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Abstract This paper introduces the design and exploration of a compact, high-performance multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for 6G applications operating in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. Leveraging a meta learner-based stacked generalization ensemble strategy, this study integrates classical machine learning techniques with an optimized multi-feature stacked ensemble to predict antenna properties with greater accuracy. Specifically, a neural network is applied as a base learner for predicting antenna parameters, resulting in increased predictive performance, achieving R², EVS, MSE, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.96, 0.998, 0.00842, 0.00453, and 0.00999, respectively. Utilizing regression-based machine learning, antenna parameters are optimized to attain dual-band resonance with bandwidths of 3.34 THz and 1 THz across two bands, ensuring robust data throughput and communication stability. The antenna, designed with dimensions of 70 × 280 μm², demonstrates a maximum gain of 15.82 dB, excellent isolation exceeding − 32.9 dB, and remarkable efficiency of 99.8%, underscoring its suitability for high-density, high-speed 6G environments. The design methodology integrates CST simulations and an RLC equivalent circuit model, substantiated by ADS simulations, with comparable reflection coefficients validating the accuracy of the models. With its compact footprint, broad bandwidth, and optimized isolation and efficiency, the proposed MIMO antenna is positioned as an ideal candidate for future 6G communication applications.

In this article, a new series of 2-((3,5-disubstituted-2-thioxo-imidazol-1-yl)imino)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-ones were synthesized. Imidazole-2-thione with acenaphthylen-one gave a hybrid scaffold that integrated key structural elements essential for DNA damage via direct DNA intercalation and inhibition of the topoisomerase II enzyme. All the synthesized compounds were screened to detect their DNA damage using a terbium fluorescent probe. Results demonstrated that 4-phenyl-imidazoles 5b and 5e in addition to 4-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazoles 5h and 5j would induce detectable potent damage in ctDNA. The four most potent compounds as DNA intercalators were further evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against HepG2, MCF-7 and HCT-116 utilizing the MTT assay. The highest anticancer activity was recorded with compounds 5b and 5h against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 which were 1.5- and 3- folds more active than doxorubicin, respectively. Therefore, imidazole-2-thione tethered acenaphthylenone derivatives can be considered as promising scaffold for the development of effective dual DNA intercalators and topoisomerase II inhibitors.

This research highlights the distribution of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co and Mn) in Ravi and Chenab and assesses their effect on ecosystem health. Samples of plant species and sediments at eight sampling sites were collected and analysed by the PIXE technique. Heavy metal concentrations (µg/g) of Zn (7.98–411.23), Ni (12.59–209), Cu (3.74–38.77) and Mn (0–730.21) in river Ravi and concentrations of Zn (49.32–274.30), Ni (1.05–141.21) and Mn (41.66–519.47) in river Chenab were found to be high but Heavy metal concentration in the two compartments were in the following order plants > sediments. Heavy metals of sediments and plants depict that there are significant correlations between Cu (0.994), Zn (0.986) and Cr (0.978) in river Ravi and Ni (1.000), Zn (.990) and Cr (.978) in river Chenab. The results show the potential of heavy metals from plants in two rivers of Pakistan.

The essential use of natural materials or microbial biomass for effective dye removal from water, combined with simultaneous antimicrobial activity, is crucial for environmental and biomedical applications. Functionalized oyster shell waste nanoparticles (OY-NPs) were synthesized and utilized for efficient biosorption of Congo red (CR) and bromothymol blue (BB) dyes from solution, exhibiting promising antibacterial properties against gram-negative bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli (E. coli), in wastewater. Employing response surface methodology and central composite design, the impact of key process variables; pH, initial concentration, time, and adsorbent doses were investigated. Characterization through scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform irradiation, and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed mesoporous crystalline structures rich in CaCO3, featuring prominent functional groups such as C–O, CO, and O-H. Optimization of batch experiments yielded peak efficiency at pH 3.3, initial concentration of 72.34 mg/L, contact time of 84.44 min, and a dosage of 0.1 for CR and BB, achieving a desirability coefficient of 1.0. Equilibrium studies aligned with the Langmuir isotherm model determined coefficient (R2 > 0.977), while kinetic experiments correlated well with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 > 0.9). OY-NPs demonstrated optimal adsorption capacities of 84.77 and 180.61 mg/g for CR and BB, respectively, with spontaneous and endothermic removal. Reusability studies showcased consistently high adsorption efficiency over 5 cycles, highlighting the eco-friendly and recyclable potential of OY-NPs for wastewater treatment applications. The observed antibacterial activity further supports their suitability for antimicrobial applications.

Hole-doped manganese oxides exhibit a gigantic negative magnetoresistance, referred to as colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), owing to the interplay between double-exchange (DE) ferromagnetic metal and charge-ordered antiferromagnetic insulator/semiconductor phases. Magnetoresistive manganites display a sharp resistivity drop at the metal–insulator transition temperature (TMI). CMR effects in perovskite manganites, specifically La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (La-Ca-Mn-O or LCMO), have been extensively investigated. This review paper provides a comprehensive introduction to the crystallographic structure, as well as the electronic and magnetic properties, of LCMO films. Furthermore, we delve into a detailed discussion of the effects of epitaxial strain induced by different substrates on LCMO films. Additionally, we review the early findings and diverse applications of LCMO thin films. Finally, we outline potential challenges and prospects for achieving superior LCMO film properties.

Developing highly sensitive and selective non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for disease biomarker detection has become challenging in healthcare applications. However, advances in material science are opening new avenues for creating more dependable biosensing technologies. In this context, the present work introduces a novel approach by engineering a hybrid structure of zinc oxide nanorod (ZnO NR) modified with iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe2O3 NP) on an FTO electrode. This Fe2O3 NP-ZnO NR hybrid material functions as a nanozyme, facilitating the catalysis of cholesterol and enabling the direct transfer of electrons to the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode, limiting the need for costly and traditional enzymes in the detection process. This innovative non-enzymatic cholesterol biosensor showcases remarkable sensitivity, registering at 642.8 μA/mMcm2 within a linear response range of up to 9.0 mM. It also exhibits a low detection limit (LOD) of ∼12.4 μM, ensuring its capability to detect minimal concentrations of cholesterol accurately. Moreover, the developed biosensor displays exceptional selectivity by effectively distinguishing cholesterol molecules from other interfering biological species, while exhibiting outstanding stability and reproducibility. Our findings indicate that the Fe2O3 NP-ZnO NR hybrid nanostructure on the FTO electrode holds promise for enhancing biosensor stability. Furthermore, the present device fabrication platform offers versatility, as it can be adapted with various enzymes or modified with different metal oxides, potentially broadening its applicability in a wide range of biomarkers detection.

Abstract This study presented a facile synthesis route via the precipitation method for the production of magnetic biochar from oil palm frond (OPF). The physicochemical characteristics including surface, functional, and magnetic properties of the synthesized magnetic biochar revealed that the surface morphology, porosity, and magnetic properties enhanced its adsorption capacity for the removal of crystal violet (CV) and sunset yellow (SY) from aqueous solution. The saturation magnetization of OPF biochar was found to be 8.41 emu/g, coercivity (Hc) of 83.106 G, and retentivity (Mr) of 1.475 emu/g which implies that OPF magnetic biochar can be facilely separated from aqueous solution. The result also demonstrated superparamagnetic properties which provided suitable magnetic responsive characteristics to an external magnetic field. The interactive effect of the operational conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and temperature was investigated in a batch adsorption study using the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). It was indicated that an increase in adsorbent dosage to 1.0 g/L at a lower initial concentration (50 ppm) conducted at 20 °C favoured optimum removal of CV and SY at pH 11 and 4, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity ( $$q_{\max }$$ q max ) of 149.03 and 342.47 mg/g was achieved for CV and SY dyes, respectively. The kinetic data proved to be best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters revealed spontaneous and endothermic reactions. The suitability and sustainability of the magnetic biochar were enhanced by its regeneration potential for effective adsorption of CV and SY after 5 cycles which indicates its outstanding reusability. Hence, OPF magnetic biochar exhibited prospective application for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

The application of hybrid natural fibres incorporated with bio phenolic composites is significant due to their sustainability and low-cost rates. In this paper, two natural fibres composites were prepared using a hand lay-up technique. The thermal stability, dynamic-mechanical, and thermo-mechanical characterisations of kenaf fibre (KF)/Washingtonia Leaf Stalk Fibres (AW)/epoxy biocomposite were investigated in this paper. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively, were used to examine the thermal stability and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the dynamic mechanical properties of composites, respectively. The Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses showed that the addition of KF and AW enhanced the thermal stability of the epoxy composites. 7AW/3KENAF showed the most significant improvement in thermal stability (Tonset; 284.52 °C and Tmax; 368.25. Furthermore, the hybrid biocomposite exhibited the highest storage modulus (2668.9 MPa) among all other pure and hybrid biocomposites. On the other hand, the TMA findings illustrated that the 50% AW sample exhibited the highest value of CTE (242 μm/m °C) at the maximum temperature (175 °C) among all samples. Briefly, it is obvious that the combination of WA with KENAF enhanced the potential in improving thermal, dimensional and dynamic mechanical characterisations of epoxy composites and can be utilised in building applications that dictate elevated dimensional stability. It was proven that the hybrid biocomposites prepared in this work supported by hybrid natural fibres as strengthened bio fillers might benefit the performance of epoxy composites, which could broaden the application range of industrial and engineering applications and provide novel ways for its effective uses.

This study highlights the effectiveness of oyster shell biocomposite for the biosorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from an aqueous solution. The aim of this work was to modify a novel biocomposite derived from oyster shell for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The studied revealed the specific surface BET surface area was 9.1476 m2/g. The elemental dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) indicated that C, O, Ag, Ca were the predominant elements on the surface of the biocomposite after which metals ions of Cd and Pb were noticed after adsorption. The Fourier transform Irradiation (FT-IR) revealed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface. The effect of process variables on the adsorption capacity of the modified biocomposite was examined using the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). The process variables which include pH, adsorbent dose, the initial concentration and temperature were the most effective parameters influencing the uptake capacity. The optimal process conditions of these parameters were found to be pH, 5.57, adsorbent dose, 2.53 g/L, initial concentration, 46.76 mg/L and temperature 28.48°C for the biosorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution at a desirability coefficient of 1. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.91) and low probability coefficients for the responses (P < 0.05) which indicated the validity and aptness of the model for the biosorption of the metal ions. Experimental isotherm data fitted better to the Langmuir model and the kinetic data fitted better to the pseudo-second-order model. Maximun Cd(II) and Pb(II) adsorption capacities of the oyster shell biocomposite were 97.54 and 78.99 mg/g respectively and was obtained at pH 5.56 and 28.48°C. This investigation has provided the possibility of the utilization of alternative biocomposite as a sustainable approach for the biosorption of heavy metal ions from the wastewater stream.

In this article, we display on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of thiazolylpyrimidine 3a-l and thiazolidinylpyrimidine derivatives 5a-e. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by using different spectral techniques including NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy in addition to elemental analyses. The cell viability of the new compounds was assessed against normal human mammary gland epithelial (MCF-10A) cell line. Data revealed that none of the compounds examined exhibited cytotoxic effects, and the cell viability for the compounds examined at 50 µM was greater than 87%. The antiproliferative activity of 3a-l and 5a-e was evaluated against four human cancer cell lines where the compounds showed promising activity. The most potent derivatives were compounds 3a, 3c, 3f, 3i, and 5b with GI50 values ranging from 0.90 µM to 1.70 µM against the four cancer cell lines in comparison to doxorubicin (GI50 = 1.10 µM). Compounds 3a, 3c and 3i showed potent antiproliferative activity with dual inhibitory action against EGFR and BRAFV600E. Compounds 3a, 3c, and 3i demonstrated promising AutoDock scores towards EGFR and BRAFV600E with values of − 9.1 and − 8.6, −9.0 and − 8.5, and − 8.4 and − 8.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of 3a, 3c, and 3i were anticipated, demonstrating their oral bioavailability.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a method that is both effective and environmentally friendly for producing renewable electricity. Several studies have shown that one of the major challenges is the generation of electrons as a result of poor exploitation of organic substrates. One of the most talked about issues in modern molecular fusion is the reutilization of biological organic waste in an MFC. In this article, the effective utilization of domestic organic waste as an organic supply for bacterial species to generate energy was highlighted. The findings that were obtained corresponded to the one-of-a-kind MFC operation in which a voltage of 110 mV was generated in a time span of 12 days during operation with an external resistance of 500 ῼ. With an internal resistance of 117 ῼ, the maximum power density and the current density were recorded 0.1047 mW/m2 and 21.84 mA/m2, respectively. According to the results of the biological study, strains of bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter schindleri, and Pseudomonas nitroreducens are the ones responsible for producing energy. In addition, final remarks with proposals for the future have been enclosed.

Thiourea derivatives of uracil were efficiently synthesized via the reaction of 5-aminouracil with isothiocyanates. Then, we prepared uracil-containing thiazoles via condensation of thioureas with diethyl/dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylates. The structures of the products were confirmed by a combination of spectral techniques including infra-red (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and elemental analyses. A rationale for the formation of the products is presented. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against four cancer cell lines. The compounds tested showed promising antiproliferative activity, with GI50 values ranging from 1.10 µM to 10.00 µM. Compounds 3c, 5b, 5c, 5h, 5i, and 5j were the most potent derivatives, with GI50 values ranging from 1.10 µM to 1.80 µM. Compound 5b showed potent inhibitory activity against EGFR and BRAFV600E with IC50 of 91 ± 07 and 93 ± 08 nM, respectively, indicating that this compound could serve as a dual inhibitor of EGFR and BRAFV600E with promising antiproliferative properties. Docking computations revealed the great potency of compounds 5b and 5j towards EGFR and BRAFV600E with docking scores of −8.3 and −9.7 kcal/mol and −8.2 and −9.3 kcal/mol, respectively.

Early-stage uric acid (UA) abnormality detection is crucial for a healthy human. With the evolution of nanoscience, metal oxide nanostructure-based sensors have become a potential candidate for health monitoring due to their low-cost, easy-to-handle, and portability. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of puffy balls-like cobalt oxide nanostructure using a hydrothermal method and utilize them to modify the working electrode for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor fabrication. The non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor was utilized for UA determination using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The puffy balls-shaped cobalt oxide nanostructure-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode exhibited excellent electro-catalytic activity during UA detection. Interestingly, when we compared the sensitivity of non-enzymatic electrochemical UA sensors, the DPV technique resulted in high sensitivity (2158 µA/mM.cm2) compared to the CV technique (sensitivity = 307 µA/mM.cm2). The developed non-enzymatic electrochemical UA sensor showed good selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and applicability in the human serum. Moreover, this study indicates that the puffy balls-shaped cobalt oxide nanostructure can be utilized as electrode material for designing (bio)sensors to detect a specific analyte.

Antimicrobial resistance has posed a serious health concern worldwide, which is mainly due to the excessive use of antibiotics. In this study, gold nanoparticles synthesized from the plant Tinospora cordifolia were used against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active components involved in the reduction and stabilization of gold nanoparticles were revealed by gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry(GC-MS) of the stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia. Gold nanoparticles (TG-AuNPs) were effective against P. aeruginosa at different concentrations (50,100, and 150 µg/mL). TG-AuNPs effectively reduced the pyocyanin level by 63.1% in PAO1 and by 68.7% in clinical isolates at 150 µg/mL; similarly, swarming and swimming motilities decreased by 53.1% and 53.8% for PAO1 and 66.6% and 52.8% in clinical isolates, respectively. Biofilm production was also reduced, and at a maximum concentration of 150 µg/mL of TG-AuNPs a 59.09% reduction inPAO1 and 64.7% reduction in clinical isolates were observed. Lower concentrations of TG-AuNPs (100 and 50 µg/mL) also reduced the pyocyanin, biofilm, swarming, and swimming. Phenotypically, the downregulation of exopolysaccharide secretion from P. aeruginosa due to TG-AuNPs was observed on Congo red agar plates

Technology and environmental innovations always have a growing emphasis and have affected various industries. Since the cosmetics industry is highly competitive and consumers always desire innovations in products, the cosmetics industry tends to launch new products to satisfy customer desires without exception. Recently, in the area of cosmeceuticals, the application of nanotechnology has been attempting to increase; however, it seems to be tackling certain disadvantages compared to traditional products. Cosmeceuticals based on nanotechnology offer the benefits of product differentiation, improved bioavailability, and prolonged effects of active ingredients. These are widely used as a regulated delivery medium for cosmeceuticals, such as shampoo, nail enamels, lotions, hair serums, and conditioners. Their wide application is attributed to their intrinsic properties, such as rapid penetration, stability, hydrating power, and texture. The ability of the nanoemulsion system to form small- and large-surface nanoparticles enable the bioactive components to be transported into the skin more effectively. Furthermore, natural cosmetics are a general term that refers to all preparations for external conditioning and beautifying of the body from ingredients produced by or found in nature. The purpose of this review is to understand the nature of natural cosmetics which incorporate nanotechnology for better encapsulation and a better drug delivery system. The importance of innovations in the cosmetic industry is also discussed.

Nanoparticles (nanoparticles) have received much attention in biological application because of their unique physicochemical properties. The metal- and metal oxide–supported nanomaterials have shown significant therapeutic effect in medical science. The mechanisms related to the interaction of nanoparticles with animal and plant cells can be used to establish its significant role and to improve their activity in health and medical applications. Various attempts have been made to discuss the antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial activity of metal-supported nanoparticles. Despite all these developments, there is still a need to investigate their performance to overcome modern challenges. In this regard, the present review examines the role of various types of metal-supported nanomaterials in different areas such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and so on. Based on the significant ongoing research and applications, it is expected that metal-supported nanomaterials play an outstanding role not only in medical but also in other important areas.

Nanotechnology is an innovative area of science that includes the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (1–100 nm). Nanotechnology incorporation in cosmetic formulation is considered as the hottest and emerging technology available. Cosmetic manufacturers use nanoscale size ingredients to provide better UV protection, deeper skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, finish quality, and many more. Micellar nanoparticles is one of the latest field applied in cosmetic products that becoming trending and widely commercialized in local and international markets. The ability of nanoemulsion system to form small micellar nanoparticles size with high surface area allowing to effectiveness of bioactive component transport onto the skin. Oil in water nanoemulsion is playing a major role as effective formulation in cosmetics such as make-up remover, facial cleanser, anti-aging lotion, sun-screens, and other water-based cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the properties, advantageous, and mechanism of micellar nanoparticles formation in nanoemulsion system. Therefore, present article introduce and discuss the specific benefits of nanoemulsion system in forming micellar nanoparticles for cosmetic formulation which become major factors for further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments.

Membrane fouling is considered a serious obstacle for operation and cost efficiency in wastewater treatment using nanofiltration (NF). However, pretreatment is the most practical way to reduce this prior to NF. In this research, two types of wastewaters were pretreated with different methods prior to NF to examine the effect of pretreatment on membrane fouling in terms of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and permeate flux. Turbidity and COD were measured to assess solid foulants and organic species in the wastewater, respectively. The first sample was secondary treated sewage, which was pretreated using coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) only. Steady flux was increased from 24 L/m2h for wastewater without pretreatment to 32.1 L/m2h with pretreatment. COD was also eliminated after CFS/NF, and turbidity was reduced to 0.6 NTU. The second sample was diluted biodiesel wastewater, which was pretreated using a combination of powdered-activated carbon (PAC) adsorption and CFS (PAC/CFS). Steady flux was increased from 22.3 L/m2h for wastewater without pretreatment to 28.7 L/m2h with pretreatment; biodiesel wastewater quality also improved. Turbidity was reduced from 12 to 0.6 NTU, and COD was reduced from 526 to 4 mg/L after NF with PAC/CFS pretreatment, while COD was reduced from 526 to 95 mg/L using NF without pretreatment.

The adsorption of rhodamine B (RhB) using acid modified banana peels has been examined. Chemical characteristics of the adsorbents were observed in order to determine active functional groups. The major functional groups on the surface were OH, C = O, C = C and C-O-C. Interactions between operational parameters were studied using the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The predictions of the model output indicated that operational factors influenced responses at a confidence level of 95% (P

Polyethersulphone (PES) membranes have been widely applied in various separation applications such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. This has occurred as these membranes are easy to form, have good mechanical strength and good chemical stability (resistant to acidic or alkaline conditions) due to the presence of aromatic hydrocarbon groups in the structure. PES membranes are commonly fabricated through the phase inversion method due to the simplicity of the process. However, PES membranes are generally hydrophobic, which usually requires them to be modified before application. In most cases, these methods can reduce the hydrophobicity of the membrane surface and thus reduce membrane fouling during application. This review will further discuss the recently developed UV-induced modifications of PES membranes. The UV-induced grafting method is easy to apply to existing PES membranes, with or without the need for a photo-initiator. Additionally, nanoparticles entrapped in PES membranes subsequently exposed to UV-irradiation have been reported to possess photo-catalytic activity. However, UV-irradiation methods still require special care in order to produce membranes with the best performance.