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This paper examines Portuguese literary texts in which fire is explicitly included in the narrative. These texts include descriptions of various occurrences and uses of fire and their intertwined social and ecological effects. They shed light on the origins, actors, practices, and impacts of fire, and they reveal past perceptions of fire, namely the role fire played in social processes and in the making of landscapes. It becomes evident that in literary texts, fire is not merely a physical element but also a powerful symbolic force of life, death, and transformation. Furthermore, the literary landscapes of different regions describe fire in distinct ways, reflecting particular geographical, social, and political contexts.

Religious sites are a significant embodiment of a nation’s faith and culture, with their spatial distribution resulting from the interplay of sociocultural, historical, and environmental factors. Preserving religious heritage aids in the transmission of ethnic culture and promotes the development of cultural diversity. This study employs kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of religious sites in the Yangtze River Delta. Additionally, it utilizes the XGBoostSHAP machine learning model to investigate the importance of the driving factors, and combines this with spatial econometric models for validation. The results reveal that: (1) Religious sites in the Yangtze River Delta exhibit significant clustering with an irregular distribution. Coastal areas have a high density, forming a beltlike distribution centered around Wenzhou and Taizhou, while inland areas are sparse, creating an edge effect; (2) The spatial distribution of religious sites is primarily influenced by social and historical cultural factors, with minimal impact from natural factors. Policy support and public transportation have the greatest influence, while ethnic culture also play important roles; (3) Among natural factors, Higher slope values and NDVI, along with lower elevation, are conducive to the clustering of religious sites. although developed water systems may pose disaster risks. Social factors such as policy protection, transportation accessibility, economic development level, and moderate population density are crucial. Historical and cultural factors, including ethnic religious cultural heritage and tourism, are also significant. This study is of great importance for formulating reasonable strategies for the protection and sustainable development of religious cultural heritage in the context of rapid urbanization.

Applying transnational/global Wests methodologies, this article is predicated on an admittedly polemic claim: the American West can be found on many (if not all) foreign shores. This article showcases the pedagogies employed in teaching graduate-level cultural studies seminars on the American West in a Norwegian context. American studies students were tasked with locating and retrieving traces/echoes/spores of the American West in their proverbial backyards. They conducted cultural geography fieldwork with a view to generating generation-specific content in the form of short video reels. The resultant documentary archive gestures at rather clear patterns. For example, the students’ findings included but were not limited to country-specific (re)imaginings of the mythic West in different media, heterotopic spaces of performance, play, consumption and the hyperreal, instances of ‘playing Indian,’ iconographic scatterings, cowboy/Western poetics in music, and more. Ultimately, this article illustrates how that which we study from afar may be found in more local(ized) Norwegian contexts, imaginaries, and cultural practices.

Over the past century, the history of Romanian literature has been dominated by nationalist approaches, necessary for the consolidation of a stable cultural identity. However, the concept of cultural identity involves changing and migratory components as well, many related to its links with other cultural identities, each of them with its own literature. This book review provides insights into the scholarly significance of Dicționarul romanului central-european din secolul XX [The Dictionary of Central European Novel in the 20th Century] coordinated by Adriana Babeți and edited by Oana Fotache, understood as a project that maps a transnational literary phenomenon. The study is examined for its uniqueness, specific linguistic diversity and multicultural scope: 250 entries about works initially published in one of the fourteen languages spoken in the region, including French and English as international languages, either part of the canon or more marginal and less known. Other reasons include its adequate combination of analysis and synthesis; the extensive team research carried out over three decades; and its socio-political relevance nowadays. The review highlights the historical, cultural, and academic contexts in which the dictionary was published, the avatars of the concept of Central Europe, several characteristics of the Central-European novel, and details about its structure, sections and features. The presentation mentions a few limitations about the availability of the titles in the languages of the region and the admitted gender imbalance and indicates several research audiences possibly interested in alternative ways of approaching novels in the context of globalization.

Michael Dear’s Border Witness: Reimagining the US-Mexico Borderlands through Film offers a profound engagement with a phenomenon he calls the border film genre—in this case, seventy-two films (produced in a span of more than one century) and the narratives they have broadcast globally in that time. As Dear himself declares, “[t]his book is not a work of conventional film criticism or film theory” (68). Rather, it is an intriguing interdisciplinary exercise that draws from multiple subjects—film studies, ethnography, art history, cultural geography, autobiography, history, and political science—to make sense of the Mexico-US borderlands, their inhabitants, and representation. The result is a unique interpretation of the visual and narrative cultural production that has shaped large-scale perceptions about this consequential and oft-mythologised territory. Delivering, in Dear’s own words, “an unabashedly idiosyncratic and opinionated report based in four decades of experience, research, writing, and activism along the southern border”, he places narrative tropes articulated via film production at the centre of this construction (8). Remarkably, Dear has included both US and Mexican productions as his object of study—a perspective few scholars have tackled—to offer multi-focal analyses of border life from both sides of the line.

The paper focuses on the representation of Russian cultural geography in the poetry collection “The Great Checkpoint” by the method of thematic modeling, which combines poems by poets from different regions dedicated to the war in Donbass 2014–2022. Thematic modeling presents a topic as a set of keywords expressing it. The topic of Russia as a geographical reality was chosen for the study. The names of geographical objects have been selected as keywords, which according to the theory of cultural landscape, represent a text as a system of signs referring to the meanings of culture. The landscape acts as a textual message of culture to itself, overcoming gaps and preserving images in cultural memory. The principle of the collection formation is chronological. Each year of the war is represented by a special section, and the poems of the same poets can be included in different sections. The whole book acts as a single collection of texts, which was searched. An analysis of the occurrence of geographical names in the collection of texts shows that the book reveals the topic of the borders of Russia, presents many topographical objects of its European part, with one exception Siberia is not involved, two seas – the Black and the Baltic ‒ are widely reflected, Moscow is very little represented as opposed to the frequently appearing St. Petersburg. Russia is represented in the semantic space as the Third Rome, the Country of the Soviets and the Empire. Ukraine and Donbass have not been analyzed separately, but it can be indicated beforehand that such topos as Odessa and Kiev stand out on the territory of Ukraine, and in Kiev – Maidan and Babi Yar, as symbols of the current military confrontation; from the Donbass cities, the book presents cities such as Donetsk, Lugansk, Mariupol, Lisichansk. The perspectives of the future research are outlined in the conclusion: religion in the collection, Russian culture and literature in the book, as well as foreign cultural geography.

Current research on the formation of inner spatial culture and art of ancestral halls in Lingnan, China, reveals discontinuities in historical and spatial dimensions of plurality, locality, and culture. These traits are influenced to some extent by the interaction of broad political settings and micro-geographical elements, and their relevance to the cultural transformation of Lingnan ancestral halls remains blurred. With the aid of text mining algorithms, this paper analyzes the factors influencing the interior spatial characteristics of Lingnan ancestral halls from the perspective of cultural geography. It then deciphers the logic of cultural formation behind those spatial characteristics through the dimension of “time-space-geography,” offering new insights for the study of the cultural heritage value of ancestral halls. The research process shows that: 1) the number of space widths and depths in Lingnan ancestral halls is typically in the singular system; 2) the size of the construction of Lingnan ancestral halls has decreased through time; 3) the number of space widths and depths in Lingnan ancient halls did not exhibit a wholly positive link with their dimension. The study concludes that the main developmental lineage in the construction of the Lingnan ancestral halls culture is the economic and cultural push directed by political influence. The functional adjustments made to ancestral halls somewhat mirror those made to the clan genealogy and cemetery ritual systems, but they are not set; rather, they evolve as the state’s politics and the economy alter.

The aim of this essay is a philosophical reconstruction of the category of Eastern Europe (as topographical and ethical, and only by implication a geographical one). This will proceed in three steps. First, deconstruction of the category in question by exposing its colonialist and post-colonialist origins. Second, projection of a new cultural geography of Eastern Europe. The main criteria of which are: 1) belonging to the European community of values, 2) being directly and permanently exposed to a paradoxical cultural formation, neither European nor Asian, which poses a constant threat to all neighboring states and nations – Russia. In the third step, Eastern Europe is presented as a specifically determined way of living, experiencing, and self-understanding, localized in particular space(s); that is, a particular ethos rooted in a concrete topos/topoi. This ethos has been driven by the ideals of freedom, equality, cultural diversity, and the sovereignty of the people; and actualized in a kind of cultural flexibility, hybridity, and polyphony. However, this ethos has never been something given. It has been gradually developing throughout its dramatic history, and this was not only a history of those sublime ideals (and their partial actualization), but also of their real and brutal negation. That is why this ethos is grounded in a constantly renewed activity of self-questioning and self-searching, in a persistently recurrent will of self-determination; and that is also why Eastern Europe cannot be enclosed in a single narrative, but it expresses itself through different and often competing stories.

This article presents cartographic teaching materials used in two different periods: the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the 2020s. During the first period examined, the works of Blaž Kocen (also Blasius Kozenn) laid the foundations of school cartography in the Habsburg Monarchy. The most highly valued among them in central Europe were his atlases, which have the longest tradition of publishing in the world. In the second period, technological development and the COVID-19 pandemic laid the foundations for a faster transition to digital approaches to teaching. This article examines the use of maps, atlases, and textbooks by Slovenian geography teachers to determine whether modern (digital) teaching materials have replaced or will replace the traditional (paper) ones. It was established that the use of printed cartographic materials continues to predominate in geography teaching, which indirectly preserves the importance of Kocen’s pioneering and visionary work.

As a consequence of the cultural turn, the cultural approach focused on the spatial processes in which culture is involved. Hence a widening and deepening of cultural geography. (i) Culture is partly shaped by the modes of transmission responsible for its passing down from one generation to the next. They stress more or less know-hows and knowledge (i.e. intelligence) and emotivity and imagination (i.e. imaginaries). (ii) Culture is equally shaped by the debates and opinions it induces, the genesis of identities, the dynamics of imitation or distinction and the process and conflicts of civilization or decline they initiate. (iii) Culture is combined with other processes when it deals with matter or life, produces artefacts, deals with nature, is applied to the human body, analyses the role of senses and shapes the landscape. (iv) It contributes to transform social life into a show and its setting into a stage. In its present form, cultural geography completes by a socio-cultural approach the older

There is widespread scientific and cultural evidence that Earth’s planetary boundaries are being exceeded in irreparable ways due to unsustainable behavior in the Global North’s resource-hungry nations in particular, but responsiveness to the climate crisis is still lagging in many parts of the world. It has become clear that significant numbers of people have limited engagement with ecological risks accumulating on a scale much bigger than the micro-level human actions causing them, such as the day-to-day build-up of industrial pollutants including nitrogen dioxide. How best to go about galvanizing socially just degrowth in the face of barriers to individual commitment that range from a sense of powerlessness to disinterest in futures-thinking? Given the extent to which a preoccupation with wellbeing spans walks of life across the globe, it is worth considering the motivational power of understanding ecological dangers in terms of the potential for personal harm. With that end in mind, this article fleshes out an artistically and emotionally oriented approach to the totalizing extractivism of the Anthropocene as a source of public health problems, not least the COVID-19 pandemic.

This article builds on insights from both critical heritage studies and Indian Ocean studies to argue that there is a need to delve deeply into how, by whom, and why heritage is practiced. Empirically, the practice of afternoon tea in Penang (Malaysia) provides insights into habits, manners, and customs in order to explore heritage as a social practice. Drawing on ethnographic field research on the island of Penang in Malaysia, this article demonstrates how the multiple forms, as well as the changing production, practice, and preservation, of local cultural heritage are used to strategically and situationally create identities in dependence of the “other” and in response to a national heritage narrative. In contrast to what is nowadays often considered a colonial vestige, I maintain that these cultural heritage elements are not foreign but part of specific local cultural heritages.

The studies on Polish francophone literature put an emphasis on a selected group of authors (Potocki, Mickiewicz, Krasiński) and on some literary genres (diary and travelogue). The aim of this paper is to study the work of a lesser-known feminine writer, Anna Nakwaska, member of cosmopolitan literary milieu and author of several short stories and novels, written in French. Applying selected concepts of spatial literary studies, the first part of the article proposes to perceive the publishing strategies of Nakwaska as a tool for introducing Polish feminine literature in a broader European context. In the second place, the study of some Nakwaska’s short stories show her interest for a literary presentation of several geographical problems, including demography (put in the context of antisemitism) and regional ecology. The use of Polish toponymy brings a foreignization of the francophone fiction.

This article focuses on the large number of existing defense-dwellings built in the Ming and Qing dynasties with distinct regional characteristics in Fujian, and explores the relationship between major conflicts and defense-dwellings. A four-year field survey involving 459 historic villages was conducted. ArcGis was used to superimpose the high-resolution satellite map of Fujian with the borders of towns to classify defense-dwellings and establish the attribute database. By comparing the spatial types and their provincial distribution characteristics, and analyzing them with the conflicts in Fujian history, this paper presents a unique relationship between the unity and diversity of space forms and how they changed or were maintained. The results show: 1. Major military conflicts had a profound and lasting impact on the spatial pattern, residential form, and daily life of historic villages in Fujian; 2. The time and space difference of regional conflicts makes defense-dwellings present a distribution state of different types of central gathering and edge transition; 3. Persistent conflict for limited resources between clan groups made defense-dwellings remain vital, finally forming a typical “architectural atlas”. The results of this study are helpful in understanding the systematic view of morphological changes of historic villages in a highly conflicting social environment.

Literary renditions of cities have always gravitated towards the spatial imagination and its ethical counterpart outside the textual space. This paper explores the multicultural geography of the North Indian city Allahabad (recently renamed Prayagraj) observed through Neelum Saran Gour’s postcolonial narratives Allahabad Aria and Invisible Ink, projecting the narrative alignment of spatial aesthetics and cultural ethics. Interrogating the spatial dimensions of a “narrative world” within narrative theory (Ryan) and its interdisciplinary crossover with cultural geography (Sauer; Mitchell; Anderson et al.), the article seeks to examine Gour’s literary city not simply as an objective homogeneous representation, but as a “kshetra” of spatio-cultural cosmos of lived traditions, memories, experiences and collective attitudes of its people, in the context of E. V. Ramakrishnan’s theoretical reflections. The article proposes new possibilities of adapting the Indian concept “kshetra” to spatial literary studies; its aim is also to suggest a new source of knowledge about the city of Allahabad through a community introspection of “doing culture” in the texts, bringing into view people’s shared experiences, beliefs, religious practices and traditions as offshoots of the postcolonial ethos. The article aims to re-contextualize the city’s longstanding multicultural ethics in the contemporary times of crisis, which may affect a shift in the city’s relevance: from regional concern to large-scale significance within ethnically diverse South Asian countries and beyond.

The globalization of capital is the product of the social division of labor and the development of social productive forces. It is also the worldwide expansion of the capitalist mode, and its relations, of production. Trans-local catering brand management is a process of brand remodeling; its general strategy is to re-establish its brand identity, which is unique and different from its competitors', such that the production capital can help establish a new brand image in other countries. Simultaneously, the catering needs of Chinese residents are now different and complex, which meets the self-appreciation needs of foreign capital to a certain extent. Western chain enterprises have become the forerunners of global cultural input, having achieved different degrees of brand remodeling in China in the process of globalization and local cooperation. Although studies have preliminarily explored the phenomenon of trans-local food brand remodeling, it is worth verifying and discussing whether the existing theoretical models are universal and have sufficient explanatory power in the context of the ever-changing international situation and domestic consumption environment. Moreover, few studies discuss brand remodeling from the perspective of the simultaneous effects of two cultures, such as the cultural factors of the home country and the trans-local and post-local cultural factors. Therefore, based on the background of the "spatial turn" and the "cultural turn" this study reflects on the reality of contemporary consumption, empirically analyzes the theoretical path of trans-local catering brand remodeling, and establishes a structural equation model with the culture of brand origin and local consumption culture as the pre-factors of brand equity, to verify the influencing factors and mechanism of trans-local catering brand remodeling. The study finds that the continuous improvement in brand equity contributes to the process of trans-local brand remodeling. The image of origin has a direct and significant positive impact on brand awareness, brand loyalty, and perceived quality. Local consumption culture only affects brand awareness, but has no direct influence on perceived quality or brand loyalty. However, local consumption culture can affect perceived quality and brand loyalty through brand awareness, which then influence purchase intention. Local consumption culture provides the necessary cultural, historical, and political basis for understanding brand meaning in various situations. However, with the development of the economy and the establishment of cultural self-confidence, Chinese people's consumption concept is more rational and pragmatic. Thus, brand reconstruction must be based on the promotion of brand equity. It is not sufficient to have the advantage of brand awareness. Perceived quality is an important intermediary to brand loyalty, which is the only way to develop purchase intention. Although the "halo" effect of the image of origin still exists, good brand quality perception is another important factor influencing customers' brand loyalty and purchase intention. Food quality is the primary factor in the survival of the catering industry, and trans-local catering brands should focus more on the customer recognition of the products themselves. The extent to which the current food experience can directly meet customers' expectations will determine whether customers are willing to pay for the brand continuously. In summary, this study discusses two kinds of cultural and geographical factors, namely the origin effect and local consumption culture, verifies and expands the existing trans-local restaurant brand remodeling model, and verifies the new path hypothesis. It enriches the case study objects and explores the contextualized differences of the theory, thus providing a new case practice for contemporary catering geographical and cultural consumption.

Society is a whole formed by individuals with their biological, cultural, imaginary and intellectual beings. Therefore, the formation of societies, especially healthy societies, is closely related to the physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual development of individuals. Many components from science to technology, from sports to politics, from literature to art have an impact on this development of individuals. Music is also a branch of art that comes to life at any time and everywhere in daily life, and also has an important effect on the development of individuals and therefore societies as a means of life tool. It is possible to see the unifying and integrating effect of music everywhere, from small communities to national states to multinational cultures and corporations. The fact that music appeals not only to the ear but also to the mind, heart and soul increases the effect of music on individuals and societies. Considering how actively music is used in marketing any product, person or idea, it will be clearly seen how important music is in terms of economy, society and politics. Since every subject that affects people can be associated with space and geography, it is inevitable for the geographer to be interested in music as a research area. While the scope of music geography is handled in the perspective of phenomenological approach in this study, the place and importance of music geography is explained in the context of studies on music geography.

The purpose of the present study is to review the requirements of ethnic policymaking and management in order to achieve national integrity and enhance the efficiency of the Islamic Republic of Iran with respect to the existing structures and factors. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and it aims to find an answer to this main question: What are the most important requirements of ethnic policymaking in Iran with regard to its centralized unitary structure of government? The results show that it is through considering the requirements of policymaking in terms of optimal management of the realm of the country and its inhabitants that the best method for implementing policies can be selected. This issue can ultimately lead to using the potentials of natural and human geography that guarantee national security and achievement of national goals. Furthermore, having a systematic approach, paying attention to the cultural geography of the country, and balanced development are among some other requirements of ethnic policymaking. Considering these needs and paying attention to the influential components in management of ethnic varieties have a positive impact on the efficiency of the Islamic republic of Iran and display its practical effectiveness in performing its duties toward the citizens' expectations.

The rise in the 1970s of Cultural Geography saw the emergence of important contributions such as the geography of color, the geography of music (Claire Guiu), the geography of cinema and the geography of literature (Michel Collot). This article is to some extent in line with two of these currents which are at the crossroads of knowledge from music and literature with what is commonly called "geographical knowledge" (Orlando Ribeiro). In this way, we propose to build a "territorialized and literary course" based on the repertoire of songs by Georges Brassens. An itinerary where knowledge and insights both from literary and geographical studies intersect and overlap, where the words and music of Brassens ensure the necessary point of intersection which gives a broader meaning to the work that we propose to develop.

The article analyses the model of the cultural space underlying the image of Galicia in the novel The End of Days by Jenny Erpenbeck. The research is focused on the intertextual elements used to create this image, their functions and the range of their interactions with the concept of the frontier. The myth of Galicia, the works of Karl Emil Franzos, Joseph Roth, Johann Wolfgang Goethe as well as Old Testament stories and psalms are considered as the main sources of intertextuality. Based on the analysis it can be inferred that the novel uses the intertextual elements not only for the wide cultural contextualization of the image of Galicia but also for the subversion of both the myth of Galicia and the literary pretexts from which these elements are borrowed.

Europe and the United States are very different as far as the significance of religion is concerned, both in the private and the public sphere. Whereas autochthon Europe is secularising to a great extent and any growth of religiousness is mainly a matter of immigrants, the United States is the scene of a vivid market of numerous churches, congregations and sects culminating in a high rate of people that belong to a church or religious community and that believe in God. The aim of this paper is to explain this gap between Europe and the United States on the basis of social science theory and theoretical insights derived from (historical) political and cultural geography. It is argued that a different kind of historical political territorialisation (from below in the US versus from above in Europe) in combination with culturally selective settlement (US) is at the centre of the explanation. Sekularizace a nárůst významu náboženství přistěhovalců: případ Nizozemska Pro celosvětový vývoj je charakteristický nárůst významu religií (Berger et al. 1999; Norris & Inglehart 2004), ale v rámci Evropy se jedná spíše o výjimku. Žádný jiný světadíl není v současné době v takovém pokročilém stavu sekularizace a přitom právě Evropa vybudovala v minulosti mnoho nádherných náboženských staveb (katedrály, kostely atd.) a je odpovědná také za rozšíření křesťanství do celého světa. V rámci Evropy patří Nizozemsko k nejvíce sekularizovaným státům. Podle současných výzkumů 61–66 % obyvatel Nizozemska se nehlásí k žádné církvi nebo náboženské komunitě a pouze 16 procent obyvatel navštěvuje církve k pravidelným modlitbám (např. Bernts et al. 2007). Křesťané se stali menšinou s podílem méně než jedné třetiny obyvatel a k tomu ještě okolo 6–7 procent populace se hlásí k nekřesťanským náboženstvím (islám, hinduismus, buddhismus a judaismus). Cílem studie bylo analyzovat dvě kontrastní tendence. Za prvé stanovit přehled současného vývoje procesu sekularizace včetně vybraných metodologických reflexí a za druhé popsat nárůst významu nových náboženských komunit v Nizozemsku se zvláštním zřetelem na islám. Jako modelové území přitom posloužilo město Amsterdam.

This study has endeavour to the rethinking of the transformations of culture-based entrepreneurships within Turkey’s creative industries ecosystems. In the present study which is mainly based on “creative diffusions” and “cultural economic geography” theories; the culture-based entrepreneurships have almost been addresses the transformation process of knowledge based societies in Turkey. In the very close history of capitalism, culture-based entrepreneurship has emerged more than the meaning of solely commercial entrepreneurships, in this sense, this study aims to address an important component of Turkey’s innovation network, Ankara, Istanbul and Izmir where the cities represent different sections of Turkey’s creative ecosystem, has been chosen as the extent of the investigation. Istanbul, as well as being the European Capital in 2010, the UNESCO creative cities to take part in the design of the city’s network of Ankara, Turkey’s capital is in addition to the information technology field of creative urban transformation plan in Izmir with stand in for the selection of the city said provided an important justification. In the study, on the other hand, the entrepreneurship policies of UNESCO and the European Union in creative industries are evaluated through comparative policy analysis. At the end of the present study, a series of alternative governance models have offers for Turkey.

The discourse of economic development through culture and its applications have increasingly received more attention in geographic academia. However, there has been little insight into how the breakthroughs and paradigms of more successful experiments could be sensitively and carefully used for the benefit of less experienced areas. This paper presents an attempt to rectify this, by proposing the use of tangible data from the United States, a country with extensive experience in cultural development and governance. It presents a piece of that research, in the form of a trial methodology for assessing significant clusters of cultural development and identifying their causes. After briefly overviewing the development of the theory of cultural development and defining some basic terms –artists and their definition for quantitative research, (creative) clusters, and creative cities–, a methodology will be proposed and showcased. It will depend on exploratory spatial analysis and the concept of the “artistic dividend”, a method of more directly measuring artists’ contributions to their local economies by counting their numbers and aggregating their income. Data will be taken from the American Community Survey for its thematic and spatial detail, with visual artists being used as an example category. The decennial evolution of clusters will also be inspected and displayed. Finally, the methodology’s further applications, possible evolutions (use of further literature review and regression methods for discovering factors), and distilled focus (improvements by qualitative methods) will be assessed, for its implementation in the final thesis.

In this essay, we theorize the differences and similarities between rhetorical and cultural geographic approaches to the study of one example of a memory place: museums. We use two major museum research studies to illustrate the findings. We argue that the relationship between memory and place render one major difference between these approaches: vertical versus horizontal readings. We refer to reading as the range of practices employed when studying places. Vertical reading comes mainly from the rhetoricians’ emphasis on hierarchy of meaning and horizontal reading comes mainly from geographers’ emphasis on representation and flexibility. Despite these differences, the disciplines share important similarities with respect to conceptualization and approach; both maintain that places are selective, contextual, and constitutive of identity. Studying museums as places requires both approaches, as we must attend to both how places are made (geographical) and what they do (rhetorical).

As a consequence of the cultural turn, the cultural approach focused on the spatial processes in which culture is involved. Hence a widening and deepening of cultural geography. (i) Culture is partly shaped by the modes of transmission responsible for its passing down from one generation to the next. They stress more or less know-hows and knowledge (i.e. intelligence) and emotivity and imagination (i.e. imaginaries). (ii) Culture is equally shaped by the debates and opinions it induces, the genesis of identities, the dynamics of imitation or distinction and the process and conflicts of civilization or decline they initiate. (iii) Culture is combined with other processes when it deals with matter or life, produces artefacts, deals with nature, is applied to the human body, analyses the role of senses and shapes the landscape. (iv) It contributes to transform social life into a show and its setting into a stage.In its present form, cultural geography completes by a socio-cultural approach the older

Cartographic analysis of ethnolinquistic deterritorialization process of native peoples in the east of Abya Yala, and the consequent territorialization of invading European peoples. The accelerated decrease in the linquistic diversity of the planet is remarkable in globalization. This started in the Americas, from the end of the 15th century, with European invasions. Upon cartographic and anthropogeographic analyzes, we seek to understand what was the geographic distribution of ethnolinguistic areas, through which it is possible to point out proposals for ethnolinguistic territories and regions in the Southeast and East of Brazil, in the first two centuries of Euro-Western invasion. This text presents a proposal for mapping these spaces from qualitative sources that have never been mapped. In this way, it is possible to observe the places from which its disfigurement started. The conclusions are that there were several portions of this space that could be considered ethnolinguistic hotspots, but that were eliminated through the process of territorial disorganization that started in the 16th century. This strengthened what is now identified as globalization.

In this paper, we report on a project implemented in July and August 2019, in Babeş-Bolyai University, in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, entitled “Digital Cluj-Napoca: Enabling Learning and Research by Integrating the Most Recent Trends for Knowingand Using Urban Areas”. This project aimed at developing university students’ competences to explore and represent urban space and was developed within an internal fellowship. The main objective of the project was to create an open source digital product for didactic purposes, available online and meant to enable the ntegration of the theory of representations. This product is a website integrating an interactive map for Cluj-Napoca (https://a60194.wixsite.com/digitalcluj), focusing on the industrial sites within the city. The digital product targeted to enable users’ correct learning of the concept of representation, developing their critical thinking and competences necessary for territorial analyses. The research material of this paper is represented by the written feedback given by the members of the Digital Cluj Team. Their feedback concerned their research process. A general conclusion is that the project reached its aim as (at a first feedback) it is considered efficient from a research and didactic perspective.

En 1966, Rodolfo Walsh viaja al Litoral y escribe una serie de notas para la revista Panorama. Fernando Birri, en 1960, realiza en Santa Fe su documental Tire dié. Según algunos datos, se conjetura que Juan L. Ortiz escribió El Gualeguay durante la década del 60. En estas discursividades literarias y visuales se configuran narrativas e imágenes no solamente del presente de su realización, sino también del pasado y, en gran medida, de lo que devendrá en la región del litoral argentino a partir del registro de una modernidad desigual. Por eso, nos preguntamos: ¿qué tensiones tejen y arrojan entre la modernidad desigual y las formas de exclusión?, ¿de qué modo estas narrativas –documental, poética y periodística– conforman un archivo donde lo estético y lo político no dejan de inscribirse entre sí? Estos son algunos puntos de partida para explorar y poner en relación una visualidad y narratividad de la región, bajo los regímenes de discursividad del archivo de los 60 y desde el enfoque amplio de la geografía cultural. / In 1966, Rodolfo Walsh travels to the Litoral and writes a series of notes for the magazine Panorama. Fernando Birri performs his documentary Tire die in Santa Fe, in 1960. According to some data, Juan L. Ortiz was supposed to write El Gualeguay during the 60 ́s. In this literary and visual discourse, narratives and images are set up, not only from the present of their realization, but also from the past, and to a large extent, of what will become in the Argentinian Litoral, from the record of an unequal modernity. This is why we ask ourselves: which tensions are related between the unequal modernity and the different forms of exclusion? In which way these narratives –documentary, poetic and journalistic– form an archive where the aesthetic and the political are related? These are some of the starting points for exploring and relating a visuality and narrative of the region, following the discursive regimes of the 60s archive and from the perspective of the cultural geography.

A society's eating habits express more than its urgent needs. Being a gastronomy of a people that reflects a culture, it is considered that every culture also manifests itself somewhere, making it possible to establish relationships between cultures, countries and cities, their populations and typical foods. In this sense, it is considered possible to build a so-called food identity in relation to a specific environment. The present work aims to outline, from aphenomenological point of view, the construction of food identity for the inhabitant of the city of Manaus

The present article introduces a Master’s research that aimed at identifying the most recurrent terms in Cultural Geography, a branch of Geography that analyses human-spatial-social realities through culture and which is the focus of studies both in Brazil and in France. Based on the Communicative Theory of Terminology, this study is a linguistic work that uses as corpus the textual content of a C.G. journal. The data were collected from a sample of this corpus, using textual analysis software. In order to identify the spatial issue of this approach as contrasted with other geographic approaches, a domain tree and a preliminary concept map of Cultural Geography were made from the analysis of selected terms.

This text deals with the depiction of Vilnius in the work of Mieczysław Limanowski, geologist, co-founder of the Reduta Theatre Company, art and theatre critic, and professor at the Stefan Batory University. The author, drawing on the work of specialists from various fields, presents a semiotics of Vilnius in Limanowski’s writing. In his depiction of the city and the larger region, reflections on nature and culture and interwoven, and thus his work is an outstanding early example of modern cultural geography. In his vision of Lithuania and Vilnius we can identify such interdisciplinary traits as the motive of the road and the theme of transcendence, along with spirituality recorded in the cultural code of the city. In Limanowski’s writing on Vilnius his reflections on the Gates of Dawn and on the Church of Saint Nicolas are particularly noteworthy.

The lake area, where leisure practices interact with the physical environment that supports them, allows to clarify the role of tourism in the landscape configuration. From the case of Lac d’Aiguebelette (French Alps), this article proposes a geographic analysis of the lake landscape that articulates its physical and environmental dimensions with the practices and representations associated with the experience of places through the prism of tourism. Three results emerge from this study: first, we established a zoning of the landscape influenced by the lake based on a cartography of tourism infrastructures; a spatial analysis of tourism practices is then conducted according to the proximity to the lake; finally, interested in the sensitive experience of the lake’s actors and users, we characterize the axes of representations and issues related to the lake landscape. This approach makes it possible to identify the diversity of tourism spaces, practices and experiences related to the lake environment, thus broadening the perspective of analysis of the lake landscape by articulating its societal and environmental dimensions.

The ancient practice of skin drawing and tattooing is among the oldest and most recurrent cultural phenomena in the history of peoples and human societies around the world. Since prehistoric times cultures and civilizations have used it as a means of communication to convey personal information such as social position and relations, devotion, sense of belonging and rebellion. Consequently, tattooing has undergone progressive “resemantization” to meet the cultural needs of human groups. Then tattooing met the Western world, which adopted it and reshaped its function by adapting it to its own cultural values. Tattoos were thus given a marked ‘western’ character and transformed into contemporary body art. Eventually, tattooing spread all over the Planet like many other Western cultural patterns, showing the same dynamics as even stronger globalizing processes. The present contribution aims at studying how the ancient practice of skin drawing and tattooing has now become a significative expression of occidentalization and a clear example of an increasingly globalized cultural mosaic.

Cultural Geography per se is one of the marginal sub-disciplines of Geography in India and contributed mainly by practitioners from other disciplines like Anthropology, Sociology, Cultural Studies, Architecture, etc. Due to this reason, the sub-fields of Cultural Geography did not grow in this land of rich cultural heritage and traditions. One such field is the Geography of Music. The objective of this brief editorial note is to demonstrate the potential of folk music as a source of knowing the changing trends and patterns in society, culture, and economy and their spatiality. The examples cited are mainly from the Middle Ganga Valley, a region in which Bhojpuri is the language of the common populace, in which the author is currently based.

The present study aims to bring to light about the geographer, professor and researcher Maria Augusta Mundim Vargas and her main discussions within Geography. For its elaboration was used her production, academic performance and lattes, as well as the experience and sharing of the authors about some geographical practices with Mundim Vargas. This study is a simple tribute for her that is part of the Postgraduate Program in Geography of the Federal University of Sergipe and a thought about the Geography, her trajectory and advances.

The paper analyzes geo-historical, topographical and perceptive issues of the travel diary by Carla Novellis di Coarazze (1865-?), née Dreyfus, of Hungarian origin, in China from November 1906 to January 1907 together with her husband, Italian Baron Carlo Maria Novellis di Coarazze (1855-1916), commander on board of the cruiser Marco Polo of the Italian Royal Navy. This travelogue, still unpublished, is now conserved in the Italian National Diary Archive, based in Pieve Santo Stefano (Province of Arezzo). In the framework of her Chinese stay, Carla Novellis describes mostly the quasi-colonial environment of the ‘Old Shanghai’ at the beginning of the 20th century, but also Suzhou and Guangzhou. The paper georeferences and discusses places of the above mentioned cities, quoted by Novellis in her diary.

The text brings the trajectory of Professor and Geographer Maria Geralda de Almeida through the subjective look of those who describe it. The academic alignment of his production is exposed in two intertwining parts: the first deals with the "meetings" that marked the course of his “walk”, and the second, the directions he took from his "meetings and walks”. Scholars and people are signaled as much as institutions and places with the intention of showing their geographical production and the uniqueness of their do.

Cultural landscape is a broad concept which increasingly resonates in a number of scientific disciplines and many areas of contemporary life. It is also a very complex phenomenon because of both its assemblage of physical features and its reflection of human activity and cultural values. The cultural landscape is a human establishment with specific spatial and temporal organisation and it was a principal object of study of cultural geography. The initial 1920’s approach to landscape studies focused mainly on the description of rural areas and centred on cultural products rather than processes. However, geographers changed their approach in the 1960’s and 70’s due to significant demographic, socio-cultural and economic changes. Representational cultural geography emerged in an era where landscape symbols, signs and their meanings and the processes of cultural landscape formation became important considerations. The following era then saw a dramatic change in human geography cultural direction which has promoted a greater degree of pluralism and methodology and encouraged the use of a wider range of interpretative and qualitative methods. At the beginning of the 21st century cultural geography considers not only landscape physical structure but also the roles that issues of sustainability, quality of life, ethnicity, religiosity, identity, home, sense of place, cultural diversity, power and inequality play in the landscape. This paper briefly presents views on the cultural landscape as a feature of cultural geographical research, and it especially emphasises the importance of the temporalspatial dimensions of the cultural landscape.

This study uses an areal-linguistic approach to investigate etymologies and to illustrate the geographical distribution of generic terms for ‘music’ in 263 languages from around the world. Of main interest is the issue of borrowing, wherein words spread from certain source languages that are culturally dominant in specific areas. In the present study, six source languages with generic terms for ‘music’ in six musical areas are defined. In addition to these areas, there are also languages that do not borrow, but instead keep or invent native terms for ‘music’. This shows the variation among the different degrees of positive and negative attitudes by language authorities toward internationalism and influence from certain cultural centres in the area, which are reflected in the diversity of the general terms for ‘music’.

This paper studies traditional clothes of women from a sociological viewpoint regardless of a historical viewpoint. The paper focuses on the functions of traditional clothes of women in the southern seashore of Iran. It is theoretically based on the functionalism and sociology of dress theories. The research method in terms of approach is qualitative, and the research data have been gathered through documentation and observation of different traditional clothes of women in the areas of “Boushehr”, “Hormozgan” and “Khouzestan” provinces. Based on these data, the effects of four basic factors (natural geography, cultural geography, religion and job) on the formation of different traditional clothes of women in aforementioned provinces of Iran have been described and the impact of these factors on the structural patterns and visual decorations of these clothes has been analyzed. The paper assumes that the above mentioned factors affect the design and decoration of traditional clothes of women in the southern seashore of Iran. The results show that the most important factor affecting the form, design and texture of traditional clothes of women in the southern seashore of Iran is natural geography, then religion. The effects of cultural geography and job are ranked third and fourth, respectively.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of the balla lompoa symbol Galesong in the Makassar tribe while still looking at the geographic context behind the shape of the balla lompoa house. This type of research is qualitative descriptive using an ethnographic approach with a perspective of symbolic interaction. The results of this study indicate that the symbols on balla lompoa have a meaning that is guided by the philosophy of the Makassar tribe, namely sulapa appaka (square). The form of balla lompoa Galesong Makassar tribe is also motivated by the location of the Galesong region which is the coastal area of the Makassar Strait. The meaning and value of the balla lompoa is very relevant to be used as a source of material in the Culture Geography Course, Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Makassar State University. Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan makna simbol balla lompoa di Galesong pada suku Makassar dengan tetap melihat konteks geografi yang melatarbelakangi bentuk rumah balla lompoa itu. Jenis penelitian ini deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan pendekatan etnografi dengan perspektif interaksi simbolik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa simbol pada balla lompoa memiliki makna yang berpedoman pada falsafah suku Makassar yaitu sulapa appaka (persegi empat). Bentuk balla lompoa Galesong Suku Makassar juga dilatarbelakangi oleh letak wilayah Galesong yang merupakan wilayah pesisir pantai selat Makassar. Makna dan nilai balla lompoa tersebut sangat relevan untuk dijadikan sumber materi pada matakuliah Geografi Budaya Jurusan Geografi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.

The ‘Walking Dead’ approach presented here provides a methodologically interesting lens into ancient religious agency. Inspired by theories by Andreas Reckwitz, Jörg Rüpke and others, this new praxeological methodology seeks to add historical depth to the question of the formation of religious traditions and how these are negotiated between individuals and groups in an ancient context. The claim of the Walking Dead approach is that these processes become tangible in ancient cultures by three vectors of religious agency which are looking into religious practices, transmission of text and images and the use-life of the landscape. Five case studies from (ancient) Egypt will demonstrate how the ‘Walking Dead’ approach is helpful to detect how traditions as well are shaped by these vectors and how this is visible in a site’s dynamic cultural geography.

Many scholars have been interested in grouping countries into similar clusters based on different criteria including geographic proximity, mass migrations, and ethnic social capital and religious and linguistic commonality. Clustering of societies is beneficial for many reasons and the GLOBE project method of clustering is of special importance from the intercultural management point of view. The results of the GLOBE project were based on the data collected from samples which consisted of middle managers. In this paper, we used the GLOBE project approach to clustering process because of its importance from the point of view of international business cooperation. Namely, it is well known that national culture strongly influences organizational culture and that the business performances are much better when national and organizational cultures fit well. Our cluster consists of Serbia and the Eastern European cluster without Georgia, Kazakhstan and Albania, since the rest of the Eastern European cluster has many common historical connections with Serbia including the fact that they belonged to the former Eastern Bloc (the Communist Bloc) or they were under the occupation of the Ottoman Empire during a long period.

This study gives an insight into the geographical distribution of the customary practices and the inter-cultural exchange between the societies that live in the Balkans. It focuses on finding the similarities and differences in some traditional customs of different nations practiced on St. George’s Day. By examining and comparing practices of Orthodox rural communities of Slavic origin, some representable religious and magical rituals, folklore and traditions incorporated in the festivities dedicated to Saint George in three Balkan countries — Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia are presented. The legendary image of the Saint and his characteristics contributed to the numerous and various customs and traditions connected to communal celebrations which can be clearly spotted in the defined geographical area, especially among rural communities. Within parallel existence and interrelationship between Balkan communities and intermingling of nations, the common roots and the development of similar ethnographic heritage, certain overlapping between Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia in celebrating St. George’s Day are evident.

Les recherches antérieures ont étudié les monuments et les mémoriaux comme des constructions purement esthétiques, d’une part, et comme de puissants outils servant la reproduction de l’autorité et du contrôle, d’autre part. Ce faisant, ces recherches ont, volontairement ou non, créé un fossé entre les dimensions matérielle, symbolique et politique des monuments. Certains travaux ont également mis l’emphase sur les intentions des concepteurs au détriment des interprétations des usagers des monuments, et inversement. Dans cet article, nous proposons une approche holistique pour décrire comment ces différents aspects se recoupent et se complètent dans la signification des monuments. Ce texte a plus généralement pour but de fournir les principes de base d’une approche sémiotique des monuments et des mémoriaux.

Drawing on an analysis of the Saint-Nazaire based project, Les Oides, this paper aims to address geographical and political issues related to the urban valorization of street art. It first argues that the artistic project can trigger evolutions of city users’ representations and practices without being subject to any institutional recognition. The paper then focuses on the logic of the project’s legitimization and shows that institutional valorization faces difficulties even though the project seems to be consensual. It eventually outlines the gap between street art’s ability to valorize urban space on the one hand and political choices that leads to official recognition of this potential.

The paper discusses certain aspects of musical geography as a complex field of crossing musical content and musical, geographical and social space, social practices and system communication rules. Space music as the hybrid style and genre is layered mapping psychoacoustic phenomenon, sociological and cultural-historical coordinates in shaping the musical geography. It is presented by two aspects of this mapping: sound mapping in musical producing and sound making on autors like Brian Eno, and visually mapping, developed in the context of artistic publishing in production company ECM (Edition of Contemporary Music) and its founder Manfred Eicher.

In this paper, we study the cultural geography of the Veneto Region on the basis of a pseudo-diffusion approach to the analysis of the inherent semantic spatial data. We find somewhat surprising results, and, in particular, that Venice, indisputably the Region’s cultural hub in terms of concentration of activities and facilities, global visibility and attraction of resources, plays a marginal role in determining the momentum of cultural initiative at the regional level as of 2007 data. The areas with the greater momentum are relatively marginal ones but characterized by a strong presence of design-oriented companies that are actively engaging in culture-driven innovation in a context of gradually horizontally-integrated clusters. Our findings call for a revision of the traditional policy approaches that identify centralities in terms of concentration of activities and facilities based on past dynamics, and to design policies accordingly. We argue in favour of a more forward-looking, evidence-based approach.