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Abstract Background NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like protein (NSDHL), which is involved in breast tumor growth and metastasis, has been implicated in the maintenance of cancer stem cells. However, its role in regulating breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) remains unclear. We have previously reported the clinical significance of NSDHL in patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) breast cancer. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which NSDHL regulates the capacity of BCSCs in the ER + human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Methods NSDHL knockdown suppressed tumor spheroid formation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells grown on ultralow-attachment plates. RNA sequencing revealed that NSDHL knockdown induced widespread transcriptional changes in the MCF-7 spheroids. TGF-β signaling pathway was the most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway (fold change ≥ 2, P ≤ 0.05) identified in NSDHL-knockdown MCF-7 spheroids compared with the control. In orthotopic tumor models injected with NSDHL-knockdown MCF-7 spheroids, tumor initiation and growth were strongly suppressed compared with those in the control. Results BCSC populations with CD44+/CD24- and CD49f+/EpCAM + phenotypes and high ALDH activity were decreased in NSDHL-knockdown MCF-7 spheroids and xenograft tumors relative to controls, along with decreased secretion of TGF-β1 and 3, phosphorylation of Smad2/3, and expression of SOX2. In RNA-sequencing data from The (TCGA) database, a positive correlation between the expression of NSDHL and SOX2 was found in luminal-type breast cancer specimens (n = 998). Our findings revealed that NSDHL plays an important role in maintaining the BCSC population and tumor-initiating capacity of ER-positive MCF-7 spheroids, suggesting that NSDHL is an attractive therapeutic target for eliminating BCSCs, thus preventing breast cancer initiation and progression. Conclusions Our findings suggest that NSDHL regulates the BCSC/tumor-initiating cell population in MCF-7 spheroids and xenograft tumors.

Abstract Cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G), an abundant and widely utilized anthocyanin monomer, has been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol absorption. Building on our previous research demonstrating the role of Lactobacillus as a specific intestinal microflora associated with C3G‐mediated cholesterol absorption inhibition, the present study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of C3G on high‐fat diet–induced cholesterol absorption. Results indicate that C3G significantly reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride levels while suppressing red grease formation in Caco‐2 cells. In vivo, C3G ameliorated blood lipid levels and mitigated small intestinal damage, as evidenced by restored villus length and basal thickness. Additionally, C3G upregulated intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) mRNA expression and inhibited the expression of key cholesterol absorption proteins, Niemann‐Pick C1‐Like 1 and acetyl‐CoA acetyltransferase 2. Furthermore, C3G increased short‐chain fatty acid content and activated ileal bile acid‐binding protein expression. C3G also inhibited intestinal bile acid (BA) reabsorption, promoted fecal BA excretion, and obstructed cholesterol emulsification. Moreover, C3G modulated gut microbiota abundance and diversity, increasing the abundance of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, and Butyricicoccus. In conclusion, our findings suggest that C3G inhibits cholesterol absorption by reshaping intestinal flora composition and regulating the FXR‐BAs axis. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the use of C3G as a raw material for inhibiting cholesterol absorption.

Background Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative equations. Aims This study aims to compare ten LDL-C calculation formulas with direct measurement among study participants attending a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods Conducted from September 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary healthcare centre in India, the study involved 114 participants aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were high-serum triglyceride (TG) levels, renal failure, diabetes, liver diseases or unwillingness to participate. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL-C. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was calculated. The LDL-C formulas evaluated were Friedewald, Anandaraja, De Cordova, Vujovic, Ahmadi, Puavillai, Chen, Hattori, Martin–Hopkin and Sampson. Results Vujovic’s formula showed a negligible mean difference and strong correlation (r = 0.916, P < 0.001) with direct LDL-C estimation across TG concentrations. Sampson’s formula performed best for TG

Abstract Background Persistent innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain contribute to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APOE4, the most important genetic risk factor for sporadic AD, encodes apolipoprotein E4, which by itself is a potent modulator of immune response. However, little is known about the immune hub that governs the crosstalk between the nervous and the adaptive immune systems. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel is a ligand-gated, nonselective cation channel with Ca2+ permeability, which has been proposed as a neuroprotective target in AD. Methods Using Ca2+-sensitive dyes, dynamic changes of Ca2+ in microglia were measured, including exogenous Ca2+ uptake and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. The mRFP-GFP-tagged LC3 plasmid was expressed in microglia to characterize the role of TRPV1 in the autophagic flux. Transcriptomic analyses and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the effects of APOE4 on brain microglia and T cells from APOE-targeted replacement mice with microglia-specific TRPV1 gene deficiency. Results Both APOE4 microglia derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of AD patients and APOE4-related tauopathy mouse model showed significantly increased cholesterol biosynthesis and accumulation compared to their APOE3 counterparts. Further, cholesterol dysregulation was associated with persistent activation of microglia and elevation of major histocompatibility complex II-dependent antigen presentation in microglia, subsequently accompanied by T cell infiltration. In addition, TRPV1-mediated transient Ca2+ influx mitigated cholesterol biosynthesis in microglia by suppressing the transcriptional activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, promoted autophagic activity and reduced lysosomal cholesterol accumulation, which were sufficient to resolve excessive immune response and neurodegeneration in APOE4-related tauopathy mouse model. Moreover, microglia-specific deficiency of TRPV1 gene accelerated glial inflammation, T cell response and associated neurodegeneration in an APOE4-related tauopathy mouse model. Conclusions The findings provide new perspectives for the treatment of APOE4-dependent neurodegeneration including AD.

Abstract The risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) can be reduced by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. Nevertheless, ASCVDs still cause most deaths worldwide. Here, we discuss the prevention of ASCVD and the event risk with a focus on heart-healthy diets, i.e., low intakes of saturated and trans-fatty acids and cholesterol, and high intakes of unsaturated fatty acids, viscous fibre, and dietary phytostanols as fatty acid esters, according to international dyslipidaemia treatment guidelines. Calculations based on both FINRISK and Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaborators regression equations indicate that heart-healthy diets combined with phytostanol ester reduce LDL-C concentrations to such an extent that the 10-year estimated reduction in the incidence of coronary artery disease would be 23%. This information can be used, in particular, to prevent the development of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged populations and the progression of atherosclerosis to ASCVD. The outcome of simple and feasible dietary changes, and, when needed, combined with statins, can be significant: reduced mortality, an increased number of healthy life-years, and reduced healthcare costs.

Objectives: This study explores the correlation between serum cholesterol, interleukin-10 (IL-10), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and post-intracerebral hemorrhage (post-ICH) depression in patients with acute ICH. Methods: 35 patients with acute primary supratentorial ICH were recruited. Serum cholesterol, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), IL-10, and MIF were measured in the first morning after admission. Additionally, a 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24) was used to detect depressive symptoms one week after admission. HAMD scores ≥ 8 indicated a diagnosis of post-ICH depression. Results: The levels of TC were significantly lower in ICH patients with depression compared to those without [169.26(139.23–215.67) mg/dL vs. 200.46(182.81–224.74) mg/dL, P = 0.010]. Similarly, levels of LDLC [102.18(78.39–137.28) mg/dL vs. 135.14(120.22–170.63) mg/dL, P = 0.001] and IL-10 [17.56(16.03–22.52) pg/mL vs. 31.17(23.42–37.53) pg/mL, P = 0.001] were also lower in patients with post-ICH depression. Furthermore, the levels of TC (r = -0.433, P = 0.009), TG (r = -0.345, P = 0.043), LDLC (r = -0.549, P = 0.001), and IL-10 levels (r = -0.603, P

This research aimed to study the effect of supplementation of Lactobacillus brevis and a combination of Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococus faecalis on growth performance, bacterial population and serum biochemical parameters in broilers. A total of 200 one-day-old chicks were obtained from a local hatchery. They were divided into four groups: group 1 served as a control, group 2 received commercial probiotics, group 3 received Lactobacillus brevis, and group 4 received the combination. The main parameters measured through 6 weeks were body weight, food intake, food conversion ratio (FCR), blood total protein, albumin and cholesterol. In addition to enumeration of bacteria from cloaca and caecum. The results showed a statistically significant increase in body weight (26%) for the group receiving the combined supplementation compared to the control. Similarly, there was a significant increase in FCR for this group compared to the control. The results also showed an increase in the Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in the caecum and a decrease in the total late count (TPC) and coliform count, showing the inhibitory effect of LAB. Also, there was a significant decrease in cholesterol and albumin level, while there was no difference between the different groups regarding protein level. The results showed that Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococus faecalis have a good potential to be used as probiotics in poultry.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of supplementing broiler diets with andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) on the fat, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in broiler meat. The experiment utilized 200 day-old chicks (DOC) of the CP 707 strain, which were fed experimental diets starting at 15 days of age. The average initial body weight was 465±1.50 g per bird, and the birds were reared until 35 days of age. The research design followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five dietary treatments and four replications per treatment, each containing 10 broilers. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (R1= 0% andaliman) and diets supplemented with 0.25% (R2), 0.5% (R3), 0.75% (R4), and 1% (R5) andaliman. The variables measured were meat fat content, cholesterol content, and MDA levels. The results indicated that andaliman supplementation had no significant effect (P0.05) on the fat, cholesterol, or MDA content of broiler meat. The observed ranges were 140.61–161.61 mg/100 g for fat content, 140.61–161.61 mg/100 g for cholesterol content, and 8.11–8.56 µg/g for MDA levels. In conclusion, the addition of andaliman to broiler diets did not significantly influence the fat, cholesterol, or MDA content in the meat.

Currently, veterinarians pay much attention to the diagnostic examination of animals, including animals kept on fur farms. Blood is the main material used for such examinations. Changes in its composition allows veterinary practitioners to identify disorders in various systems and organs of animals, as well as to assess metabolism in animals. Results of biochemical tests of serum samples from platinum fox males and females of different age groups and comparative assessment thereof are presented. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (U/L), alanine aminotransferase (U/L), alkaline phosphatase (U/L), total protein (g/L), albumin (g/L), urea (mmol/L), creatinine (μmol/L), α-amylase (U/L), cholesterol (μmol/L) were determined. Aspartate aminotransferase levels in females at the age of 6 months were lower by 69% than that ones in males. Increase in aspartate aminotransferase by the age of 6 months helps animals to accumulate body weight before winter. Sexual differences in the alkaline phosphatase levels were detected in 1.5-month-old kits: alkaline phosphatase levels were higher by 21.05% in males than in females. By the age of 6 months, the alkaline phosphatase levels decreased in both males and females. The decline in alkaline phosphatase level with the age is associated with participation of this enzyme in the development of animal skeleton during ontogenesis. From the age of 4 months, the growth and development of the skeleton slows down, and by the age of 6 months the animals gain the size and body weight of adult animals. Urea and creatinine levels in foxes of both sexes increased during their growth, but remained within the reference limits. Changes in urea levels in blood can be caused by feeding excessively high-protein or excessively low-protein diets. The total protein content in sera from 4 month-old males and females decreased by 32.51 and 43.24%, respectively, compared with that one in sera from animals at the age of 1.5 months, and increased at the age of 6 months up to the level observed at the age of 4 months. According to the literature, rather rapid stabilization of protein metabolism is a biological feature of many mammals born in spring, their growth rate is accelerated and, in general, the maturity phase is shortened.

Abstract Background This study investigated the adaptation mechanisms of Pigeons, Toads and Lizards during the rainy season in tropical savanna climates. Male Agama Lizards (Agama agama), Afep Pigeons (Columba unicincta) and Toads (Sclerophrys perreti) were captured at a location in Ibadan, Oyo state. Five (5) Lizards marked: L1 to L5, Afep Pigeons marked: B1 to B5 and Toads marked: T1 to T5. Each of the animals was manually constrained within six to eight hours of capture, and a 1.0-ml syringe was used to obtain blood from the heart or coccygeal vein. Blood samples were collected in an EDTA and plain bottle, respectively. Plasma and sera samples were separated by centrifugation at − 4 °C using a cold centrifuge and then analysed for creatinine, urea, glucose, Mg+, k+, Cl−, Na+, albumin, TP, ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH and haematological parameters. Cervical dislocation was performed on the animals before organs such as kidneys and liver were collected from each of the animals. Each organ collected from each animal was placed in separate plain tubes (filled with phosphate buffer). Result The Pigeon had higher body temperature, urea, glucose, ALP, PCV, haemoglobin concentration, neutrophil and triglyceride compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad had higher Na+, Mg+ and Cl−, basophil and monocytes compared to Pigeon and Lizard and the Lizard has higher creatinine, lymphocyte and cholesterol compared to the Pigeon and Toad. On the liver oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher MDA and catalase compared to the Pigeon and Lizard. On the kidney oxidative stress markers, the Pigeon has higher MDA compared to the Lizard and Toad, while the Toad has higher catalase than the Pigeon and Lizard. Conclusions From this study, the elevated level of lymphocytes in Lizard and eosinophil, basophil and monocytes in Toad suggests that Lizards and Toad are more vulnerable to inflammation. The high value of cholesterol in Lizard and triglyceride in Pigeon as observed in this study may relate to the degree of stress. Also, the activation of antioxidant systems under comparative study is a part of the survival strategy of animals like amphibians, reptiles and aves when facing environmental problems.

Abstract With the emergence of new variant strains resulting from high mutation rates and genome recombination, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has caused significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms of IBV-host interactions, particularly how IBV utilizes host metabolic pathways for efficient viral replication and transmission. In the present study, the effects of the cell membrane, viral envelope membrane, and viperin-mediated cholesterol synthesis on IBV replication were explored. Our results revealed significant increase in cholesterol levels and the expression of viperin after IBV infection. Acute cholesterol depletion in the cell membrane and viral envelope membrane by treating cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) obviously inhibited IBV replication; thereafter, replenishment of the cell membrane with cholesterol successfully restored viral replication, and direct addition of exogenous cholesterol to the cell membrane significantly promoted IBV infection during the early stages of infection. In addition, overexpression of viperin effectively suppressed cholesterol synthesis, as well as IBV replication, whereas knockdown of viperin (gene silencing with siRNA targeting viperin, siViperin) significantly increased IBV replication and cholesterol levels, whereas supplementation with exogenous cholesterol to viperin-transfected cells markedly restored viral replication. In conclusion, the increase in viperin induced by IBV infection plays an important role in IBV replication by affecting cholesterol production, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of IBV and discovering new potential antiviral targets.

Abstract Introduction Sleep disorders, particularly insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, are associated with dyslipidemia in the general population. The study’s aim was to explore the association between pathological Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels, and sleep and nighttime behavior disorders (SNBD) in older adults, whether they might predict SNBD onset, and to emphasize the role of body mass index (BMI) in this association. Methods Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) population with complete Cholesterol, Triglyceride, SNBD, and neurocognitive data were included. Logistic regression was performed to study the association between hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and SNBD at baseline and at 12 months. Relevant confounders, particularly BMI, were adjusted for. Results Among the 2,216 included cases, 1,045 (47%) were females, and the median age was 73 years (IQR: 68, 78). At baseline, 357 (16%) had SNBD and 327 (18%) at 12 months; 187 of them were incident cases. There were more cases of baseline SNBD in the hypertriglyceridemia group than in those without (19% vs. 14%, P-value = 0.003). Similarly, more follow-up SNBD cases had hypertriglyceridemia at baseline (21% vs. 16%, P-value = 0.025). SNBD cases at baseline had significantly higher serum Triglyceride levels than those without (132 vs. 118mg/dL, P-value

Abstract Background Point-of-care testing (POCT) is commonly used in epidemiological surveys due to its various advantages, such as portability and immediate test results. The CardioChek® PA analyser 3-in-1 lipid panel measures total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This study tested the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the CardioChek® PA analyser using a 3-in-1 lipid panel. Methods A cross-sectional study design with quota sampling was used. A total of 203 respondents aged 18 years and above from a research centre in the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, were recruited. Venous blood was sent to the laboratory and tested with Siemens Atellica CH, while a POCT analyser was used for capillary blood measurements. Intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) analysis was employed to determine the agreement between capillary and venous blood parameters. The diagnostic performance of the evaluated tests was evaluated using STATA version 12. Results The agreement between capillary and laboratory venous blood was moderate (0.64–0.67) for TC and HDL, good (0.75) for LDL and excellent (0.91) for TG). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were as follows: TC, 57.1%, 94.3%, 92.3% and 64.8%; TG, 76.0%, 100%, 100%, and 96.6%; HDL, 96.2%, 83.2%, 47.2% and 99.3%; and LDL, 81.0%, 100%, 100% and 68.3%, respectively. Conclusions The CardioChek® PA analyser showed acceptable diagnostic accuracy for screening high-risk individuals more often in places where laboratories are inaccessible. It could also be used in clinical settings where patients would benefit from swift treatment decisions.

Lipids are intricate biomolecules responsible for the building up of biological membranes. Besides this structural function, they also display crucial roles in signaling, acting as second messengers that activate specific pathways. Mitochondria are fundamental for cells as they participate in several pivotal functions, such as ATP synthesis, cell survival, metabolic pathways, and calcium homeostasis. Thus, the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes can affect specific proteins and impact vital functions of mitochondria, such as oxidative phosphorylation and dynamics. The liver possesses a critical function in lipid homeostasis, involving the generation, oxidation, and trafficking of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, and bile acids (BAs). Mitochondria play a key role in lipid storage regulation in hepatocytes, which can control liver function. Their diverse tasks are affected by the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes, characterized by low cholesterol content and enrichment of specific lipids such as cardiolipin. As mitochondria determine the bioenergetic status of cells and are key regulators of cell viability, alterations of mitochondrial lipid composition can contribute to the induction and progression of chronic diseases, including alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), two of the most common forms of liver diseases characterized by steatosis, necroinflammation, and fibrosis, which can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the disruption of lipid metabolism and membrane composition of mitochondria are characteristic features of cancer cells, and altered mitochondrial lipid composition may be a critical player in the progression of chronic liver diseases toward HCC. This review will address the mechanisms whereby alterations of mitochondrial lipid composition lead to the onset and progression of chronic liver diseases. Thus, a better characterization of the alterations of lipid composition in mitochondria may be a crucial step to design strategies and novel therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of MASLD and ARLD.

Objective This study investigated the efficacy of different concentrations of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) on cryopreservation in boar sperm quality. Methods In this study, we treated boar sperm with different concentrations of CLC before freezing and analyzed the sperm cholesterol concentration, plasma membrane, acrosome integrity rate and total motility rate before and after freeze-thawing. We also investigated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and structural- and oxidative-damage related proteins in all groups after thawing. Results The results revealed that the cholesterol concentration of the CLC-treated groups was higher than that of the control group, both before freezing and after thawing (p

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality globally. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in CVD pathophysiology. Research has shown the safety and efficacy of keeping LDL at very low levels for CVD prevention. Therefore, experts recommend intense LDL-lowering approaches starting at young ages, promoting the mantras “the lower, the better” and “the earlier, the better.” This commentary discusses the challenges regarding applying aggressive LDL-lowering approaches in the general population, including pharmacological efficacy and side effects, the cost-effectiveness of interventions, and patient adherence to treatment regimens.

In the present study, the effects of temperature changes during summer and winter seasons on haematological parameters, total cholesterol, and cortisol level in male and female Syrian Awassi sheep were studied. Blood samples were collected weekly from ten animals (five rams and five ewes) during August and January months (2022-2023), and these samples were analyzed by a Veterinary Hematology Analyzer to determine the haematological parameters, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA) to determine the level of cortisol and total cholesterol. The results showed that there were significant differences in white blood cells (WBC), monocytes (MON) and granulocytes (GRA), as well as in haemoglobin (HGB) between August and January for both females and males. No significant difference was recorded between the two months for both sexes regarding platelet count (PLT) and mean platelet volume (MPV). There were significant differences (P < 0.001) between the months of August and January in females for the level of cortisol and cholesterol, while no significant difference (P > 0.05) was recorded for males between these two months. It was concluded that there were significant differences in the values ​​of some blood components between summer and winter for males and females Awassi sheep, but the differences in the level of total cholesterol and cortisol were clearer in the females than in males between summer and winter. In general, this study showed the ability of the Syrian Awassi sheep to adapt higher temperature degrees than the lower ones in semi-arid area where Syrian Awassi flocks are raised.

Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism. The factors influencing PCSK9 in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients have not been fully understood. Objective To investigate the influence factors of PCSK9 among AMI patients. Methods Patients with an admission diagnosis of AMI between 2010 and 2018 were consecutively enrolled in the Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital. Baseline information was collected from patients' current history, past history, and physical examination in the electronic medical record system at admission, and baseline plasma PCSK9 levels were measured. The related factors of PCSK9 were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear regressions. The LASSO method was employed, the selected variables were subsequently included in the analysis of a multivariate linear regression model. Results 996 AMI patients were consecutively enrolled from 2010 to 2018, and 37 patients with no PCSK9 measurement results due to insufficient volume of retained blood samples were excluded. A total of 959 patients were included in the analysis. The median PCSK9 levels were 543.1 (425.4, 692.1) ng/mL. The multivariate linear regression analysis of non-genetic factors of PCSK9 showed that gender had the greatest effect (standardized regression coefficient was 0.13). Other significant factors related to PCSK9 levels were history of atrial fibrillation (standardized regression coefficient was 0.09), white blood cell count (standardized regression coefficient was 0.07) and uric acid levels (standardized regression coefficient was 0.07) . Conclusion In patients with AMI, gender, history of atrial fibrillation, blood white blood cell count, and uric acid levels were significant independent factors related to plasma PCSK9 levels.

Background: Papaya seeds are a rich source of proteins, fat, fibers, vitamins, minerals, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and powerful antioxidants like flavonoids. Low solubility limits the absorption and bioavailability of herbal constituents. Hence, phytosomes of Papaya seed extract were formulated to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. Methodology: Papaya seeds were extracted using ethanol as solvent, and all the phytoconstituents present in the extract were assessed during the phytochemical screening and LC-MS analysis. In-vitro antidiabetic activity pure extract was determined by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. The phytosomes of extract were formulated using the lipid thin film formation method and Soya lecithin and Cholesterol as lipids. The formulated phytosomes were analyzed for parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, percent drug content, and In-vitro dissolution study. The chemical nature of the formulation was studied using FTIR analysis and powder X-ray diffractometry. Thermal stability of phytosomes analyzed with the help of Differential Scanning calorimetry. Results: LC-MS identified 16 phytoconstituents. In-vitro antidiabetic activity showed 59.97% and 51.17% inhibition of enzymes alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of the optimized formulation was 88.41±0.91% with a particle size of 188.0±53.7nm. TEM images of formulation confirm the formation of phytosomes. FTIR, DSC, and Powder X-ray diffractometry showed no unwanted peaks. The in vitro dissolution study showed 89.26±1.05% CDR of phytosome, while the extract showed 47.78±0.59% CDR. Conclusion: Evaluation results of phytosomes suggest that this formulation can be used as an effective herbal antidiabetic formulation

Critical illness causes disturbances in lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the levels of apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV), a regulator of triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism, in human sepsis. ApoA-IV (analyzed in 156 patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/sepsis) and cholesteryl ester (CE) (analyzed in 121 of these patients) were lower in patients compared to 43 healthy controls. In contrast, triglyceride (TG) levels were elevated in patients. ApoA-IV levels in plasma of the patients did not correlate with these lipids. Patients with SIRS, sepsis or septic shock had comparable apoA-IV, TG, CE and free cholesterol (FC) levels. Patients on dialysis had significantly lower CE levels, whereas apoA-IV levels did not change much. CE levels were elevated in patients with viral sepsis due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison to SIRS/sepsis patients not infected by this virus. CE levels correlated negatively with procalcitonin, interleukin-6 and bilirubin, while TGs were positively associated with bilirubin and C-reactive protein. ApoA-IV, TG, CE and FC levels were not associated with bacterial infection or survival. In conclusion, this analysis suggests that CE levels decline in sepsis-related renal failure and also shows that plasma apoA-IV and CE levels are early biomarkers of sepsis.

The review presents contradictory results from numerous clinical and epidemiological studies, giving reason to doubt the indisputability of ideas about the primary role of low-density lipoprotein (LP) cholesterol in atherogenesis and the efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy. The latter clearly demonstrates the absence of the expected clinical effect in reducing cholesterol levels after surgical correction of lipid metabolism (ileal bypass surgery) or a very modest effect when using drugs devoid of pleiotropic properties. This circumstance finds an explanation in the fact that, according to modern concepts, only modified LP are the molecular substrate of the pathophysiological process at all stages of atherosclerosis development. Native (intact) LP, the concentration of which in the blood does not correlate with the level of modified forms, are not included in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Consequently, the presence of native LP in the blood does not give a true picture of the activity of the atherosclerotic process. Based on the above, in the treatment of atherosclerosis, it should be considered justified not so much to further improve methods of lipid-lowering effects on the body, which do not have a sufficiently reliable evidence base of clinical effect, but to search for means that prevent the generation of atherogenic, modified LP. In this regard, taking into account the important role of systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the synthesis and clinical use of safe anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as the development and implementation of methods aimed at eliminating the causes of systemic inflammation, should be considered promising.

As meat-producing livestock, sheep are a benchmark for communities seeking quality and healthy meat. The CYP2A6 gene has emerged as a potential tool for improving lamb meat quality. This study investigated the genetic variability of the CYP2A6 gene and its association with key determinants of lamb meat quality. The research involved 140 male sheep from five breeds: Javanese thin-tail sheep (JTTS), Garut sheep (GS), Jonggol sheep (JS), Barbados cross sheep (BCS), and Compass agrinak sheep (CAS). PCR-RFLP was employed to identify CYP2A6|BsmAI gene polymorphism and the general linear model (GLM) was used to analyze the gene's association with meat quality. The results showed a polymorphism in the CYP2A6 gene (SNP g.49170107 G>T), presenting two genotypes: GG and GT. The analysis results demonstrated that the CYP2A6 gene (P

Abstract Despite recent findings indicating a paradoxical association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, the impact of HDL-C on subsequent outcomes after ischemic stroke remains unclear. The study aims to investigate the relationships between HDL-C levels and post-stroke functional outcomes while examining the potential modifying influence of HDL-C-related single nucleotide polymorphisms identified through genome-wide association studies. This cohort study included 1,310 patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), all of whom had their admission serum lipid profile and genotyping information. Participants were categorized into four groups based on gender and HDL-C level. Prognostic outcomes were assessed using a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 1, 3, and 12 months post-admission. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression analysis were used to assess the associations between HDL-C levels and outcomes. The mean age of patients was 61.17 ± 12.08 years, and 69.31% were men. After adjusting confounders, patients with the highest HDL-C level group had a significantly higher risk of poor functional outcomes at 1, 3, and 12 months following stroke compared to the reference group. Restricted cubic splines depicted a nonlinear association between HDL-C levels and poor prognosis in both men and women. The ABCA1 gene rs2575876 AA genotype combined with abnormal HDL-C levels exhibited a significantly heightened risk of post-stroke adverse outcomes at 1 and 3 months compared to patients with normal HDL-C levels and GG + GA genotype. These findings suggest that the combined effects of ABCA1 genetic variants with either low or high HDL-C levels could further heighten this risk.

Abstract Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women. Dyslipidemia is a prevalent metabolic abnormality in individuals with PCOS. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency is widespread across all societal strata, with a particularly heightened prevalence observed in patients afflicted with PCOS. The present study aimed to investigate the level of vitamin D and its correlation with lipid profiles in Iranian women diagnosed with PCOS. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out at the PCOS and infertility clinic of Arash Women’s Hospital in Tehran. The study encompassed the medical records of PCOS patients who attended the clinic from March 2021 to December 2023. All patients underwent blood tests, which included assessments of fasting blood sugar levels, lipid profiles, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. The investigation focused on evaluating the relationship between vitamin D levels and lipid profiles. Statistical analyses, including the chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient, were employed to analyze the data. Results A total of 1004 women diagnosed with PCOS were included in the study. The age range of the participants was 14 to 46 years. The majority of the participants had a body mass index (BMI) within the normal range (n = 555, 55.3%). The median vitamin D level among the participants was 26.00 (IQR: 19.00–34.00). The relationship between vitamin D levels and lipid profile parameters was assessed, revealing no significant correlation between vitamin D levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (r = 0.021, p = 0.505), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = 0.011, p = 0.719), or triglyceride (TG) (r = -0.026, p = 0.417) levels, both in non-adjusted and age-adjusted analyses. Conclusion According to the present study, there was no significant correlation between serum 25(OH)D deficiency and elevated TG or LDL levels or decreased HDL levels in PCOS patients. Nevertheless, further prospective studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and lipid profile alterations, specifically among PCOS patients.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Evidence suggests that alterations in the gut microbiome could play a role in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of synbiotics on serum paraoxonase 1(PON1), soluble CD163/soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sCD163/sTWEAK), and lipid profile, which are involved in heart failure in patients with chronic heart failure. In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial, 90 eligible patients were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to receive one capsule (500 mg) of synbiotics or a placebo daily for ten weeks. Serum PON1, sCD163/sTWEAK, and lipid profiles were measured at the beginning and end of the study. The data were analyzed by SPSS 24, and the p-value

Abstract Background Dysferlin-deficient limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (Dysf) mice are notorious for their mild phenotype. Raising plasma total cholesterol (CHOL) via apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) drastically exacerbates muscle wasting in Dysf mice. However, dysferlinopathic patients have abnormally reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The current study aimed to determine whether HDL-C lowering can exacerbate the mild phenotype of dysferlin-null mice. Methods Human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), a plasma lipid transfer protein not found in mice that reduces HDL-C, and/or its optimal adapter protein human apolipoprotein B (ApoB), were overexpressed in Dysf mice. Mice received a 2% cholesterol diet from 2 months of age and characterized through ambulatory and hanging functional tests, plasma analyses, and muscle histology. Results CETP/ApoB expression in Dysf mice caused reduced HDL-C (54.5%) and elevated ratio of CHOL/HDL-C (181.3%) compared to control Dysf mice in plasma, but without raising CHOL. Compared to the severe muscle pathology found in high CHOL Dysf/ApoE double knockout mice, Dysf/CETP/ApoB mice did not show significant changes in ambulation, hanging capacity, increases in damaged area, collagen deposition, or decreases in cross-sectional area and healthy myofibre coverage. Conclusions CETP/ApoB over-expression in Dysf mice decreases HDL-C without increasing CHOL or exacerbating muscle pathology. High CHOL or nonHDL-C caused by ApoE KO, rather than low HDL-C, likely lead to rodent muscular dystrophy phenotype humanization.

Abstract Introduction Data on sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors impact on lipids in patients with diabetes are available and only a handful of studies have explored this effect in individuals with both diabetes and renal impairment; lipid parameters were not the primary focus of those earlier studies. However, there is a significant research gap specifically addressing the influence of SGLT2 inhibitors on cholesterol fractions in patients exclusively with chronic kidney disease. This aim constitutes the central objective in this particular study. Methods In this 3-month randomized controlled study, 30 patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease and dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to receive either dapagliflozin 10 mg or placebo. Lipid profiles, renal function, and urinary albumin levels were assessed at baseline and after 3 months. Results Compared to baseline, patients receiving dapagliflozin for 3 months showed significant improvements in serum creatinine (p

Background: Bempedoic acid, an adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase inhibitor, was introduced to UK practice via a pre-reimbursement access scheme for adults with primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease, in whom statins are either not tolerated or contraindicated, who have not achieved target cholesterol, despite being on ezetimibe therapy, and do not qualify for PCSK9 inhibitor treatment. This retrospective multicentre audit aimed to evaluate the achievement of lipid-lowering targets with bempedoic acid in UK patients based on recommendations in the Joint British Societies (JBS) guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Pseudo-anonymized medical record data for 221 adults treated with bempedoic acid as part of the UK scheme were entered into a bespoke data collection tool at four UK hospitals. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment pathways and lipid assessment results (against JBS lipid-lowering targets) were collected against pre-specified criteria. Results: Overall, 54% (99/184) of patients achieved the JBS2 audit standard (total cholesterol (TC)

Obesity increases cardiovascular risk through dyslipidaemia. High fibre diet reduces risk factors of dyslipidaemia by up to 50%. Tempe gembus is a solid fermented food made from tofu waste product with rhyzopus-oligosporus, that contained high fibre. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the administration processed tempe gembus on lipid profiles in obese women. This study was pre-post randomized control group design. Forty-four pre-menopausal women with obesity, dyslipidaemia took part in this study, divided into 2 groups, includes the intervention group and the control group. The Intervention group received 150 gram of processed tempe gembus for 28 days. Statistical analysis independent sample test or Mann Witney were used to analyse differences pre and post-lipid profile between intervention and control group. Consumption of 150 g/day of processed tempe gembus for 28 days reduced total cholesterol levels by 13.4 mg/dl (p = 0.012), HDL cholesterol by 2.8 mg/dl (p = 0.082), LDL cholesterol by 17.6 mg/dl (p = 0.52) and triglyceride levels of 5.3 mg/dl (p = 0.05), respectively. There was significant effect of processed tempe gembus consumption to reduce total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Unfortunately, there were no effect on LDL and HDL cholesterol.

Background:The most affected public illness around the world in both industrialized and unindustrialized countries is chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). In a medical context, the measurement of lipid profile in the blood is considered as one of the most common diagnostic techniques. In addition, there is a correlation between increased level of cathepsin k (CatK) and CCS, and thus cathepsin is considered a useful biomarker for CCS. Objective:For the assessment of CatK, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) level and to examine the probable relation of them with CCS in Babylon province. Materials and Methods:CatK, TG, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and HDL were estimated in 100 subjects; 50 patients with CCS and 50 healthy subjects participated in this study. Patients and control groups with an age ranged above 40 years. The CatK level was assessed by sandwich-ELISA technique whereas the level of TG, cholesterol, and HDL was assessed in serum by enzymatic colorimetric method. Also, cholesterol-LDL was measured by using Friedewald equation. Results:Serum level of CatK displayed a significant increase in CCS patients (P ≤ 0.01) compared with control group, whereas serum cholesterol-HDL level significantly decreased (P = 0.001). Also serum levels of cholesterol and cholesterol-LDL a significant increase (P ≤ 0.001), (P = 0.00) compared with control group. In contrast, the current study observed non-significant change in serum TG and VLDL (P = 0.45), (P = 0.71) respectively in CCS patients. Conclusion:Circulating CatK is a good biomarker for CCS disorders and that higher levels of CatK and lipid profile are closely related to the presence of CCS among CCS patients.

In this study, three representative pears ('Yali' Pear, 'Huangguan' Pear, and 'Xuehua' Pear) peel/flesh polyphenol extracts were characterized by their antioxidant activity, polyphenol composition, and in vitro cholesterol/cholates binding capacity. 'Yali' Pear polyphenol extracts were selected to further investigate the mechanism of in vitro cholesterol/cholates lowering capacity. Lagergren adsorption kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models confirmed the occurrence of this combination. Turbidity, average particle size, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential combined confirmed the existence of some interaction between polyphenols and cholesterol/cholates. Cholesterol/cholates quenched the exogenous fluorescence of polyphenols by static mechanism. The thermodynamic interaction results revealed that the interaction between polyphenols and cholesterol is a spontaneous process, primarily driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Overall, this study aimed to investigate the confirmation of the binding removal properties of pear polyphenols on cholesterol/cholates to mitigate the adverse health effects of a high-fat diet.

Background: Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to dyslipidemia, which is a risk factor for macrovascular complications such as heart disease and stroke. Aside from administering antidiabetic medications, DM treatment can also be achieved through the use of natural components, such as Myrmecodia pendans, commonly known as the ant nest plant. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of administering the ant nest plant on the lipid profile of Wistar rats. Methods: A group of 20 rats was divided into two categories: 6 rats served as healthy controls (H), while the remaining 14 rats were subjected to a high-lipid diet and streptozotocin to generate a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The diabetic rats were divided into two groups: the DM group consisted of rats that did not receive any treatment, while the ant nest plant (ANP) group was administered the herb orally. Results: The results revealed significant variations in triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels among the three groups (p [Open Vet J 2024; 14(7.000): 1607-1613]

Objectives: Many single nucleotide polymorphisms affect the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This investigation aimed to consider the frequency of the C677T single nucleotide polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in Alzheimer’s patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in two groups of control (n = 80) and patient (n = 80) with a ratio of 1: 1 male to female. Amplification-refractory mutation system-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ARMS-PCR) method was used to study mutations and ELISA was used to measure homocysteine and the chemiluminescence method was used to measure cholesterol, vitamin B12 and folate. Results: Based on the results of the PCR test of the MTHFR gene, the incidence rate of mutation in the healthy allele was 44.6% and in the mutant allele was 27.9% of the total study population. Conclusion: In this study, it was discovered that an increase in cholesterol levels is related with an increased risk of developing the disease, but more studies are needed to confirm this. It should also be noted that this increase is not related to the MTHFR gene polymorphism at the C677T position.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects millions worldwide and is the leading cause of death among non-communicable diseases. Western diets typically comprise of meat and dairy products, both of which are rich in cholesterol (Cho) and methionine (Met), two well-known compounds with atherogenic capabilities. Despite their individual effects, literature on a dietary combination of the two in the context of CVD are limited. Therefore, studies on the combined effects of Cho and Met were carried out using male Sprague Dawley rats. An additional interest was to investigate the cardioprotective potential of sitagliptin, an anti-type 2 diabetic drug. We hypothesized that feeding a dietary combination of Cho and Met would result in adverse cardiac effects and would be attenuated upon administration of sitagliptin. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control (Con), high Met (1.5%), high Cho (2.0%), or high Met (1.5%) + high Cho (2.0%) diet for 35 days. They were orally gavaged with an aqueous preparation of sitagliptin (100 mg/kg/d) or vehicle (water) from day 10 through 35. On day 36, rats were euthanized, and tissues were collected for analysis. Results Histopathological evaluation revealed a reduction in myocardial striations and increased collagen deposition in hypercholesterolemia (HChol), responses that became exacerbated upon sitagliptin administration. Cardiac pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses were adversely impacted in similar fashion. The addition of Met to Cho (MC) attenuated all adverse structural and biochemical responses, with or without sitagliptin. Conclusions Adverse cardiac outcomes in HChol were enhanced by the administration of sitagliptin, and such effects were alleviated by Met. Our findings could be significant for understanding or revisiting the risk-benefit evaluation of sitagliptin in type 2 diabetics, and especially those who are known to consume atherogenic diets.

Abstract Background Statins lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Though highly efficacious in general, there is considerable inter-individual variation in statin efficacy that remains largely unexplained. Methods To identify novel genes that may modulate statin-induced LDLC lowering, we used RNA-sequencing data from 426 control- and 2 µM simvastatin-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from European and African American ancestry participants of the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) 40 mg/day 6-week simvastatin clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00451828). We correlated statin-induced changes in LCL gene expression with plasma LDLC statin response in the corresponding CAP participants. For the most correlated gene identified (ZNF335), we followed up in vivo by comparing plasma cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and lipid statin response between wild-type mice and carriers of a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) missense mutation in Zfp335 (the mouse homolog of ZNF335). Results The statin-induced expression changes of 147 human LCL genes were significantly correlated to the plasma LDLC statin responses of the corresponding CAP participants in vivo (FDR = 5%). The two genes with the strongest correlations were zinc finger protein 335 (ZNF335 aka NIF-1, rho = 0.237, FDR-adj p = 0.0085) and CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3 (CNOT3, rho = 0.233, FDR-adj p = 0.0085). Chow-fed mice carrying a hypomorphic missense (R1092W; aka bloto) mutation in Zfp335 had significantly lower non-HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type C57BL/6J mice in a sex combined model (p = 0.04). Furthermore, male (but not female) mice carrying the Zfp335 R1092W allele had significantly lower total and HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type mice. In a separate experiment, wild-type mice fed a control diet for 4 weeks and a matched simvastatin diet for an additional 4 weeks had significant statin-induced reductions in non-HDLC (−43 ± 18% and −23 ± 19% for males and females, respectively). Wild-type male (but not female) mice experienced significant reductions in plasma LDL particle concentrations, while male mice carrying Zfp335 R1092W allele(s) exhibited a significantly blunted LDL statin response. Conclusions Our in vitro and in vivo studies identified ZNF335 as a novel modulator of plasma cholesterol levels and statin response, suggesting that variation in ZNF335 activity could contribute to inter-individual differences in statin clinical efficacy.

Abstract The platelet/high-density lipoprotein ratio (PHR) has been identified as a significant indicator of inflammation and a hypercoagulable state, demonstrating a strong link with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, its correlation with hyperuricemia has not yet been documented. This study utilized a cross-sectional design, analyzing data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2016 in the United States. The platelet/high-density lipoprotein ratio (PHR) was determined by dividing the number of platelets (PLT) by the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). We employed multivariable logistic regression analyses, generalized additive models, and subgroup analyses to investigate the correlation between PHR and hyperuricemia. The study revealed a hyperuricemia prevalence of 18.56%. Analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between PHR and the risk of hyperuricemia (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08, 1.14). This correlation remained consistent across different subgroups including age, ethnicity, gender, and body mass index (BMI). Smooth curve fitting demonstrated a saturation effect between PHR and the risk of hyperuricemia. PHR is positively correlated with hyperuricemia and may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting the onset of this condition. Additionally, targeted interventions to improve PHR might help reduce the incidence of hyperuricemia.

Abstract Background Plasma lipid concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) seem to be altered. Methods We conducted a naturalistic study with 75 adult female patients with AN and 26 healthy female controls (HC). We measured plasma lipid profile, sex hormones and used self-report questionnaires at admission and discharge. Results Total cholesterol (median (IQR): 4.9 (1.2)) and triglycerides (TG) (1.2 (0.8)) were elevated in AN at admission (BMI 15.3 (3.4)) compared with HC (4.3 (0.7), p = 0.003 and 0.9 (0.3), p = 0.006) and remained elevated at discharge (BMI 18.9 (2.9)) after weight restoration treatment. Estradiol (0.05 (0.1)) and testosterone (0.5 (0.7)) were lower in AN compared with HC (0.3 (0.3), p =

Abstract Background So far, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and mortality were shown to have a U-shaped relationship. Additionally, high HDL-C levels increase the risk of developing a variety of diseases. However, a paucity of data exists regarding the characteristics of people with high HDL-C levels. The aim of this study was to assess the demographics and characteristics of patients with high HDL-C levels and compare their features with normal and low HDL-C groups. Methods As a cross-sectional, matched case–control study, a total of 510 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were enrolled in the study and categorized into three matched groups according to their HDL-C concentrations. The studied groups were matched by their age and gender. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves were designed to evaluate the relationship between height, blood pressure, triglyceride, and vitamin D concentrations with the probability of having high HDL-C levels. Furthermore, violin plots were conducted to illustrate the distribution of continuous variables within each group. Results This study showed that having high HDL-C (more than 70 mg/dL) compared to having low HDL-C (less than 40 mg/dL in men and 50 mg/dL in women) was significantly associated with height (OR 0.918, 95% CI 0.866–0.974), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (0.941, 0.910–0.972), vitamin D (0.970, 0.941–0.999), and triglyceride (0.992, 0.987–0.998) serum concentrations. Further analysis investigated that having high HDL-C levels compared to desired HDL-C levels (40 ≤ HDL-C levels

Introduction: Recurrent seizures of cerebral origin with episodes of sensory, motor, or autonomic expression, with or without loss of consciousness, are typical symptoms of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. As a voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonist, magnesium inhibits calcium ion release, which reduces neuronal excitability in hypomagnesemia. It is well recognised that the most frequently prescribed Anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs), namely carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital, have adverse effects on lipid profiles. Aim: To compare the levels of serum magnesium and serum lipid profiles in patients with epileptic seizures and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study included 50 clinically diagnosed patients with epileptic seizures, aged between 18-60 years, and 50 age and sex-matched healthy controls visiting the Department of Neurology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College (MGMC), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India from October 2019 to March 2020. A 5 mL venous blood sample was collected for biochemical investigations such as serum magnesium, serum Total Cholesterol (TC), serum Triglycerides (TG), serum High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and serum Very Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and assayed. Student’s t-test was applied, and a p-value of

Introduction: The behavior of periodontal clinical indicators in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are not clearly defined. It’s even considered that high-risk cases for NAFLD are currently underreported or not identified in a timely manner. The aim of the study is to elucidate the interaction of periodontal clinical indicators in MetS and NAFLD. Materials and methods: 336 patients were eligible because they met the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syn-drome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Those selected were randomly selected for a cross-sectional study. Metabolic status and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were measured using the MetS Metabolic Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria (NCEP/ATP-III) and laboratory tests, respectively. In addition, periodontal clinical indicators were evaluated: probing depth, clinical attachment, plaque index and gingival bleeding. Results: The association for NAFLD and probing depth was p = 0.736. The association for MetS and probing depth was p = 0.598. For NAFLD and clinical attachment loss, the association was p = 0.751. For MetS and clinical attachment loss, the association was p = 0.435. The plaque index for MetS was p = 0.238. The plaque index for NAFLD was p = 0.269. The gingival bleeding association for NAFLD was p = 0.673 and for MetS was p = 0.522. Conclusions: Periodontal clinical indicators of metabolic syndrome were as-sociated with elevated serum levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. However, when comparing the values in NAFLD and MetS, a greater significance is evident in the first study group.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health hazard today. Clinically significant macular oedema (CSME) is the most frequent cause of decreased vision in diabetic patients. The aim of our study was to determine whether CSME in subjects with type 2 DM is associated with lipid profile abnormalities and to compare them with lipid profiles of type 2 diabetics without CSME. Method: This was a cross-sectional case-control study. Hundred consecutive type 2 diabetic patients, 50 patients with and 50 without CSME, who attended the Retina outpatient clinic of a tertiary eye hospital over a one-year period, were included. Determination of the presence of CSME and staging of diabetic retinopathy was done according to modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study guidelines, by a single investigator using slit-lamp biomicroscopy. After obtaining informed consent, blood was drawn from the subjects after overnight fasting. Investigations done were lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood urea, and blood pressure measurement. Results: In our study, only two systemic factors weighed in as predictors of macular oedema: Systolic hypertension and serum lipids. Subanalysis of the lipid fractions yielded two significant correlates of CSME: Total cholesterol and serum triglycerides. Conclusion: A multifaceted healthcare team approach is essential for the management of diabetic patients. Ophthalmologists should evaluate the lipid profile of all diabetic macular oedema (DME) patients. Physicians should promptly refer diabetic patients with deranged lipid profiles to ophthalmologists to look for DME and provide appropriate ophthalmic care.

Background: One of the factors causing the increase in cholesterol levels in the elderly is an unhealthy diet, namely consuming high-fat foods such as offal, meat, and coconut milk of food. An unhealthy diet for the elderly, namely consuming high-fat foods such as offal, meat, and coconut milk foods can result in increased cholesterol. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the relationship between diet and increased cholesterol levels of the elderly in Dilaban Village, Menganti Sub-district, Gresik Regency. Methods: The design of this study is a correlational analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was all elderly people who suffer from cholesterol at the Posyandu for the Elderly in Dilaban Village, Menganti Sub-district, Gresik Regency in May-August 2023, a total of 63 people. The sample size of this study was 54 respondents. A side technique of this research is using a simple random sampling. Data analysis technique using chi-square test. The instrument used was the Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) questionnaire to measure eating patterns, while the increase in cholesterol levels was measured by observation. Results: The result of this study showed that most respondents' eating patterns were poor as many as 41 respondents (75.9%), most respondents had high cholesterol levels as many as 35 respondents (64.8%). The result of the chi-square test showed that p-value = 0.000 < α = 0.050 so that H1 was accepted, so there was a relationship between diet and increasing cholesterol levels in the elderly in Dilaban Village, Menganti Sub-district, Gresik Regency. Conclusion: Efforts made by health workers so that the elderly does not experience an increase in cholesterol levels are providing communication, information, and education to the elderly so that they maintain their diet and their cholesterol levels are normal.

We explore the phase behavior of lipid bilayers containing SOPC (1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) with various molar concentrations (0 mol%, 10 mol% and 30 mol%) of cholesterol. To this end, we performed extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the Slipids force field with optimized parameters for the headgroups of phospholipids. We computed thermodynamic and structural quantities describing the ordering of the tails, the mobility of the heads and the arrangement of the lipids in the bilayers. We analyzed the behavior of the named quantities over the temperature range between 271 K and 283 K, where the experimentally determined melting temperature, Tm=279 K, lies, as well as at 400 K, which is used as a reference temperature. The obtained results are compared to available experimental data along with the outcome from molecular dynamics simulations of similar phospholipids containing different amounts of cholesterol. In the temperature interval of interest, we found evidence of the occurrence of a thermal-driven phase transition (melting) in both the pure system and the one with the lower concentration of cholesterol, while in the remaining system, the higher amount of cholesterol in the bilayer smears out the transitional behavior. Thus, we demonstrate the ability of the Slipids force field to predict the phase behavior of bilayers of SOPC and SOPC mixed with cholesterol.

Abstract Parasites, such as the malaria parasite P. falciparum, are critically dependent on host nutrients. Interference with nutrient uptake can lead to parasite death and, therefore, serve as a successful treatment strategy. P. falciparum parasites cannot synthesise cholesterol, and instead source this lipid from the host. Here, we tested whether cholesterol uptake pathways could be ‘hijacked’ for optimal drug delivery to the intracellular parasite. We found that fluorescent cholesterol analogues were delivered from the extracellular environment to the intracellular parasite. We investigated the uptake and inhibitory effects of conjugate compounds, where proven antimalarial drugs (primaquine and artesunate) were attached to steroids that mimic the structure of cholesterol. These conjugated antimalarial drugs improved the inhibitory effects against multiple parasite lifecycle stages, multiple parasite species, and drug-resistant parasites, whilst also lowering the toxicity to human host cells. Steroids with introduced peroxides also displayed antimalarial activity. These results provide a proof-of-concept that cholesterol mimics can be developed as a drug delivery system against apicomplexan parasites with the potential to improve drug efficacy, increase therapeutic index, and defeat drug resistance.

Bisphenol S (BPS) is the major substitute of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA). Due to the presence of strong double bonds, BPS is more resistant to biodegradation and therefore more BPS remains in the environment. Numerous studies show that BPS disrupts the reproductive, nervous, and cardiovascular systems and could have an impact on thyroid hormones. The study aimed to analyze the effects of a 10-week exposition of BPS and BPA on lipid markers, morphometric parameters of the rat thyroid gland, the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and the influence of BPS on urine iodine concentration. Male Wistar rats received BPS in sunflower oil daily by gavage. The control group (GI) received only the vehicle. The BPS experimental group two (GII) received 4 ug/kg/day, group three (GIII) received 50 ug/kg/day, and group four (GIV) received 100 mg BPS/kg/day. Group five (GV) received 100 mg BPA/kg/day. Groups four and five were made to compare the influence of high concentration between BPS and BPA. Results show the influence of BPS and BPA on body weight, triacylglycerols, cholesterol and total protein concentration. Morphometric changes in the size of thyroid gland follicles show a bigger influence of BPS than BPA. Results show also increasing in TSH concentrations in all groups with bisphenols up to physiology standards of Wistar rats (GI 3.14 ± 1.28 ng/ml, GII 5.12 ± 1.16 ng/ml, GIII 5.55 ± 2.39 ng/ml, GIV 5.56 ± 1.98 ng/ml, GV 4.47 ± 1.09 ng/ml) and influence of BPA and BPS on higher iodine concentrations in urine.

Abstract Lung cancer is one of the most dangerous malignant tumors affecting human health. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of lung cancer. Both glycolytic and cholesterogenic pathways play critical roles in metabolic adaptation to cancer. A dataset of 585 LUAD samples was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. We obtained co-expressed glycolysis and cholesterogenesis genes by selecting and clustering genes from Molecular Signatures Database v7.5. We compared the prognosis of different subtypes and identified differentially expressed genes between subtypes. Predictive outcome events were modeled using machine learning, and the top 9 most important prognostic genes were selected by Shapley additive explanation analysis. A risk score model was built based on multivariate Cox analysis. LUAD patients were categorized into four metabolic subgroups: cholesterogenic, glycolytic, quiescent, and mixed. The worst prognosis was the mixed subtype. The prognostic model had great predictive performance in the test set. Patients with LUAD were effectively typed by glycolytic and cholesterogenic genes and were identified as having the worst prognosis in the glycolytic and cholesterogenic enriched gene groups. The prognostic model can provide an essential basis for clinicians to predict clinical outcomes for patients. The model was robust on the training and test datasets and had a great predictive performance.

Abstract Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) poses a substantial risk of cardiovascular diseases. The recent approval of evinacumab signifies a breakthrough in FH management. This review synthesizes evidence from diverse clinical trials, examining evinacumab’s efficacy, safety, and broader impact on hypercholesterolemia. Body As highlighted by multiple trials, Evinacumab demonstrates robust efficacy in reducing LDL-C levels, particularly in refractory cases. Its sustained impact, evidenced by enduring reductions in LDL-C levels throughout extended treatment periods, positions it as a potential long-term solution. While the safety profile appears favorable, instances of deaths underline the importance of holistic clinical management and ongoing surveillance. The clinical implications are profound, suggesting evinacumab’s potential inclusion in guidelines for managing severe lipid disorders. Conclusion Future research directions emphasize inclusivity, diversity, and real-world applications to establish sustained efficacy and safety across diverse populations. Integrating evinacumab into clinical guidelines requires evidence-based recommendations, necessitating collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and guideline developers.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) has long been regarded as a protective factor against cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, recent research challenges this notion, suggesting that HDL functionality rather than its quantity may be a more accurate predictor of CVD risk. While epidemiological studies have traditionally found that higher HDL levels are associated with reduced CVD risk, intervention trials aiming to elevate HDL levels have yielded inconsistent results. Moreover, observational studies have reported that unusually high HDL levels are associated with increased mortality rates. These discrepancies underscore the complexity of the role of HDL in CVD. Reverse cholesterol transport, facilitated by HDL, plays a crucial role in preventing atherosclerosis by removing cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Additionally, HDL exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting endothelial adhesion molecules and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of HDL particle number, size, and functionality in assessing CVD risk. For instance, increased HDL particle number and larger particle size have been associated with reduced CVD risk, independent of HDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore, HDL’s cholesterol efflux capacity has emerged as a promising biomarker for predicting CVD risk, with higher efflux capacity correlating with lower CVD incidence and mortality. This article reviews the latest findings regarding the role of HDL in CVD risk assessment, emphasizing the need to focus on HDL quantity and HDL quality.