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Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a critical global health issue, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies to manage bacterial and fungal infections. This study explores the development and evaluation of multifunctional Fe3O₄@SiO₂/Schiff-base/Zn (II) magnetic nanocomposite (MNC) with enhanced antimicrobial properties. The synthesized MNC combines the magnetic characteristics of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with the antimicrobial properties of Schiff-base ligand functionalized with Zn (II) ions. The preparation involved the coprecipitation of Fe₃O₄, coating with SiO₂ via a modified Stöber method, and subsequent functionalization with Schiff-base/Zn (II) complex. Comprehensive characterization using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, DLS, EDX, VSM, and TGA confirmed successful synthesis, structural integrity, and superparamagnetic behavior of the MNPs and MNC. The antifungal and antibacterial activities were assessed against six Candida species and four bacterial strains using broth microdilution methods. The Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Schiff-base/Zn (II) MNC exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with MIC values of 8–64 µg/mL for Candida species and 64–512 µg/mL for bacteria, demonstrating potent antimicrobial efficacy. The MTT assay indicated biocompatibility across various concentrations, except for slight cytotoxicity at 256 µg/mL after five days. To our knowledge, this is the first report integrating Zn (II) Schiff-base ligands into magnetic nanoparticles to achieve a versatile platform for both antimicrobial and biofilm inhibition applications.

Background: Despite the prevalence of unintended pregnancies, little is known about the connections between psychosocial and sociodemographic characteristics. This study explored the predictors of fetal attachment, worry, anxiety, and stress in unintended pregnancies. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 229 father and mother pairs from two primary healthcare centers in Fars province in southern Iran. Data were collected in a face-to-face survey using the Parents Fetal Attachment Scale, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Cambridge Worry Scale (CWS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Parental Worry Scale. The participants were selected using the two-stage random cluster sampling method from November 2022 to February 2023. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using binary logistic and multiple linear regression tests. Results: According to the findings, education level and previous parenting experience were found to have a statistically significant effect on the attachment levels of mothers (F4,224 = 5.14; p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the perceived stress of mothers and fathers (p > 0.05). Previous parenting experience significantly affected mothers’ anxiety (odd ratio: 3.20; p < 0.05). The age variable had a significant relationship with the mothers’ perceived stress (p < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, unwanted pregnancy had a significant relationship with fetal attachment, anxiety, stress, and worry. It is recommended that to enhance the mental health of couples who have experienced unintended pregnancy, a platform should be provided for the development of their psychosocial environment.

Abstract In this research, the effect of different plasticizers with different amounts on the properties of monolithic alumina-based refractories has been investigated. All samples were fired at 1100 °C and 1550 °C. In order to evaluate the desired properties, first the rheological properties of the samples were examined, and then for further investigations, loss on ignition (LOI), percentage of permanent linear changes (PLC), apparent porosity (AP), bulk density (BD) and cold crushing strength (CCS) tests were used. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to characterize the samples. 1 and 2 wt% of CMC, H19, bentonite and ballclay were added to the mixtures as plasticizers. The results of this research showed that the sample containing 1 wt% of ball clay can be the most appropriate one due to its highest strength, highest density and lowest apparent porosity. Moreover, the sample containing 2 wt% of H19 (a commercially available binder) has the optimum properties because of its highest strength for the samples fired at 1100 °C. For the mixtures fired at 1550 °C, the more amount of silica has caused higher cold crushing strength due to the presence of the low melting point phases which are not desired and therefore, the mixtures with less silica can be used.

Abstract This study assesses the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of three stainless steel grades (316, 201, and 304) used in kitchen equipment manufacturing, emphasizing their performance based on specific metrics. Brinell hardness tests revealed values of 310.13 HB for 316, 286.49 HB for 201, and 276.13 HB for 304. Impact strength and tensile strength tests showed that 316 outperformed the others due to its higher chromium, nickel, and molybdenum content and enhanced mechanical properties from annealing, quenching, and tempering processes. Fatigue strength testing indicated that 316 had the highest endurance strength. Corrosion tests confirmed that all three grades exhibited no corrosion. These results indicate that stainless steel 316 has superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, making it an excellent choice for manufacturing durable and reliable kitchen equipment.

Background: The currently accepted standard for improving knee stability and function is anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This study aimed to assess the postoperative analgesic efficacy of combining adductor canal (AC) and popliteal plexus blocks (PPB) to that obtained by using AC block (ACB) alone in arthroscopic ACLR. Materials and Methods: For elective arthroscopic ACLR, 110 male and female patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, aged from 21 to 50 years, were randomly assigned to a double-blind, prospective trial. Patients were divided into two equal groups and given either ACB (15 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine) and PPB (15 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine) or ACB alone. Outcome parameters were 24-h morphine consumption, time-to-first rescue analgesia, and postoperative pain. Results: Group I used less morphine (6.45 ± 1.8 vs 11.22 ± 1.7 mg, P < 0.001) and required less time-to-first rescue analgesia (14.49 ± 2.27 vs. 13.64 ± 1.77 min, P = 0.030). At 12, 18, and 24 h, Group I had significantly lower postoperative pain scores (P = 0.007, 0.010, and 0.012, respectively) than Group II. Additionally, Group I also exhibited significantly less required time to be able to stand, walk, and exercise compared to Group II (P = 0.002, 0.013, and 0.035, respectively). Conclusion: ACB combined with PPB resulted in reduced morphine consumption, required less time-to-first rescue analgesia, exhibited lower postoperative pain scores, and required less time to rehabilitate compared to ACB alone.

Abstract Background The advertising of unhealthy products, including unhealthy foods, drugs with abuse potential, certain cosmetic products and services, and tobacco, has raised significant public health concerns due to its role in increasing consumption and contributing to the rise of non-communicable diseases. Policy development and enforcement in this area necessitate an in-depth analysis of the relevant stakeholders. This study aims to examine the stakeholders involved in regulating the advertisement of unhealthy products in Iran, providing critical evidence for shaping advertising regulations and reducing the societal consumption of such products. Methods This qualitative study, conducted in 2022, involved 18 experts experienced in the area of unhealthy product advertisement in Iran. Participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. The stakeholders' roles, power, positions, and interests were analyzed using Schmeer's guidelines. Results 17 stakeholders were identified as relevant to the ban on unhealthy product advertisements, of whom 14 were classified as active and three as inactive. Key stakeholders included radio and television broadcasters, the Ministries of Health, Culture, and Industry, as well as political institutions. The Ministry of Health (MOHME) emerged as a leading advocate for the ban, while the Ministries of Culture and Industry, along with political institutions, were identified as possessing significant power with moderate support for the policy. In contrast, broadcasters and social media platforms were powerful opponents of the ban. Conclusions The study underscores the pivotal role of stakeholders with high power and medium interest in the success of policies aimed at banning unhealthy product advertisements. Key challenges included conflicts of interest, insufficient penalties for organizations violating advertising regulations, organizational disputes, limited human and financial resources, lack of clear implementation guidelines, weak community engagement, and inadequate oversight. Engaging key stakeholders effectively could mitigate these obstacles and facilitate more effective health policy interventions in the future.

Dear Editor, The university is the driving force of science, research and technology and plays a key role in the political, economic, social, cultural and technological development of a country. Universities underwent changes throughout history due to political, economic, social and environmental changes. The course of transformation of universities shows five different generations, including the first generation (education-oriented university), the second generation (research-oriented university), the third generation (Innovation-oriented university), the fourth generation (Society-oriented university) and the fifth generation (Value-oriented University). Most of Iran's medical universities are second generation universities. The transformation of Iran's medical universities into fourth and fifth generation universities requires the commitment and efforts of all their members and the creation of fundamental changes in the structure, culture, tasks and processes of the university. The mission and vision of universities should be redefined according to the emerging challenges of society and the needs of its various stakeholders.

Background and Aim: Health insurance organizations play an important role in increasing people’s access to health services and protecting them financially against catastrophic health costs. Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO) is one of the largest public health insurance organizations in Iran, which faces many challenges. The purpose of this research is the strategic analysis of health financing performance of IHIO. Materials and Methods: This qualitative research was conducted using interpretive phenomenology method through using semi-structured interviews with 25 managers and employees of IHIO. In addition, relevant documents and archival data of IHIO were collected and analyzed. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: Overall, 19 strengths, 24 weaknesses, 14 opportunities, 37 threats and 43 solutions were identified for the health financing system of IHIO. Increasing the coverage of health services, correcting the information databases of the insured and electronic prescribing were the most important strengths, and inappropriate pooling of financial resources, incomplete risk pooling, high administrative costs, and inefficient control were the most important weaknesses of IHIO. The most important opportunities for IHIO include the government’s support for universal health coverage and emphasis on primary health care, legal support for consolidating health insurance funds and improving the health technology assessment system in the country. The main threats to IHIO include political and economic unstability, low health insurance premiums, decisions without scientific support and insufficient enforcement of laws. Finally, solutions such as modernizing the tax system, increasing the health literacy of the community, reducing bureaucracy, increasing transparency and accountability, and reforming the monitoring and evaluation system were identified to strengthen the performance of the financing system of IHIO. Conclusion: Iran’s health insurance organization is facing numerous structural, contexual and process challenges that have reduced its productivity. Decrease in revenues, increase in costs and decrease in efficiency have caused problems in the financing performance of this organization. Recognizing the weaknesses and challenges of financing performance and applying corrective interventions is the first step in strengthening the sustainability of health financing of IHIO.

Background: Obesity is a multifactorial disorder that has considerably increased in developing countries in recent years. This disease results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, influenced by various factors such as behavior, diet, environment, metabolic factors, and genetics. Different genetic aspects of obesity seek mutations in genes that are responsible for appetite control and metabolism. FNDC5 is a glycosylated membrane protein that is highly expressed in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle tissues in mice. This protein is cleaved by an unknown protease at the cell surface. This study aimed to investigate the rs1746661 polymorphism in the FNDC5 gene among obese patients. Materials and Methods: The blood samples were collected from 100 individuals visiting Shariati Hospital in Isfahan and the Social Security Clinic for DNA extraction using the phenol-chloroform method, and informed consent was obtained from them for their participation in the study. Specific primers for G/A/T alleles were designed for the amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and PCR was performed. The results were examined on agarose gel electrophoresis and statistically analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Results: Based on genetic analysis investigations, our findings revealed a significant association between the GT genotype in the rs1746661 polymorphism and the occurrence of obesity and/or other metabolic disorders. Such genotypes can be considered predisposing polymorphisms for obesity and/or other metabolic problems. Conclusion: Overall, the multifactorial nature of obesity, such as lifestyle and dietary habits, should receive special attention.

Flat steel plate shear walls (FPSWs) are widely used in steel structures, but they are prone to buckling under lateral loads. As an alternative, corrugated steel plate shear walls (CPSWs) have been introduced, in which the infill flat steel plate is replaced with a corrugated steel plate. CPSWs have some advantages over FPSWs, such as improved in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness, buckling strength, and ductility. Nevertheless, their applicable thickness is limited due to manufacturing capabilities. In the last few years, to overcome this drawback, double-layer corrugated steel plate shear walls (DCPSWs) composed of two similar corrugated steel plates have been developed. As there are few studies on DCPSWs, mainly focused on single-story frames, this paper considers 48 two-dimensional multi-story frames with DCPSWs using the pushover method. According to the results, corrugated shear walls have less lateral strength compared to FPSWs. However, the difference decreases with increasing the number of stories. The corrugated shear walls have higher ductility, especially for low-rise frames. Furthermore, the frames with DCPSWs experienced the highest inelastic deformations, which can be considered an advantage over CPSWs.

Abstract RNA therapeutics, such as mRNA, siRNA, and CRISPR–Cas9, present exciting avenues for treating diverse diseases. However, their potential is commonly hindered by vulnerability to degradation and poor cellular uptake, requiring effective delivery systems. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a leading choice for in vivo RNA delivery, offering protection against degradation, enhanced cellular uptake, and facilitation of endosomal escape. However, LNPs encounter numerous challenges for targeted RNA delivery in vivo, demanding advanced particle engineering, surface functionalization with targeting ligands, and a profound comprehension of the biological milieu in which they function. This review explores the structural and physicochemical characteristics of LNPs, in-vivo fate, and customization for RNA therapeutics. We highlight the quality-by-design (QbD) approach for targeted delivery beyond the liver, focusing on biodistribution, immunogenicity, and toxicity. In addition, we explored the current challenges and strategies associated with LNPs for in-vivo RNA delivery, such as ensuring repeated-dose efficacy, safety, and tissue-specific gene delivery. Furthermore, we provide insights into the current clinical applications in various classes of diseases and finally prospects of LNPs in RNA therapeutics. Graphical Abstract

AbstractThe aim of the current research is to design a model of the drivers that influence the maturity of knowledge management in the sports organization of Tehran Municipality. According to its purpose, the research method is applicable; qualitative in terms of implementation; and analytical and exploratory in nature. The statistical population includes 19 experts and faculty members of universities selected by the purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews with members of the statistical community. The analysis of the data was done by the metacombination method, and MICMAC software was used. The data analysis showed that 32 key indicators and 9 sectors were identified through a 9x9 matrix based on cross-effects. Also, the results showed; Support drivers and organizational infrastructure, management factors, and content play an important role in improving system relationships, which are both influential and influenced. The drivers of strategic alignment of knowledge management and the environment of knowledge management had been the least influenced and the most influential, which is necessary to pay attention to these indicators according to the conditions of knowledge management in Tehran Municipal Sports Organization. Also, the drivers of knowledge management processes and flow, information technology infrastructure, and employees are more effected and less effective. The drivers of evaluation do not play a key and important role in the formation of the spatial organization of the maturity of knowledge management in the sports organization of Tehran Municipality. According to the identified drivers, it is necessary for the officials of Tehran Municipal Sports Organization to mature the knowledge management in this organization by emphasizing these factors.Extended abstractIntroductionKnowledge is a fluid mixture of experiences, new values, and new information, and it is embodied in organizations not only in documents and knowledge reserves, but also in the working procedures of organizational processes and norms (Makvandi et al, 2019). Inside the organization, this knowledge exists not only in the documents and databases of the organization, but also in all the activities, processes, actions and normes of the organization. Knowledge is divided into two types, implicit and explicit. Explicit knowledge is knowledge that is clearly written and coded in words, numbers, and figures; and can be accessed and stored in books, documents, plans, reports and documentaries (Alidoost Ghahfarokji et al, 2022).Therefore, organizations need flexibility in almost all aspects of their existence for their survival. On the other hand, preserving knowledge capitals and continuous use of them is also a reason for organizations to seek to use knowledge management and apply it more than before (Bayat et al, 2022). Through knowledge management, managers try to extract the knowledge accumulated in the minds of the members of the organization and share it among all people. In this case, the knowledge stored in the system becomes a permanent usable resource and provides a sustainable competitive advantage for the organization. (Dindar et al, 2022). Knowledge management is the process through which organizations use their collected information. Approaches to knowledge management depend on the management perspective; the differences can be caused by the information-based, technology-based, and culture-based perspectives (Asgharneghad & haghdoust, 2022). Therefore, the research begins with this question: how is the design of the driving force model affecting the maturity of knowledge management in the sports organization of Tehran Municipality?Theoretical FrameworkKnowledge managementKnowledge is one of the most important resources and funds to achieve this defensive advantage, so that knowledge management is considered as a key lever to improve performance, increase productivity and creativity, and facilitate innovation in organizational environments (Rossidis & Belias, 2020; Naeji, 2023). Knowledge management is a strategy that seeks to capture and organize knowledge, and tries to improve organizational capacities to compete and produce value. Therefore, we must know that knowledge management is not only about technology, but about processes, people, behaviors, and work flow. Thus, creating an organizational knowledge base should be recognized as a valuable resource (Rossidis & Belias, 2020).Shafaei et al, (2024) investigated the impact of knowledge management on organizational performance with regard to the mediating variable of business process management. The findings of the research showed that based on the significant values of the hypotheses, all three hypotheses were confirmed. The impact of knowledge management on business process management was 0.742; the impact of knowledge management on organizational performance was 0.422; and the impact of business process management on organizational performance was 0.652. Therefore, the most important proposal of the research is to pay attention to the preservation, sharing and application of knowledge, which is effective both in managing business processes and in increasing the level of organizational performance.Dindar et al, (2022) investigated the design of the knowledge management model in the Tehran Municipal Sports Organization. To analyze the data, three stages of open, central, and selective coding were used, which resulted in a total of 58 open codes, categorized in five categories of causal conditions (organizational culture, technological infrastructure, long-term investment, road map), contextual conditions (the support of top managers, the life cycle of the organization, expert manpower, and the dispersion of the organization's centers), intervening conditions (the role of governance, material and intellectual property rights, and competitors), strategies (empowerment of human resources, knowledge-orientation of organization, implementation of knowledge management strategy, reward system redesign, and structure redesign), and consequences (decision-making improvement, developing and creating new knowledge, increasing creativity and innovation, and identity building). Due to the fact that the atmosphere of the organization has changed from the traditional form to a knowledge-centered one, the sports organization of Tehran Municipality should adjust their knowledge management strategies while adapting to the changes. Research methodologyAccording to its purpose, the research method is applicable; qualitative in terms of implementation; and analytical and exploratory in nature. The statistical population includes 19 experts and faculty members of universities selected by the purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews with members of the statistical community.Research findingsThe analysis of the data was done by the metacombination method, and MICMAC software was used. The data analysis showed that 32 key indicators and 9 sectors were identified through a 9x9 matrix based on cross-effects. Also, the results showed; Support drivers and organizational infrastructure, management factors, and content play an important role in improving system relationships, which are both influential and influenced. The drivers of strategic alignment of knowledge management and the environment of knowledge management had been the least influenced and the most influential, which is necessary to pay attention to these indicators according to the conditions of knowledge management in Tehran Municipal Sports Organization. Also, the drivers of knowledge management processes and flow, information technology infrastructure, and employees are more effected and less effective. The drivers of evaluation do not play a key and important role in the formation of the spatial organization of the maturity of knowledge management in the sports organization of Tehran Municipality. According to the identified drivers, it is necessary for the officials of Tehran Municipal Sports Organization to mature the knowledge management in this organization by emphasizing these factors.ConclusionThe current research was conducted with the aim of designing a model of drivers influencing the maturity of knowledge management in Tehran Municipal Sports Organization. The results of this research are in agreement with the results of Shafaei et al, (2024), Asgharneghad & Haghdoust (2022), Dindar et al, (2022), Jalali & Jafari (2022), Kiyani & Nazari (2021), Purrashidi (2021), Sarlak & Kasraei (2020), Khajepour et al, (2019), Payal et al, (2019), and Zaim et al, (2019). Dehghanpouri et al, (2020) showed that the maturity percentage of knowledge management in line with business strategies is 13.69%. The strategic, organizational-human, and technical-content dimensions have a significant impact on business. Therefore, in order to make purposeful the use of knowledge, and organize the stages and levels of its development, it is necessary to know the current situation in the field of knowledge management and determine the factors influencing decision-making, in order to apply and improve knowledge management in line with business.According to the results of this research, the following suggestions are presented: Considering that Tehran Municipal Sports Organization has the second level of maturity, in order to achieve a higher level, the level of ability of codes, financial and time resources, communication and knowledge flow, presenting the value of knowledge management and participation and involving people should be improved. Allocating sufficient resources to knowledge management activities, ensuring the availability of resources when investing in the field of knowledge management and providing sufficient time to employees will be appropriate measures to improve the maturity of financial and time resources to perform knowledge activities.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from direct experience of a severe injury, such as the sudden death of a family member, can significantly impact a person's health by altering cognition, exacerbate grief symptoms and impaired autobiographical memory. Several studies have investigated the effects of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) on reducing PTSD symptoms caused by bereavement and cognitive programming, but none have specifically examined the impact of this therapeutic approach on grief symptoms and autobiographical memory. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluation of the effectiveness of CPT on the autobiographical memory and grief experience in Covid-19 survivors with PTSD which have suffering from breavement. Methods: The method of the current research was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test control group design and the study population included Covid-19 survivors with symptoms of PTSD in Shiraz in 1400, who lost a family member and were diagnosed with PTSD, based on The Mississippi PTSD Scale (Kean, Caddelle, & Taylor, 1988). Thirty people were selected by purposeful sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent cognitive processing therapy in 12 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection tools were The Mississippi PTSD Scale (Kean, Caddelle, & Taylor, 1988), Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) (Barrett & Scott, 1989) and Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) (Williams & Broadbent, 1986). Data analysis was done by one-way analysis of covariance in SPSS-27 software. Results: The results showed that the experimental group demonstrated significant decreases in GEQ scores and significant improvements in AMT scores for positive, negative, and neutral word classes (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that CPT, by developing a deep understanding of the traumatic experience, is an effective intervention for reducing grief symptoms and improving autobiographical memory performance in bereaved individuals with PTSD symptoms. Therapists should consider CPT as a viable treatment option for this population.

The high level of boron in dryland and semi-arid soils is an important issue that strongly affects growing and developing crops, especially under drought stress. Meanwhile, brassinosteroid (BR) as a noval stress hormone can improve resistance to abiotic stress in plants. To explore the appropriate foliar application of boron (0.5 and 1 %) and 24-Epi-brassinolide (0.5 and 1 μM) and their combinations on camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under irrigation regimes a field experiment was conducted during 2018–2020 years. Irrigation regime consisted of well irrigation from emergence until the end of the growing season (WI0), withholding irrigation from flowering to siligue formation (WI1), and withholding irrigation from siligue formation to harvest (WI2)]. Our finding revealed that boron had a destructive effect on phytochemical parameters of camelina while application of brassinolide mitigated the boron impacts and improved the parameters. Results showed the highest increase in chlorophyll a (26.8 and 23.8 %) at B0.5 + BR0.5 treatments under WI1 and WI2 conditions, respectively. Application of BR (0.5 and 1 μM) and low level of B (B0.5 %) combination alleviated drought stress by improving osmolyte accumulation (proline) (5–9% increase), antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) (5.35–5.72 % increase), catalase (CAT) capacity (4.10 % increase) and secondary metabolites (total phenol and flavonoid) (6.78–10.26 % and 4.60–5.27 % increase). Further, malondealdehide (MDA) decreased (8.73 %) at BR and B combination and increased with a high level of B (B1%) application under-withholding irrigation. All of these results confirmed that BR and B synergistically (mainly B0.5 + BR0.5 and B0.5 + BR1) regulate the phytochemical properties response in the camelina plant to drought stress.

Two-dimensional MXenes are promising candidates for water treatment because of their large surface area (e.g., exceeding 1000 m²/g for certain structures), high electrical conductivity (e.g., >1000 S/m), hydrophilicity, and chemical stability. Their strong sorption selectivity and effective reduction capacity, exemplified by heavy metal adsorption efficiencies exceeding 95 % in several studies, coupled with facile surface modification, make them suitable for removing diverse contaminants. Applications include the removal of heavy metals (e.g., achieving >90 % removal of Pb(II)), dye removal (e.g., demonstrating >80 % removal of methylene blue), and radioactive waste elimination. Furthermore, 3D MXene architecture exhibit enhanced performance in antibacterial activities (e.g., against bacteria), desalination rejection percentage, and photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants. However, several challenges have remained, which necessitate further investigation into toxicity (e.g., assessing effects on aquatic organisms), scalability, and cost-effectiveness of large-scale production. This review summarizes recent advancements in 3D MXene-based functional materials for wastewater treatment and water remediation, critically analyzing their both potential and limitations.

A simple and efficient methane detection approach has been developed in this paper. A THz wave absorber sensitive to refractive index is designed. The proposed absorber mainly uses nested graphene rings and continuous graphene sheets. Two scenarios are followed in this paper. Firstly, a simple single layer including graphene rings on top of the Kapton dielectric and backside coated gold is suggested. The graphene rings face free space or polluted air with a known refractive index in this situation. The second scenario considers the sample (probably toxic polluted air) in the middle layer and also in free space. Both states are mathematically modeled in terms of referred impedance. Additionally, full-wave simulations are also performed. The equivalent impedance can reveal the absorption response of the structure with the aim of impedance matching or maximum power transmission theorem. Interestingly, the impedance modeling converges to the numerical full-wave simulation, verifying efficient mathematical modeling. Furthermore, ample simulation results are provided to investigate the robustness and reliability of the proposed methane optical detector. Based on the findings, the proposed detector is highly appropriate for gas detection, specifically for the healthcare industry due to using Kapton which makes it flexible and wearable.

MXenes are a novel type of nanostructured material that has received a lot of attention for their potential applications in bioanalysis owing to their unique features. These materials, made from transition metal nitrides, carbides, or carbonitrides, have a number of advantages, including high hydrophilicity, a large surface area, strong metallic conductivity, superior ion transport capabilities, biocompatibility, and low diffusion barriers. Their surfaces are easily manipulated, making them more adaptable for a variety of applications, including biosensing. The outstanding properties of MXenes have attracted researchers of different fields, including renewable energy, fuel cells, supercapacitors, electronics, and catalysis. In the context of biosensing, MXenes are particularly noteworthy because of their layered structure and composition, which render them suitable for both electrochemical and optical biosensors. The high electrical conductivity and multilayered design of MXenes facilitate effective charge transport and the preservation of biological activity when biomolecules are attached to their surfaces. This characteristic positions them as ideal candidates for the creation of sensitive and efficient electrochemical biosensors. Moreover, the inherent flexibility of MXenes allows for the development of sensors compatible with wearable technologies, presenting substantial opportunities for real-time, on-body detection of biomolecules. This review looks at various applications of MXenes in electrochemical and optical biosensing, with a focus on how they help improve sensor performance metrics like sensitivity, stability, and biocompatibility. It also discusses the obstacles and limitations that must be overcome to fully realize MXenes' potential in biosensor technology, such as issues with large-scale manufacturing, surface modification, and long-term stability. The review concludes by discussing future directions and advancements in this field.

Background Despite induced abortion being highly legally restricted in Pakistan, studies in 2002 and 2012 showed that many women rely on abortion when faced with an unintended pregnancy. Following the 2012 study, concerted efforts were made to improve contraceptive services and to strengthen postabortion care. The availability and use of misoprostol also expanded in the past decade. Our primary objective was to provide new evidence on the rates of unintended pregnancy, induced abortion and postabortion care in 2023 and to assess trends in these outcomes since 2012.Methods This is a cross-sectional study based on a Health Professional Survey, and a nationally representative Health Facilities Survey, conducted in 2023. A widely applied methodology is used to estimate rates of abortion and unintended pregnancy. Data sources and methods are comparable across the 2012 and 2023 studies.Results In 2023, an estimated six million unintended pregnancies occurred and 64% of them or 3.8 (95% CI 2.2 to 6.4) million resulted in induced abortions. This corresponds to an annual unintended pregnancy rate of 104 and an induced abortion rate of 66 (95% CI 38 to 111) per 1000 women aged 15–49. There was no significant change in the unintended pregnancy rate, but the abortion rate increased by 25% between 2012 and 2023. In 2023, 697 913 women were treated for postabortion complications, corresponding to an annual rate of 12.1 (95% CI 6.4 to 16.5) per 1000 women ages 15–49. This treatment rate declined by 16% between 2012 and 2023.Conclusions The unintended pregnancy rate has remained stable in the past decade. However, Pakistani women are increasingly relying on abortion to resolve unintended pregnancy. The treatment rate of postabortion complications has declined, owing largely to widespread access to misoprostol. This transformation of the abortion landscape calls for concerted efforts to increase contraceptive use and strengthen postabortion care.

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a magnetic composite metal-organic framework, The Fe3O4@MIL-101-OH/Chitosan nanocomposite was used for the first time to adsorb and release the drug doxorubicin (DOX). The nanocomposite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The characterization results showed that the synthesized nanocomposite has a crystalline structure and good magnetic properties. Also, this nanocomposite has a high specific surface area (610.36 m2/g). In this article, the effect of pH, contact time, and drug concentration on DOX adsorption were investigated, and the results showed that at optimal conditions, pH = 8, contact time = 90 min, and drug concentration is 350 ppm, the adsorption capacity of MIL-101-OH/Chitosan and Fe3O4@MIL-101-OH/Chitosan are equal to 185 and 174.3 mg/g. The adsorption data follows pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The adsorption was physical and reversible. As a result, drug release was checked. The Fe3O4@MIL-101-OH/Chitosan exhibited a controlled release over the period of 84 h at pH 5 and reached 80 % of the DOX release rate after 60 h. In conclusion, the Fe3O4@MIL-101-OH/Chitosan composite has great potential as a drug delivery system as a result of its high adsorption capacity and magnetic properties. This research provides a promising approach for the development of novel drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.

ABSTRACT Post‐COVID‐19 mucormycosis, particularly the rhino‐orbital‐cerebral form, can be life‐threatening. This case highlights the importance of maintaining high clinical suspicion, especially in patients with recent COVID‐19 history. Prompt diagnosis, aggressive surgical debridement, and antifungal therapy are crucial for successful management, even in patients without traditional risk factors.

This article describes the dialectical development of financial crimes in the European Union and Jordan during the 21st century from the perspective of critical criminology. The methodology combines a comparative documentary analysis of legislation, institutional frameworks, and jurisprudence, with a qualitative approach based on legal hermeneutics. Critical criminology questions the social construction of financial crime and explores how structural inequalities and the interests of economic elites have shaped institutional responses. It argues that, despite cultural and legal differences, both the EU and Jordan have experienced selective criminalization that tends to protect the most powerful actors in the financial system. By way of contribution, this study contributes to a critical understanding of how power and inequality influence the conceptualization and social control of economic criminality at the transnational level. In conclusion, if diverse methodologies and theoretical approaches are harmoniously articulated, a more complete vision can be obtained, one that not only identifies the specific characteristics of the phenomenon in each region, but also recognizes the global interconnections that underlie the commission of economic crime as a transnational phenomenon.

Methanol poisoning can occur through consumption of methanol-containing alcohols, especially in areas where production, distribution, sale and consumption of alcohol is lawfully prohibited. Due to its toxic potency, determination of methanol in alcoholic solutions is important. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid, simple and inexpensive method for quantification of methanol in alcoholic solutions that uses minimal equipment available in most laboratories. The method developed is based microdistillation and chromotropic acid, which can be conducted without sophisticated instruments or personal. The system consists of a micro-tube suspended in a falcon tube to function as a collector. Methanol is separated from wine by microdistillation at 90°C in water bath and converted to formaldehyde in the collector. The collector contains an acidic permanganate solution that converts methanol to formaldehyde. Formaldehyde was then quantified by use of chromotropic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid. Experimental variables were optimized by using central composite design (CCD). Method detection and quantification limits were 183 mg L−1 and 584 mg L−1, respectively. The percent relative standard deviation (RSD%) were between 6.4 and 7.9. Accuracies were between 89.6 % and 92.4 %. Concentrations of methanol in five alcoholic solutions were between 2.9×104 and 3.0×104, mg/L, v/v (ppm). Due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, this method can be used for routine, real-time determination of methanol in alcoholic solutions.

In this study, clay modified with magnesium oxide (MgO) was used as a catalyst for the degradation of acetaminophen in wastewater, activated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ultrasonic waves. Characterization of the Clay-MgO catalyst was conducted using TGA, XRD, BET, SEM, FTIR, XRF, and EDX, revealing functional groups capable of activating H2O2. The crystalline catalyst, synthesized at 500 °C, had a surface area of 30 m2/g. Optimal conditions for acetaminophen removal, achieving 75 % efficiency, were pH 8, 3 g/L catalyst, 0.2 mL/100 mL H2O2, and 60 min of contact time. In distilled water, mineralization of acetaminophen was 42 %, while actual wastewater showed 18 %. Hydroxyl radicals played a significant role in the degradation process. The catalyst was tested for reuse up to six times and maintained a high efficiency of over 53 % in five stages. Radical scavenger studies confirmed the importance of hydroxyl radicals in the degradation kinetics, which followed pseudo-first-order (R2 > 0.96) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (R2 = 0.95) models. The catalyst also demonstrated efficient acetaminophen removal in complex solutions, including seawater. This MgO-modified clay shows promise as an effective catalyst for the degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants through hydrogen peroxide activation, maintaining stability and reusability across multiple cycles.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) poses a significant global health burden, necessitating optimal diagnostic strategies for risk assessment and management. This study systematically reviews randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different noninvasive imaging modalities for CAD evaluation, focusing on their subsequent invasive outcomes and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). Methods: A comprehensive electronic search was conducted across multiple databases, identifying 24 relevant RCTs published between 2010 and 2023. Key outcomes assessed included downstream referral to invasive testing, MACE rates, cost-effectiveness, and hospitalization outcomes. Results: The majority of included RCTs focused on comparing coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with alternative imaging techniques. While CCTA is often associated with increased invasiveness, it demonstrates slightly better MACE rates, cost-effectiveness, and hospitalization outcomes compared to other imaging modalities. Conclusion: Continued investigation into alternative noninvasive diagnostic methods for CAD is essential to advance clinical practice and optimize patient care. By exploring new strategies beyond CCTA and leveraging technological innovations, health-care providers can improve diagnostic precision, mitigate procedural risks, and ultimately enhance outcomes for individuals with CAD.

Periodic arrays of graphene disks are leveraged to form a toxic gas detector. The operational frequency range is the THz gap. The idea stems from the middle air gap which is surrounded by graphene-spacer layers while a fully reflecting metallic surface is placed underneath. The change in the refractive index of the air gap due to the presence of some toxic gases leads to absorption deviations. Interpreting the known deviations can define a detection protocol in the THz spectrum. This work proposes a three-layer wave absorber based on the graphene patterns, TOPAS spacer, and the golden surface. Each component is modeled by the passive circuit element and the total impedance of the structure is calculated. Additionally, the impedance matching concept is investigated to predict absorption response. Furthermore, full-wave simulation is performed to compare with the circuit model approach. Based on the simulation results, a multi-band absorption response experiences considerable frequency shifts when exposed to some toxic gases including SO2, N2, NO2, O3, and CO. More importantly, the capability of being tuned via external chemical potential makes the proposed absorber an ideal basic building block for healthcare-based optical systems.

ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of submucosal tramadol injections in post-operative pain management following third molar surgical extraction.Materials and methodsDatabases, such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library, were systematically searched using relevant keywords. Randomized clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria were assessed to determine the effectiveness of tramadol in managing acute post-operative pain following third molar surgery.ResultsIn total, seven studies with participants of 18 and over following randomized placebo-controlled trials were considered for the analysis. A submucosal injection of 2 ml (50–100 mg) of tramadol adjacent to the impacted mandibular third molar effectively controlled pain for up to 6–24 h following surgery. Non-serious adverse events, such as nausea, vomiting, and headache, were reported in two studies. Meta-analysis (subgroup analysis) revealed heterogeneity among the studies, demonstrating variability in the results across the included studies. In addition, tramadol demonstrated a significant decrease in post-operative pain.ConclusionSubmucosal tramadol is an efficient, safe, and dependable method for reducing post-operative acute pain, particularly in the first 6 h following impacted third molar surgery. However, due to the observed heterogeneity in the research, there is need for cautious interpretation of the findings and potential limitations in the evidence base. To enhance the quality of evidence on this topic, we strongly recommend conducting new RCTs using established methodologies.Clinical relevancePost operative pain following third molar surgeries is one of the common complications. Submucosal tramadol injections were found to be successful in reducing post extraction pain as well as other morbidities.

Background and purpose: Effective management of human resources is crucial for improving healthcare services, as personnel are an organization's most valuable asset. This study aims to identify challenges in human resource management and propose solutions to enhance service quality in hospital settings. Methods: This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 53 managers and key decision-makers from Social Security hospitals in Tehran, using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the data. The validity and reliability of the qualitative findings were ensured through participant and expert review methods. Results: The study identified numerous human resource challenges, categorized into five main groups and 20 subgroups. Key issues included flawed recruitment and hiring processes, unfavorable working conditions, weak human resource organization, inadequate staff training, and ambiguity in employment laws and regulations. Proposed solutions, classified into five main groups and 29 subgroups, encompassed: enhancing recruitment and hiring processes, fostering a dynamic organizational culture, improving human resource productivity and efficiency, transforming hospitals into learning organizations, providing comprehensive and effective training, and increasing transparency in rules and regulations, particularly in job descriptions. Conclusion: Regular identification of human resource management challenges and implementation of evidence-based, scientific, and operational solutions can significantly improve human resource management and, consequently, hospital performance in Social Security hospitals.

Background: Communication and cooperation among health care organizations have become nowadays crucial for improving the quality and equity in providing health services, and integration has been expressed as a solution by the World Health Organization. The purpose of this review was to identify the challenges and solutions of integration in health services. Methods: This research was carried out from September 2023 to April 2024. All articles on the challenges and solutions of integration in health, using scoping review, were identified and used in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar search engines in the period from 2000 to 2024. The total number of English articles found was 4996, of which 662 were removed due to repetition. Among the remaining 4334 articles, 4249 articles whose titles and abstracts were not related to the research topic were removed, left a total of 85 articles, and after reviewing the full text of the articles, 27 articles entered the data extraction phase, which were finally analyzed using the framework analysis method. Results: Finally, 27 articles were selected from which, 46 challenges and 26 solutions were extracted as to the integration in health services and categorized based on the framework of WHO six building blocks in five areas of governance and leadership, financing, human resources, information system and service delivery. The most important challenges of integration include; weakness in planning, imbalance of power between organizations, differences in geographical and spatial boundaries of organizations, weakness in maintaining data security, workforce resistance and the lack of laws and regulations, needs assessment from patients, related knowledge, financial resources, suitable payment models, integrated communication and information systems and interoperability between technologies. Conclusion: Integration of health service endures a series of challenges such mainly as the lack of rules and regulations for collaborative processes and resistance from providers and employees requiring innovative solutions. Addressing issues such as stakeholder power-benefit analysis, interoperability and data sharing among the providers could be essential for successful integration.

Background: Studies on technology engagement among the elderly have shown that cognitive function is associated with technology engagement. However, the impact of technology engagement on elderly memory functionality has yet to be determined. The current study investigates the impact of technology engagement on memory functionality among elderly care centers in Jordan. Materials and Method: A descriptive longitudinal study of population consisted of 470 residents at the selected care centers aged 65 years and above from Amman, Jordan in 2024. The purposive sampling method was used in sampling the participants. A reciprocal 2-year longitudinal study of technology engagement and memory functionality. The data was collected quantitatively using “Everyday Technology Use, Episodic Memory, Executive function, Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and Cognitive Assessment” tools and qualitatively using semi-structured interviews. The data analyzed descriptively and inferentially using NVivo and SPSS 23.0. Results: The analyzes showed that technology engagement had longitudinal positive effects on cognitive function over 2 years. The results showed that reciprocally, greater use of technology was significantly associated with better memory performance in the following years, B (SE) =0.20, SE =0.02, P < .001. The lagged effect of technology use on executive function was significant across waves, B = .27, SE =.015, P < .001. However, the lagged effect of executive function on the use of technology was not significant, B = .00, SE =.01, P = .14. Conclusion: The study contributed to a clearer understanding of the impact of technology engagement on memory function.

Functional cell death pathways are essential for normal ocular vascular development and tissue homeostasis. As our understanding of necrosis-based cell death pathways has expanded, the inclusion of regulated forms, including necroptosis, ferroptosis, and oxytosis, has occurred. Although the existence of these pathways is well described, our understanding of their role during vascular development and pathological neovascularization is very limited. Here, we examined the role of receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (Ripk3), a key regulator of necroptosis, in postnatal retinal vascularization and retinal and choroidal neovascularization under pathological conditions. Postnatal vascularization of the retinal superficial layer in the absence of Ripk3 (Ripk3−/−) was not significantly different from wild-type mice. However, we noted decreased retinal endothelial cells and pericyte numbers at 3 weeks of age when the formation of the retinal primary vascular plexus was complete. In contrast, choroidal and retinal neovascularization following laser treatment and oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy increased in the absence of Ripk3 expression, respectively. In addition, the inhibition of RIPK1/3 activity suppressed choroidal neovascularization. Thus, Ripk3 expression and/or activity may have unique roles during normal and pathological ocular vascularization through its interactions with Caspase 8 and modulation of cell death processes.

In this paper, φ-contractions are defined and then, some new fixed point theorems are established for certain nonlinear mappings associated with one-dimensional (c)-comparison functions in fuzzy metric spaces. Next, generalized φ-contractions are defined by using five-dimensional (c)-comparison functions, and the existence of fixed points for nonlinear maps on fuzzy metric spaces is studied. Moreover, some examples are given to illustrate our results.

Abstract Background A error in intravenous injection in pediatric wards can cause irreparable injuries. This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and performance of nurses in terms of preparation and injection of intravenous drugs in pediatric wards of hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 on 156 nurses working in pediatric wards. The data was collected with demographic information questionnaire and the knowledge and performance of the participants were determined using a researcher-made questionnaire, including the five rights of medication administration (preparation and injection, medication error, drug side effects, family empowerment, and documentation) using self-reporting and observation methods. Formal and content validity was calculated using the opinions of 10 experts and Cronbach's alpha with 40 samples. Results The mean and standard deviation of total nurses' knowledge and performance scores were 58.31 + 10.1 and 66.1 + 14.4, respectively. Moreover, the mean and standard deviation of nurses' knowledge scores were 63.55 + 14.3 for documentation, 46.1 + 7.9 for preparation and injection, 73.9 + 12.3 for drug side effects, 58.4 + 10.2 for medication error, and 69.4 + 9.4 for family empowerment. Besides, the mean performance was 69.1 + 17.6 for documentation, 61.3 ± 9.9 for preparation and injection, 78.21 + 12 for drug side effects, 58.6 + 15 for medication error, and 65.4 + 17.7 for family empowerment. Conclusion The results showed that the mean knowledge and pharmacological performance of nurses working in pediatric wards in different areas of the principles of medicine were not at the desired level, and this can affect children adversely.

Abstract Local therapy modalities such as radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and cryoablation have been used to treat localized tumors for decades. The discovery of the abscopal effect causes a paradigm shift where local therapy also causes systemic effects and leads to the remission of nonirradiated tumors. The abscopal effect of radiation therapy, alone or in combination with other treatments, has been extensively studied over the last six decades. However, the results are unsatisfactory in producing robust, reproducible, and long‐lasting systemic effects. Although immunotherapy and radiation therapy are promising in producing the abscopal effect, the abscopal effect's mechanism is still unclear, owing to various factors such as irradiation type and dose and cancer type. This article reviews the research progress, clinical and preclinical evidence of the abscopal effect by various local therapies alone and in combination with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, case reports, and the current challenges in producing the abscopal effect by various local therapies, focusing on radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, cryoablation, and the prospects for obtaining a robust, reproducible, and long‐lasting abscopal effect.

Abstract Background Afghanistan is suffering from 40‐year chronic conflicts, displacement, and demolition of its infrastructure. Afghanistan mortality survey 2010 shows nearly 46% of all deaths in the country were attributed to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). In this study, we aimed to understand the differences in mortality and premature death due to NCDs by sex and the trend for the next 8 years. Methods We applied trend analysis using the secondary data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Diseases 2019. The information on NCD mortality, NCD deaths attributed to its risk factors, NCD percent of total years lived with disability (YLDs) attribution to each risk factor extracted from this database from 2008 to 2019. We investigated the trend from 2008 to 2019 for the mentioned factors and then forecast their trends until 2030. Results Our study shows that Afghanistan has had an increasing death number due to NCDs from 2008 to 2019 (50% for both sexes) and this will reach nearly 54% by 2030. Currently, half of NCDs deaths are premature in Afghanistan. The mortality rate and prevalence of risk factors are higher among women. More than 70% of YLDs will be due to NCDs in Afghanistan till 2030. Five risk factors including high systolic blood pressure (28.3%), high body mass index (23.4%), high blood glucose (20.6%), high low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (16.3%), and smoking (12.3%) will have the highest contribution to NCDs death in 2030, respectively. Conclusions In general, our study indicates that without any specific intervention to address NCDs in Afghanistan, not only the Sustainable Development Goal target for NCDs will not be met, but an increase in almost all risk factors prevalence, as well as NCD mortality, will be seen in Afghanistan.

Introduction: Strategic management involves determining the organization’s direction, preparing a strategic vision and mission statement, and providing the basis for growth, profitability, and production. It also includes the inclusion of employee safety and health programs throughout the organization. The existence of a strategic plan for the scientific and practical strengthening of occupational health and safety is one of the country’s academic and industrial priorities. The purpose of this study is to present a strategic plan for developing the specialized field of occupational health and safety engineering in Iran. Material and Methods: The current study is a collaborative action research study that was conducted in 2021. The strategic planning committee consisted of 20 professors, experts, and doctoral students. Over the course of 14 weeks, they held regular weekly meetings, collected information from inside and outside the organization, analyzed the organization’s internal and external environment, and identified its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Based on this analysis, the committee determined the organization’s mission, perspective, values, and general and specific goals for 2021-2024. They also identified the necessary measures to achieve these goals and developed an operational plan to improve the performance of the specialized field of occupational health and safety. Results: Conducting this applied research led to the strategy of internal and external analysis of the specialized OHS field, determining the direction of the basic strategy, mission, perspective, values, and general goals. Finally, seven specific goals and 286 actions were determined to improve the performance of OHS. The SWOT analysis of OHS’s internal and external environment identified 27 strengths, seven weaknesses, 26 opportunities, and 12 threats. According to the results of the SWOT matrix, the strategic position of the OHS field is to implement preventive strategies and maintain existing conditions. Conclusion: This plan aligns with the 4-year OHS plan. In developing the program, attention has been paid to the documents and policies of upstream organizations. The strategic position of occupational health and safety engineering is a prudent strategy. In this situation, strategies for maintaining existing conditions can be applied. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce the weaknesses of OHS as much as possible and increase its strategic capabilities by focusing on prudent strategies. From the second year of implementing the strategic plan, the OHS field can gradually focus on developing activities.

The aim of this study was to use logistic regression in predicting bullying based on the components of emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence. The statistical population of the present study included all high school students in Najafabad. A total of 447 students (225 girls and 222 boys) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. In order to analyze the data and predict group membership (bullying or not) based on predictor variables of E.I (perception of emotions, etc.) and components of S.I (field of thinking, etc.) logistic regression was used. For the fit index of the regression model, R2 Cox and Snell and R2 Nagel crack and in order to check the consistency of the predicted probabilities with the observed probabilities, Hausmer and Lemshu tests were used. The results show that 87.5% of all cases are correctly classified (87.5%). Also, with the entry of predictor variables into the equation, out of 233 non-bullies, 207 (88.8%), 204 bullies, 184 (86%) have been correctly predicted. Parent statistics show the significance of B coefficients. Predictor variables including understanding the emotions and feelings of oneself and others (E.I component), thinking context and critical dimension (S.I component) and moral values (spiritual intelligence component) play a significant role in predicting group membership (bullying or not). Other variables in the presence of these three variables did not play a significant role in predicting group membership (bullying or not). Awareness of teachers, counselors, educational psychologists, parents and other education professionals about research variables can help to improve students' academic performance.

One of the most widely used and applicable solutions for limiting the damages of earthquakes to steel structures is using Metallic Yielding Dampers as a type of passive devices to dissipate the received energy. Maintaining a proper balance in the design of these devices is a delicate matter as each of the different types have advantages and disadvantages. In this research, different types of metallic dampers are compared using finite element simulation which is performed by means of ABAQUS package. Modeling process is described and verified by comparing the results to a previously published experimental paper on the subject. For assuring more accuracy a mesh convergence analysis is performed to determine the suitable mesh size. Afterwards, cyclic and pushover analysis are performed on each damper and results are presented and discussed. Effective stiffness and damping of each damper, both general and average, is extracted using proper equations and finite element results. Finally, for deeper understanding of dampers behavior, internal forces of the dampers are derived and compared. It was shown that design equations are fairly accurate. As the height of the dampers increases, their effective stiffness and damping reduces and the dampers behavior leans towards flexural behavior. Based on cyclic and pushover analysis, Steel Plate Dampers (SPD) have the highest stiffness and energy dissipation. Also, SPD and Double Pipe Dampers (DPD) are the most suitable to reach a demanded stiffness, damping and have the most stable performance. At the end of the paper, a list of conclusions is presented.

Objective (s): Organizational culture is the shared beliefs and values ​​of the employees, which determine their attitudes, norms, feelings, habits and behaviors. Organizational culture has a great influence on hospital performance. This study aimed to measure the organizational culture of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in 14 hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. A researcher-made questionnaire including 48 items in two dimensions of internal coherence and external adaptation and 4 components of teamwork, accountability, risk-taking and responsiveness was used to measure the organizational culture of hospitals. The questionnaire was designed specifically for healthcare organizations. The questionnaire determines four types of organizational culture of indifference, conservative, market and excellence for hospitals. The questionnaire was completed by 600 managers and employees. SPSS statistical software version 22 was used for data analysis. Results: The average score of organizational culture of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences was 2.76 out of 5 points. The average score of internal coherence and external adaptation dimensions of organizational culture were 2.69 and 2.82; The average score of the components of teamwork, accountability, risk-taking and responsiveness were 2.52, 2.87, 2.46, and 3.18; and the average scores of the levels of beliefs, values, behaviors and symbols of organizational culture were 2.81, 2.86, 2.56 and 2.79 out of 5 points, respectively. Thirteen hospitals had an excellent culture and one hospital had a market culture. The average score of organizational culture in specialty hospitals was higher than in general hospitals (p

Dear Editor, Climate change is one of the most important challenges of the current century. High temperatures, ice melting, sea level rise, floods, droughts and wildfires are the consequences of climate change. Climate change affects human health directly by changing weather patterns (extreme heat, floods, hurricanes, storms and droughts) and indirectly by changing the quality of water, air and food. Climate change increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; food, water and vector borne illnesses; infectious diseases, injuries and premature deaths. Iran is very vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical location, dry and semi-arid weather conditions (80%) and economic structure. Iran's health system is facing the double challenge of dealing with the human impacts of climate change and reducing its significant contribution to the country's carbon footprint. As a result, the country's health system should be adaptive and resilient to climate change to decrease vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity and ensure continued health services. Therefore, Ministry of Health should formulate national strategic and operational plans to strengthen the adaptability and resilience of the country's health system to climate change. Such plans provide a roadmap for healthcare policymakers, managers and employees to protect and improve people's health in unstable and changing weather conditions.

Abstract Drought tolerance is a complex trait in plants that involves different biochemical mechanisms. During two years of study (2019–2020), the responses of 64 arugula genotypes to drought stress were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications under field conditions. Several metabolic traits were evaluated, i.e. relative water content, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, malondialdehyde, enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase), total phenolic and flavonoid contents and seed yield. On average, the drought stress significantly increased the proline content (24%), catalase (42%), peroxidase (60%) and malondialdehyde activities (116%) over the two years of study. As a result of the drought stress, the seed yield (18%), relative water content (19.5%) and amount of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) dropped significantly. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed no significant changes. Under drought stress, the highest seed yields were seen in the G50, G57, G54, G55 and G60 genotypes, while the lowest value was observed in the G16 genotype (94 g plant−1). According to the findings, when compared to the drought-sensitive genotypes, the drought-tolerant arugula genotypes were marked with higher levels of proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity. Correlation analysis indicated the positive effects of peroxidase, catalase and proline on seed yield under drought conditions. These traits can be considered for the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes in breeding programs.

Abstract Introduction Breast reconstruction by prosthesis is frequently performed in breast cancer treatments, and a temporary substitute is used in the first step of two-stage operations. Aim Due to the advantageous biological features of the human amniotic membrane, we aimed to evaluate its use for temporary implants. Method We prepared small spherical implants from human amniotic membranes and inserted them into BALB/c mice’s subcutaneous flanks. Then, we compared the bulging they produced, the durability, and the host reaction with implants made from the chorionic membrane, folded membrane patches, and sterile plastic beads. Results All amionitic cases were healthy throughout the study and only mild inflammation occurred in them. Furthermore, the bulging of the implants was acceptable and faded gradually. However, moderate inflammation was observed in chorionic implant mice, and the bulging disappeared very soon. Finally, the control group had severe inflammation and the beads implant was rejected. Conclusion Our study showed that the human amniotic membrane could represent a safe and valid tool for breast reconstruction, however, further studies on larger animals and more implants are suggested.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a brain-related disease in which the condition of the patient gets worse with time. AD is not a curable disease by any medication. It is impossible to halt the death of brain cells, but with the help of medication, the effects of AD can be delayed. As not all MCI patients will suffer from AD, it is required to accurately diagnose whether a mild cognitive impaired (MCI) patient will convert to AD (namely MCI converter MCI-C) or not (namely MCI non-converter MCI-NC), during early diagnosis. There are two modalities, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance image (MRI), used by a physician for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Machine learning and deep learning perform exceptionally well in the field of computer vision where there is a requirement to extract information from high-dimensional data. Researchers use deep learning models in the field of medicine for diagnosis, prognosis, and even to predict the future health of the patient under medication. This study is a systematic review of publications using machine learning and deep learning methods for early classification of normal cognitive (NC) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).This study is an effort to provide the details of the two most commonly used modalities PET and MRI for the identification of AD, and to evaluate the performance of both modalities while working with different classifiers.

Simultaneous interpretation is a complex interactional process involving the simultaneous decoding and encoding of information in both source and target languages. Discourse relations play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining coherence within units of discourse, encompassing semantic and pragmatic links. Coherence can be achieved through various frameworks such as elaboration, contrast, inference, and temporal sequence, often facilitated by the use of discourse markers. However, despite the importance of studying discourse relations in simultaneous interpretation, there is a lack of research in this area, particularly in Iranian scientific and educational environments. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the discourse relations in parallel corpora during the process of simultaneous interpretation, focusing on linguistic and metalinguistic elements and drawing on Coherence Theory and a discourse marker inventory.

Abstract Due to the multifaceted nature of Multiple Chronic Conditions (MCCs), setting a diet for these patients is complicated and time-consuming. In this study, a clinical decision support system based on fuzzy logic was modeled and evaluated to aid dietitians in adjusting the diet for patients with MCCs. Mamdani fuzzy logic with 1144 rules was applied to design the model for MCCs patients over 18 years who suffer from one or more chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and kidney disease. One hundred nutrition records from three nutrition clinics were employed to measure the system's performance. The findings showed that the diet set by nutritionists had no statistically significant difference from the diet recommended by the fuzzy model (p > 0.05), and there was a strong correlation close to one between them. In addition, the results indicated a suitable model performance with an accuracy of about 97%. This system could adjust the diet with high accuracy as well as humans. In addition, it could increase dietitians' confidence, precision, and speed in setting the diet for MCCs patients.

Background: Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) or nosocomial infection is a major public health concern. In this study, the status of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of service staff and nurse aids in reference to HAI was investigated. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out to investigate KAP in two steps design and measurement. Twenty-five hospitals were included in this study. To collect data, a questionnaire comprised of 8 divisions and 45 questions was designed and validated, and the three sections of KAP were listed. The questionnaire was distributed to 405 nurse aids and service staff to determine their level of KAP towards HAI. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18. Results: The mean ± standard deviation values of KAP of the included staff were 7.07 ± 1.97, 23.08 ± 4.38, and 35.83 ± 8.25, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in the level of KAP of personnel among different hospitals (P < 0.001). The type of employment status and education was found to be significantly influential on knowledge (P = 0.027, P < 0.001) and level of education. Marital status, education and career experience were found to be significantly influential on attitude (P = 0.034, P = 0.004 and 0.045). Level of education, job category, career experience, and gender were the significant influential factors on practice (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The knowledge and practice levels were low in many nurse aids and service staff. An educational plan and compiled programs in hospital infection control seem to be necessary to effectively control the major concern of HAI in hospitals in Iran.

Abstract HANDdata is a dataset designed to provide hand kinematics and proximity vision data during reach to grasp actions of non-virtual objects, specifically tailored for autonomous grasping of a robotic hand, and with particular attention to the reaching phase. Thus, we sought to capture target object characteristics from radar and time-of-flight proximity sensors, as well as details of the reach-to-grasp action by looking at wrist and fingers kinematics, and at hand-object interaction main events. We structured the data collection as a sequence of static and grasping tasks, organized by increasing levels of complexity. HANDdata is a first-person, reach-to-grasp dataset that includes almost 6000 human-object interactions from 29 healthy adults, with 10 standardized objects of 5 different shapes and 2 kinds of materials. We believe that such data collection can be of value for researchers interested in autonomous grasping robots for healthcare and industrial applications, as well as for those interested in radar-based computer vision and in basic aspects of sensorimotor control and manipulation.

Objective(s): Surgical Site Infection (SSI) occurs within 30 days after surgery and involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the surgical incision. In addition to harming the patient, surgical site infection imposes a high cost on the health system. This research aimed to estimate the cost of surgical site infection in a hospital Iran. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a university hospital in Kashan in 2016. The cost of diagnosis, treatment and care of SSI was identified and calculated by an experienced medical doctor and two experienced nurses by studying the patient's medical record. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 16) and using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results: The prevalence of SSI was 1.04% in the hospital. The median additional cost attributable to SSI per patient was 33,089,572 Rials (997 US$), which includes the cost of medication (7,838,412 Rials), tests (1,294,244 Rials), and imaging (1,462,692 Rials). ), re-surgery (7,938,158 Rials) and other services (14,556,066 Rials). The cost of SSI has a significant association with patient age, diabetes, type of surgery, duration of surgery, placement of device in the patient body, patient length of stay in the hospital before infection and patient hospitalization department (p