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# Background The Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) is widely used to assess functional movement patterns and illuminate movement dysfunctions that may have a role in injury risk. However, the association between FMS™ scores and LBP remains uncertain. # Objective The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine functional movement scores among patients with low back pain (LBP) and healthy subjects with no LBP and review the validity of the FMS™ tool for screening functional movement among LBP patients. # Methods The systematic review and meta-analysis included papers assessing functional movement among adult patients with LBP using the FMS™ through a literature review of five databases. The search strategy focused used relevant keywords: Functional movement screen AND low back pain. The review included all papers assessing functional movement among LBP adult patients (>18 years old) using the FMS™ published between 2003 to 2023. The risk of bias in the involved studies was evaluated using the updated Cochrane ROB 2 tool. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager software, version 5.4. The meta-analysis included the total FMS™ score and the scores of the seven FMS™ movement patterns. # Results Seven studies were included in this systematic review were considered to have low to unclear risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed that the LBP group had a significantly lower total FMS™ score than the control group by 1.81 points (95% CI (-3.02, -0.59), p= 0.004). Patients with LBP had a significantly lower score than the control group regarding FMS™ movement patterns, the deep squat (p

الملخص: أهداف البحث: يستهلك المشي الرجعي أو المشي للخلف طاقة أكبر ويضع ضغطا أقل على المفاصل مقارنة بالمشي إلى الأمام بسرعة مماثلة. هدفت هذه الدراسة التي أجريت على الشباب البدينين في المقام الأول إلى مقارنة تأثيرات المشي إلى الوراء مع تأثيرات المشي إلى الأمام على مستويات الأديبونكتين. كان الهدف الثانوي هو وصف تأثيرات العوامل المصاحبة وهي البروتين المتفاعل-سي، ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، ونسبة الخصر إلى الطول ونسبة الخصر إلى الورك على مستويات الأديبونيكتين لدى الشباب البدينين. طريقة البحث: في هذه الدراسة التجريبية العشوائية المقارنة، خضع مائة واثنان من المشاركين إما للتدريب على المشي الرجعي أو المشي للأمام أربع مرات في الأسبوع لمدة اثني عشر أسبوعا قبل وبعد ذلك أديبونيكتين، البروتين المتفاعل-سي، مؤشر كتلة الجسم، نسبة الخصر إلى الطول، ونسبة الخصر إلى الورك تم قياسها. تم إجراء مقارنة بين القيم المقاسة قبل وبعد التدخل وبين المجموعات وتم تحديد تأثير البروتين المتفاعل-سي ومؤشر كتلة الجسم ونسبة الخصر إلى الطول ونسبة الخصر إلى الورك على مستويات الأديبونكتين. النتائج: زادت مستويات أديبونيكتين بشكل ملحوظ وانخفض البروتين المتفاعل-سي ومؤشر كتلة الجسم ونسبة الخصر إلى الطول ونسبة الخصر إلى الورك بشكل ملحوظ بعد التدخل. أظهر المشاركون الذين خضعوا لتدريب المشي الرجعي تغيرا أعلى بشكل ملحوظ في مستويات البروتين المتفاعل-سي، ومؤشر كتلة الجسم ونسبة الخصر إلى الورك مقارنة بمجموعة المشي إلى الأمام. شوهدت مستويات أديبونيكتين تتأثر بمؤشر كتلة الجسم الاستنتاجات: يؤدي تدريب المشي الرجعي إلى زيادة أكبر في الأديبونيكتين وتقليل البروتين المتفاعل-سي، ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، ونسبة الخصر إلى الطول ونسبة الخصر إلى الورك مقارنة بالمشي إلى الأمام، وتتأثر مستويات الأديبونكتين بمؤشر كتلة الجسم. يمكن استخدام التدريب على جهاز المشي الرجعي بشكل تفضيلي لتقليل عوامل الخطر القلبية الوعائي. Abstract: Objectives: Retro walking or backward walking expends greater energy and places less stress on joints compared with forward walking at a similar speed. This study conducted in obese young men was primarily aimed at comparing the effects of backward walking with forward walking on adiponectin levels. The secondary aim was to describe the effects of concomitant factors, namely C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio, on adiponectin levels in obese young men. Methods: In this randomized comparative study, 102 participants underwent either retro walking or forward walking treadmill training four times a week for 12 weeks before and after which adiponectin, C-reactive protein, BMI, waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio were measured. Comparison of the measured values before and after intervention and between the groups was done, and the influence of C-reactive protein, BMI, waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio on adiponectin levels was determined. Results: Adiponectin levels were significantly increased (p

Abstract Background and Aims Retro walking has been shown to acquire a greater metabolic cost, placing a higher cardiopulmonary demand on the body, when compared with forward walking at a similar speed. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of retro walking with that of forward walking on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) and to understand the influence of independent factors namely systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and BMI on CRP in untrained overweight and obese young adults. Methods This was a randomised controlled trial whereby 106 participants underwent either retro walking (n = 53) or forward walking (n = 53) treadmill training four times a week for 12 weeks before and after which CRP, BMI, and BP levels were measured. Comparison of the measured values before and after intervention and between the groups was done and influence of BMI and BP on CRP levels was determined. Results Both groups recorded a significant decrease (p

There is a lack of research in using electromyography (EMG) signals to control a continuous passive motion (CPM) machine. This study aimed to develop an interface instrument for digitalising EMG signals and controlling a CPM machine. Methods: The proposed device was designed with the following: (1) a signal processing unit which converted the EMGs from analogue to digital for the controller; (2) a personal computer which stored and displayed the EMG signals; (3) an LCD device to display the running angle of the CPM; and (4) a microcontroller unit to control the input/output signals and process the algorithm, driving the CPM. To validate the reliability of the proposed system, a total of 600 EMG trials were collected from 10 healthy subjects by using the proposed device via the Delsys® TringoTM EMG system and simultaneously using the Vicon® motion capture system. Result: This proposed device was able to digitalise and process EMG signals from eight channels of muscles, and the signals were able to drive a CPM. The validated results showed that the digitalised EMG signals by the proposed device were statistically similar to and correlated with the signals by the Vicon system with a median correlation coefficient of 0.81, with the 25% and 75% range being 0.56–0.92 with all pairs (300 pairs of EMG trials) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study confirmed that the developed device can digitalise EMG signals and drive a CPM as an applicable prototype that can work as an interface between EMG and CPM devices with high reliability.

Background: Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is popular in exercise, but little research has been done on limb and joint strength after the exercise. This study aimed to investigate whether TCC players have different limb and joint strengths in the upper and lower limbs from non-Tai Chi Chuan (NTCC). Methods: Twenty TCC players who have at least one year of experience playing TCC were compared with a group of 25 NTCC participants. A force sensor was used to measure forces in the lower and upper limbs. Maximum forces produced by the lower limbs was measured during a standing position with straight legs or were measured in a seated position. The maximum forces produced by the upper limbs were measured in a standing position at elbow and shoulder levels. Results: The forces of the knee extensors in the TCC group were significantly higher (7.4%) than in the NTCC group; however, the forces of the knee flexors in the TCC group were significantly lower than the NTCC group. The heel-force in hip extension in the NTCC group was significantly higher (9.3%) than in TCC; the toe-force in the plantar flexion in the NTCC was significantly higher than in the TCC group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the hand-forces in the upper limbs. Conclusions: TCC routine movements strengthen the muscles related to knee extension, which are mainly related to bending knee performance during TCC exercise. For the healthy people between 42 and 78 years old, TCC benefits the enhancement of the strength for knee extension but not for the knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion and hip extension. There is no significant difference between the TCC and NTCC groups on the strength of upper limbs and joints. As a whole, the effect of Tai Chi Chuan exercise on the strengths in the limbs and joints is compromised. In the future, a study with larger sample size than this study is highly recommended.