. This might be partially due to the potentially reduced quality of the input data. In addition to classical statistical methods employed in econometrics, there is an ongoing development of AI-based models and their hybrid forms. The following question arises: to what extent can these newer approaches enhance accuracy and effectiveness?

ANNs have become a cornerstone in efficiently managing building energy management systems (BEMSs) as they offer advanced capabilities for prediction, control, and optimization. This paper offers a detailed review of recent, significant research in this domain, highlighting the use of ANNs in optimizing key energy systems, such as HVAC systems, domestic water heating (DHW) systems, lighting systems (LSs), and renewable energy sources (RESs), which have been integrated into the building environment. After illustrating the conceptual background of the most common ANN architectures for controlling BEMSs, the current work dives deep into relative research applications, thereby exhibiting their methodology and outcomes. By summarizing the numerous impactful applications during 2015–2023, this paper categorizes the predominant ANN-based techniques according to their methodological approach, specific energy equipment, and experimental setups. Grounded in the different perspectives that the integrated studies illustrate, the primary focus of this paper is to evaluate the overall status of ANN-driven control in building energy management, as well as to offer a deep understanding of the prevailing trends at the building level. Leveraging detailed graphical depictions and comparisons between different concepts, future directions, and fruitful conclusions are drawn, and the upcoming innovations of ANN-based control frameworks in BEMSs are highlighted.

In recent years, the use of intelligent methods for automatic detection of sleep stages in medical applications to increase diagnostic accuracy and reduce the workload of physicians in analyzing sleep data by visual inspection is one of the important issues. The most important step for the automatic classification of sleep stages is the extraction of useful features. In this paper, an EEG-based algorithm for automatic detection of sleep stages is presented using features extracted from the recurrence plot and artificial neural network. Due to the non-stationary of the EEG signal, the recurrence plot was used in this paper for nonlinear analysis and extraction of signal features. Various extracted features have different numerical ranges. Normalization was performed to prevent the undesirable effects of large values of data. As all normalized features could not correctly classify different stages of sleep, effective features were selected. The results of this paper show the selected features and the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network able to achieve the values of 98.54 ± 1.88%, 99.03 ± 1.43%, and 98.32 ± 2.11%, respectively, for specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy between the two types of sleep, i.e., Non-Rapid Eye Movement (Non-REM) and Rapid Eye Movement (REM). Also, the results show that the selection of Pz-Oz channel compared to Fpz-Cz channel leads us to a higher percentage for the separation of stages I-IV, awake, while the separation of REM stage using Fpz-Cz channel is better. The results show that the proposed method has a higher success rate in classifying sleep stages than previous studies. The proposed method could well identify and distinguish all stages of sleep at an acceptable level. In addition to saving time, automatic analysis of sleep stages can help better and more accurate diagnosis and reduce physicians' workload in analyzing sleep data through visual inspection.

At the moment, there are no universal tools for forecasting indicators of socio-economic development in general and demographic in particular. However, the amount of budget allocations that are directed to solving personnel issues, creating social facilities and implementing other activities significant for economic, social and infrastructural development, development vectors depend on the forecast of demographic indicators by one-year-olds. In this article, a meaningful analysis is carried out an analysis of the researchers' work, based on the results of which it is determined that artificial intelligence models, in particular the most adaptive neural networks, are almost not used in predicting demographic indicators, forecasts based on models of artificial neural networks for all ages or by age groups, have almost no significance from the point of view of managing socio-economic development. The result of the research is a neural network methodological approach, methodology and tools for forecasting demographic processes for one-year-olds. The developed methodological approach to forecasting and tools are universal in the field of forecasting socio-economic indicators. In addition, the results described in the article can be used in other research in the field of forecasting, planning of any indicators.

Abstract Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been used in a multitude of real-world applications given their predictive capabilities, and algorithms based on gradient descent, such as Backpropagation (BP) and variants, are usually considered for their optimisation. However, these algorithms have been shown to get stuck at local optima, and they require a cautious design of the architecture of the model. This paper proposes a novel memetic training method for simultaneously learning the ANNs structure and weights based on the Coral Reef Optimisation algorithms (CROs), a global-search metaheuristic based on corals’ biology and coral reef formation. Three versions based on the original CRO combined with a Local Search procedure are developed: (1) the basic one, called Memetic CRO; (2) a statistically guided version called Memetic SCRO (M-SCRO) that adjusts the algorithm parameters based on the population fitness; (3) and, finally, an improved Dynamic Statistically-driven version called Memetic Dynamic SCRO (M-DSCRO). M-DSCRO is designed with the idea of improving the M-SCRO version in the evolutionary process, evaluating whether the fitness distribution of the population of ANNs is normal to automatically decide the statistic to be used for assigning the algorithm parameters. Furthermore, all algorithms are adapted to the design of ANNs by means of the most suitable operators. The performance of the different algorithms is evaluated with 40 classification datasets, showing that the proposed M-DSCRO algorithm outperforms the other two versions on most of the datasets. In the final analysis, M-DSCRO is compared against four state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating its superior efficacy in terms of overall accuracy and minority class performance.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have a great promise in predicting the load-bearing capacity of building structures. The purpose of this work was to develop ANN models to determine the ultimate load of eccentrically compressed concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns of circular cross-sections, which operated on the widest possible range of input parameters. Short columns were considered for which the amount of deflection does not affect the bending moment. A feedforward network was selected as the neural network type. The input parameters of the neural networks were the outer diameter of the columns, the thickness of the pipe wall, the yield strength of steel, the compressive strength of concrete and the relative eccentricity. Artificial neural networks were trained on synthetic data generated based on a theoretical model of the limit equilibrium of CFST columns. Two ANN models were created. When training the first model, the ultimate loads were determined at a given eccentricity of the axial force without taking into account additional random eccentricity. When training the second model, additional random eccentricity was taken into account. The total volume of the training dataset was 179,025 samples. Such a large training dataset size has never been used before. The training dataset covers a wide range of changes in the characteristics of the pipe metal and concrete of the core, pipe diameters and wall thicknesses, as well as eccentricities of the axial force. The trained models are characterized by high mean square error (MSE) scores. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and target values are very close to 1. The ANN models were tested on experimental data for 81 eccentrically compressed samples presented in five different works and 265 centrally compressed samples presented in twenty-six papers.

Face recognition has emerged as a prominent biometric identification technique with applications ranging from security to human-computer interaction. This paper proposes a new face recognition system by appropriately combining techniques for improved accuracy. Specifically, it incorporates a discrete cosine transform (DCT) pyramid for feature extraction, statistical measures for dimensionality reduction of the features, and a two-layer backpropagation neural network for classification. The DCT pyramid is used to effectively capture both low- and high-frequency information from face images to improve the ability of the system to recognise faces accurately. Meanwhile, the introduction of statistical measures for dimensionality reduction helps in decreasing the computational complexity and provides better discrimination, leading to more efficient processing. Moreover, the two-layer neural network introduced, which plays a vital role in efficiently handling complex patterns, further enhances the recognition capabilities of the system. As a result of these advancements, the system achieves an outstanding 99 % recognition rate on the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) data set, 98.88 % on YALE, and 99.16 % on AR. This performance demonstrates the robustness and potential of the proposed system for real-world applications in face recognition.

The paper provides an analysis of the impact of the values of cutting tool inclination strategies and angles measured in the parallel and perpendicular to feed direction, radial depth of cut and feedrate on the surface roughness. The workpiece was made of the AISI H13 steel, hardness 50 HRC, and was machined using a ball-nosed end mill with CBN edges. The research methodology involved experiments conducted based on the Taguchi orthogonal array, optimization of parameters with the use of Taguchi method and process modelling using neural networks. Thanks to the use of neural networks, the analyses were performed for various levels of machining efficiency, obtained as a result of different radial depths of cut and feedrates. In order to obtain mathematical models well-describing strongly nonlinear impact of the cutting tool inclination strategies and angles, a separate neural network learned for each tool inclination strategy. The prediction of results was made using a set of neural networks. The analyses and experiments resulted in surfaces with very low Ra parameter of 0.16 μm and mathematical models with a good fit to the experimental data. Values of the cutting tool inclination angle that allow obtaining the surface of specific surface roughness were specified for various levels of machining performance.

Artificial intelligence stands for an excellent alternative to be considered in development of new adaptive high-efficiency control design methodologies for uncertain modern complex engineering systems driven by electric motors. In this sense, artificial neural networks can be embedded within innovative nonlinear control design strategies to add capabilities to neutralize various kinds of dynamic perturbations or uncertainties that can significantly deteriorate the operating efficiency of nonlinear electric motor systems. This paper introduces a novel adaptive sliding mode nonlinear control method based on B-spline artificial neural networks for efficient tracking of optimal smooth operating reference trajectories in induction or asynchronous motors under substantially disturbed operational scenarios. Robustness regarding nonlinear theoretical mathematical modelling errors, parametric uncertainty and unknown external multiple-frequency oscillating disturbing influences is considered. Numerical experiments involving multiple disturbed operating case studies are presented to demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed robust adaptive artificial neural-network control scheme on large horsepower three-phase induction motors. Finally, a comparative evaluation is conducted, emphasizing system performance through the use of index performance criteria, and comparing the proposed adaptive robust B-spline approach with a nonlinear passivity-based controller. New insights to extend the introduced adaptive neural network robust control design strategy to other considerably perturbed practical nonlinear engineering systems are thus provided.

Traditional transfer diagnosis models for internal combustion engines show a decrease in generalization ability due to the multisource features aliasing in vibration signals and the effect of variable operating conditions. To address this problem, this paper proposes a transfer diagnosis model based on the deep subdomain adaptive network framework. To address feature aliasing, based on minimizing amplitude moment and reconstruction loss, a new adaptive decomposition layer is designed and embedded into the framework to decompose complex signals into single-impact components in time domain. To alleviate the effect of operating conditions, a new constraint for minimizing signal feature variance loss is designed and introduced into the framework’s loss function. This constraint calculates the variance of the sample features of the same fault label under variable operating conditions, aiming to excavate invariant features of operating conditions and complete feature mapping of domain adaptation. Validation with experimental data yields an accuracy of 94.81%.

In power systems with a significant hydroelectric component, instances of the Unit Commitment (UC) problem may be much more computationally intensive due to the longer decision horizons and the additional hydro constraints. Therefore, this paper presents a methodology to reduce the solution space to accelerate 168-hour-ahead UC formulated as a Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP). First, an offline model maps environment observations to actions in a Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) model. This mapping uses historical power system operation data to determine the on/off status of specific generation units. Then, the online model uses the binary variable solutions obtained by the offline model to solve a UC problem with a reduced solution space. The Multi-Agent approach allows each agent, based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) architecture, to group units that are located in the same region. A shared cumulative reward function is used to adjust simultaneously the different ANN weights during the learning phase. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated using real operational data of the Chilean National Electricity System, achieving statistically significant lower computation times and a negligible error that is within the integrality gap of the solver.

An exponential growth and complexity in diverse distribution systems have contributed to protection coordination challenges. Initially, protection coordination schemes were achieved by means of conventional techniques; however, the utilisation of such methods is based on trial-and-error principles and laborious. Consequently, current studies have adopted the utilisation of particle swarm optimization, artificial intelligence models, and genetic algorithms to optimise overcurrent relay selectivity and operational speed. Particle swarm optimization, artificial intelligence, and genetic algorithms are optimization techniques that at times converges prematurely due to poor selection of control parameters and lack of optimal values, which results in increased computational time. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in terms of parametric sensitivity analysis, selection of artificial intelligence models based on data availability, and the likelihood of solving overcurrent relay coordination problems. The reviewed literature shows that particle swarm optimization performance is greatly influenced by inertia weight and swarm size, while the number of iterations has insignificant effect. The findings also indicate that crossover rate, mutation probability, and population size affect genetic algorithms behaviour. Artificial intelligence models lack sensitivity study for parametric tuning, that is, number of hidden layers, membership functions, epsilon in support vector machine, and number of fuzzy rules affects the models’ performance.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have the advantage of processing complex images and extracting feature information from the images, while long and short term memory networks (LSTMs) are good at processing data with sequential features. In this paper, based on the deep material network, we propose to apply the CNN-LSTM neural network model to the prediction of mechanical properties of carbon fibre composites. Then the experimental results are compared with the model prediction results, and the results show that the CNN-LSTM prediction of the mechanical properties of carbon fibre composites is within 5% of the corresponding tensile mechanical experimental results, which proves the accuracy of the CNN-LSTM neural network model in the prediction of the mechanical properties of carbon fibre composites.

Congestion pricing has been unquestionably recognized as an efficient strategy for managing traffic demand following the successful introduction of such schemes in a number of cities. However, the lack of political and public acceptance can be blamed for the nonexecution of congestion pricing projects in numerous cities around the world. This paper sheds light on the impacts of congestion pricing and the factors influencing its public acceptance. Our research was aimed to answer the following questions: (ⅰ) What are the factors that can influence public acceptance of congestion pricing? (ⅱ) What are the impacts of implementing a congestion pricing scheme? (ⅲ) How can we overcome the barriers that currently stand in the way of public acceptance of congestion pricing? To answer these questions, we developed a case study combining stated preference and revealed preference data collected in Nanjing, China. The study analyzes the acceptance of congestion pricing and the factors influencing it, such as socioeconomics, the perceived impact, fairness and public transit-related factors. We compare logistic regression and artificial neural network models to gain a deeper knowledge of the important factors and investigate the respondents' attitudes. The results revealed that the perceived impacts on congestion, the environment, trips to the city center, revenue allocation, public transportation price satisfaction, annual income, fairness, car ownership and travel frequency, along with the efficiency and capacity of public transport systems, need to be included when evaluating individuals' acceptance of congestion pricing. Among these, the perceived impacts on congestion and the environment, fairness and revenue allocation to public transportation are the most significant factors. Moreover, we offer further qualitative insight into the individual, economic and social impacts of congestion pricing. This paper provides decision- and policy-makers with important advice on how to promote public acceptance when considering the implementation of a congestion pricing scheme.

This paper proposes a novel methodology for trajectory tracking of unknown discrete-time nonlinear systems under sensor and actuator faults. The proposed approach combines a recurrent neural identifier trained online with well-known characteristics of sliding mode technique. This paper includes a stability analysis based on Lyapunov theory. Finally applicability of the proposed scheme is shown through simulation results for a three-phase induction motor whose mathematical model is considered unknown. Furthermore, the system is operated in the presence of unknown disturbances as well as sensor and actuator faults.

Electrical drive systems are commonly applied for the mechanisms of precise movement, where having a high-quality position and high-quality speed control is especially valuable. Very often, the mechanical part of these systems reveals resonant properties that are related to the limited stiffness of the interconnection between subsequent parts of the mechanism. In most cases, this sort of system may be described as a model of several linked masses. If only the structure of the mechanical part is known and the corresponding parameters are constant and identified, the demanded control quality may be obtained using a properly tuned ADRC or PID controller equipped with appropriate anti-resonance filtration. However, if the parameters of the mechanical part are variant, adaptive control may be considered as a solution. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) is considered to be a speed controller and its training method assures adaptation to the unknown mechanical parameters. The paper is particularly focused on a three-mass system, which possesses, due to its structure, two resonant frequencies. The unique property of the analyzed system is the application of drive units at both ends of the system, so that the controller has the ability to influence the resonant system from both sides. The coordination of the drive unit is performed by the aforementioned ANN, from which two outputs affect the drive units independently. The derivation of the mathematical model is followed by its implementation in a computer simulation and finally the evaluation in a dedicated laboratory setup, the construction of which is also presented in the paper.

The current popularity in the application of artificial intelligence to solve complex problems is growing. The appearance of chats based on artificial intelligence or natural language processing has generated the creation of increasingly large and sophisticated neural network models, which are the basis of current developments in artificial intelligence. These neural networks can be composed of billions of parameters and their training is not feasible without the application of approaches based on parallelism. This paper focuses on studying pipeline parallelism, which is one of the most important types of parallelism used to train neural network models in deep learning. In this study we offer a look at the most important concepts related to the topic and we present a detailed analysis of 3 pipeline parallelism libraries: Torchgpipe, FairScale, and DeepSpeed. We analyze important aspects of these libraries such as their implementation and features. In addition, we evaluated them experimentally, carrying out parallel trainings and taking into account aspects such as the number of stages in the training pipeline and the type of balance.

Introduction: With the development of artificial intelligence and autonomous driving technology, the application of motion recognition in automotive autonomous driving is becoming more and more important. The traditional feature extraction method uses adaptive search hybrid learning and needs to design the feature extraction process manually, which is difficult to meet the recognition requirements in complex environments.Methods: In this paper, a fusion algorithm is proposed to classify the driving characteristics through time-frequency analysis, and perform backpropagation operation in artificial neural network to improve the convergence speed of the algorithm. The performance analysis experiments of the study were carried out on Autov data sets, and the results were compared with those of the other three algorithms.Results: When the vehicle action coefficient is 227, the judgment accuracy of the four algorithms is 0.98, 0.94, 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, indicating that the fusion algorithm is stable. When the road sample is 547, the vehicle driving ability of the fusion algorithm is 4.7, which is the best performance among the four algorithms, indicating that the fusion algorithm has strong adaptability.Discussion: The results show that the fusion algorithm has practical significance in improving the autonomous operation ability of autonomous vehicles, reducing the frequency of vehicle accidents during driving, and contributing to the development of production, life and society.

A Ground Coupled Heat Pump (GCHP) is a highly energy efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system that utilises the ground as the heat source when heating and as the heat sink when cooling. This paper investigates GCHP systems with horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers (GHEs) in the rural industry, exemplifying the technology for poultry (chicken) sheds in Australia. This investigation aims to provide an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model that can be used for GCHP design at various locations with different climates. To this extent, a Transient System Simulation Tool (TRNSYS) model for a typical horizontal GHE applied in a rural farm was first verified. Using this model, over 700,000 hourly performance data items were obtained, covering over 80 different yearly loading patterns under three different climate conditions. The simulated performance data was then used to train the ANN. As a result, the trained ANN can predict the performance of GCHP systems with identical (multiple) GHEs even under climatic conditions (and locations) that have not been specifically trained for. Unlike other works, the newly introduced ANN model is accurate even with limited types of input data, with high accuracy (less than 5% error in most cases tested). This ANN model is 100 times computationally faster than TRNSYS simulations and 10,000 times faster than finite element models.