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Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes that damages the retina and is the primary cause of irreversible vision loss among young adults of working age worldwide. It is important to understand the risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, as they have been linked to the pathogenesis and progression of this microvascular disease. Aim: To assess the association of lipid profiles with the severity of DR. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 150 participants of both genders with type 2 diabetes, aged 35-80 years, attending the Retina Clinic at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Ophthalmology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, between December 2021 and December 2022. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Scale (ETDRS) was used to grade the severity of DR. Results: The mean age of diabetic patients with Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) was 53.28±8.56 years, while the mean age of those without DR was 54.35±7.79 years, with p=0.3. The mean Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) was significantly higher in patients with NPDR than in those without DR (199.76±65.47 vs. 177.69±62.75, p

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is most often a latent disease with absent or mild clinical manifestations. It is usually detected as an incidental finding when transaminase levels are elevated or imaging signs of fatty liver degeneration are detected. The definition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is based on two main principles – morphological picture of biopsy microscopy, which fully corresponds to the changes of alcoholic hepatosis and the absence of the main etiologic factor – alcohol intake in hepatotoxic doses. The epidemiological burden of hepatic steatosis associated with metabolic dysfunction is constantly increasing worldwide and in all age groups. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is not a single disease but a spectrum of conditions that range from mild steatosis to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with associated fibrosis and possible cirrhosis. High index of suspicion is required in patients with components of metabolic syndrome including diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and/or hypertension, since the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma increases exponentially in these patients. There is a strong association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD) and congestive heart failure. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Results. The article discusses pathogenesis. Understanding the progression of the disease and the specific hepatic and extrahepatic diseases associated with each stage is critical for optimal patient management. Methods for correcting disorders are discussed. One of the most studied drugs in recent decades has been ursodeoxycholic acid, which is of great interest in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in combination with cardiovascular diseases due to its pleiotropic effects.

Abstract Background Elevated lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] and fibrinogen (Fib) are important factors contributing to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Carotid plaque is a manifestation of carotid atherosclerosis, and previous studies have shown that Fib has a synergistic effect on Lp (a)-induced events. However, the effect of the combined action of Lp (a) and fibrinogen on carotid plaque has not been elucidated. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that screened a total of 3913 patients who attended the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University with confirmed diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and carotid ultrasonography during 2019–2024. General clinical information, physical examination data, and laboratory tests were collected from the patients. Based on the results of carotid ultrasonography, the patients were divided into a group with carotid plaque (1123 cases) and a group without carotid plaque (2790 cases). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis was used to explore the correlation between Lp (a) and Fib levels and carotid plaque and the interrelationship between them. Results A total of 3913 patients were included, including 2666 males and 1247 females, and the incidence of carotid plaque was 28.7%, with significant differences in Lp (a) and Fib levels between the two groups with and without carotid plaque (P

Abstract Background This study investigated the prevalence and causal relationships of chronic metabolic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) with steatotic liver disease (SLD), specifically metabolically associated alcoholic liver disease (MetALD). Methods We conducted a comprehensive analysis using cross-sectional data from the KNHANES from 2011 to 2021 and the NHANES from 1999 to 2020. Longitudinal data from 2001 to 2014 from the KoGES were used. Participants were categorized into the metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD(MASLD), MetALD, and ALD groups based on their hepatic steatosis index (HSI), including liver profiles, body composition, and diabetes, and alcohol consumption. Multivariable, including age and smoking status, logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the prevalence and incidence of chronic diseases. Results In both the KNHANES and NHANES cohorts, an increased HSI was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases. Longitudinal data from the KoGES cohort showed that MASLD and MetALD were significant predictors of chronic metabolic disease in both men and women. MetALD showed a higher hazard ratio for the development of chronic metabolic diseases than MASLD in Cox regression analysis. Conclusions This study highlighted the intertwined nature of SLD and metabolic health, with an emphasis on the role of MetALD. The significant association between MetALD and chronic metabolic diseases underscores the need for integrated management strategies that address both liver health and metabolic risk factors.

Abstract Background Thyroid diseases are the most common endocrine disorders worldwide. Thyroid hormones are essential for lipid synthesis, metabolism, and mobilization. Lipid levels in the blood may be altered when there is thyroid dysfunction. Lipid changes are linked to hyperthyroidism and primarily involve total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The serum lipid profile is negatively impacted by hypothyroidism, which may increase the risk of atherosclerotic disease development. Thus, hypothyroidism constitutes a significant cause of secondary dyslipidemia. However, the results obtained from different studies are inconsistent, and there are few data regarding lipid profiles in thyroid dysfunction patients in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the lipid profile of thyroid dysfunction patients at Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from May 1 to June 15, 2021. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 participants (100 thyroid dysfunction patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls). Socio-demographic and related data were collected from the study participants via a pretested structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Independent sample T tests and Mann‒Whitney U tests were used for data analysis. P

Abstract Background Diabetes prevalence in China is significant, with a large proportion in the prediabetes stage. Dyslipidemia is associated with abnormal glucose metabolism, and the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) shows potential in diabetes risk assessment, but its role in prediabetes progression is understudied. Methods A longitudinal study from 2011 to 2015 using CHARLS data was conducted. After exclusions, 1408 participants were included. NHHR was calculated from serum TC and HDL - C levels. Diabetes and prediabetes were defined based on standard criteria. Covariates and mediators were assessed, and statistical analyses included logistic regression and mediation analysis, and mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the involvement of BMI in the association between NHHR and the risk of prediabetes progression. Results Among the 1423 people in the cohort analysis, 339 (23.8%) were diagnosed with prediabetes progression. The median NHHR was significantly larger in the progression group (136.99 vs. 124.95, p

Abstract Background Trimester-specific reference intervals (TSRIs) for maternal lipid profiles should be determined, and the impact of dyslipidemia on adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) should be estimated. Methods Data from 25,081 pregnant women in a large Southeast Chinese cohort were collected. Serial lipid profiling was performed throughout gestation, with measurements obtained during the first, second, and third trimesters, as well as within 24 h of delivery. The truncated maximum likelihood (TML) method, the Hoffman method, and inverse modelling were employed to establish TSRIs for lipids, with TML as the primary method. The associations of dyslipidemia with APOs were investigated by logistic regressions within the setting of TSRIs for various lipids. Results The TSRIs established by the TML method were as follows: 3.36–6.06, 4.19–7.89, 4.60–8.97, and 4.41–8.79 mmol/L for total cholesterol; 0.66–2.32, 1.11–3.75, 1.49–4.77, and 1.61–6.14 mmol/L for triglycerides; 1.42–3.61, 1.94–5.13, 1.95–5.39, and 1.86–5.50 mmol/L for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 1.11–2.31, 1.30–2.75, 1.24–2.59, and 1.20–2.65 mmol/L for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 1.89–4.20, 2.59–5.85, 2.87–6.17, and 2.88–6.78 mmol/L for non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 1.04–1.96, 1.25–2.41, 1.23–2.46, and 1.25–2.47 g/L for apolipoprotein A1; 0.43–0.82, 0.63–1.17, 0.65–1.55, and 0.79–1.77 g/L for apolipoprotein B; and 0.27–0.79, 0.35–0.94, 0.39–1.11, and 0.40–1.15 for the apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A1 ratio from the first trimester to the delivery period, respectively. The results of the Hoffman and inverse modelling methods closely aligned with those of the TML method. In pregnant women, lipid levels that deviate above or below the established TSRIs are significantly associated with the occurrence of APOs. Conclusion TSRIs are recommended for the identification and management of dyslipidemia during pregnancy. Inappropriate maternal blood lipid levels are associated with an increased risk of APOs.

Abstract Lipid metabolism is a well-regulated process essential for maintaining cellular functions and energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is associated with various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes. This review explores the mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism, emphasizing the roles of key lipid species such as triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols in cellular physiology and pathophysiology. It also examines the genetic and environmental factors contributing to lipid dysregulation and the challenges of diagnosing and managing lipid-related disorders. Recent advancements in lipid-lowering therapies, including PCSK9 inhibitors, ezetimibe, bempedoic acid, and olpasiran, provide promising treatment options. However, these advancements are accompanied by challenges related to cost, accessibility, and patient adherence. The review highlights the need for personalized medicine approaches to address the interplay between genetics and environmental factors in lipid metabolism. As lipidomics and advanced diagnostic tools continue to progress, a deeper understanding of lipid-related disorders could pave the way for more effective therapeutic strategies.

Abstract Background In recent years, there has been growing awareness of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) linked to hypothyroidism. However, insufficient data exists on how levothyroxine (LT4) replacement therapy impacts MASLD. We aimed to assess the effects of LT4 treatment on dyslipidemia and MASLD in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Methods In a randomized, controlled study, 230 patients with MASLD were screened for SCH, and 182 were diagnosed with SCH. Of these, 30 had significant SCH and 152 had mild SCH. All patients with significant SCH received LT4 therapy (significant SCH-LT4), while those with mild SCH were divided into two groups: 50 received LT4 treatment (mild SCH-LT4) and 102 did not (mild SCH-control). Results Significant improvements in hepatic steatosis severity were observed in the treated groups compared with the control. After LT4 treatment, MASLD prevalence decreased to 50% (p = 0.001) in the significant SCH-LT4 group and to 60% (p = 0.025) in the mild SCH-LT4 group. In the mild SCH-control group, MASLD prevalence improved slightly but non-significantly from 100 to 75% (p = 0.164). Compared to other groups, the significant SCH-LT4 group showed greater improvements in metabolic parameters, including weight, body mass index, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C-reactive protein, emphasizing the notable impact of levothyroxine. Conclusion This study highlights that LT4 treatment can significantly improve MASLD, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation in MASLD patients with SCH, particularly in those with significant SCH. These findings support the clinical use of thyroxine for managing MASLD and dyslipidemia in SCH patients.

Abstract Background Health system disruptions since onset of the COVID-19 pandemic may have adversely impacted adherence to medications for common cardiovascular risk factors. Methods We examined adherence to and discontinuation of incident prescriptions for medications treating hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation in Ontario, Alberta, and Nova Scotia, Canada. We compared the recent period (April 1, 2020 through most recently available follow-up: September 30, 2021 for Ontario; March 31, 2021 for Alberta; and March 31, 2022 for Nova Scotia) to the baseline, pre-pandemic period (April 1, 2014 through March 31, 2019). In each province, people aged ≥66 years with a valid health number and corresponding incident prescription were included. For each medication class, adherence in the recent period, defined as ≥ 0.80 proportion-of-days-covered (PDC), was compared to the pre-pandemic period using modified Poisson regression with robust error variance, adjusted for patient characteristics. Similarly adjusted Cox proportional hazards models compared hazard of discontinuation over one year of follow-up between the two time periods. Results In the recent period, PDC ranged from 48.9% for dyslipidemia medications in Alberta to 82.2% for anticoagulants in Nova Scotia. Adherence was not different between periods, with the following exceptions: higher adherence in the recent period for antihypertensives (adjusted risk ratios [aRR] 1.08, 95% CI 1.06–1.10) and dyslipidemics (aRR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04–1.09) in Nova Scotia, and for antihyperglycemics (aRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08–1.14) and anticoagulants (1.15, 95% CI 1.12, 1.18) in Alberta. Adherence was lower in the recent period only for antihypertensives in Alberta (aRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.93, 0.97). One-year rates of discontinuation ranged from 20.9% for anticoagulants in the Alberta recent period to 56.7% for antihypertensives in the Ontario baseline period. The adjusted hazard of discontinuation was lower or unchanged in the recent period for all medication classes. Conclusions Despite significant health system disruptions since 2020, recent adherence to incident cardiovascular prescriptions was similar or better than before and rates of medication discontinuation were lower. However, interventions are still needed to improve existing, suboptimal adherence.

AIM: To determine the risk factors and time to non-arteric ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) occurrence among Thai type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: A retrospective review of 266 newly diagnosed T2DM cases at Rajavithi Hospital between 2007 and 2016 was conducted to determine time to occurrence of NAION and evaluate associated risk factors. RESULTS: Hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most common pre-existing vascular diseases and there was a significant male predominance in the NAION group. The mean age of the NAION group was significantly higher than that of the group without NAION. A higher proportion of subjects in the NAION group had hypertension, dyslipidemia, high diastolic blood pressure, smokers, and had a small cup-to-disc ratio (CDR). Higher levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the group with NAION. Fifty-five patients among 266 participants (20.68%) developed NAION during a mean follow-up time of 81.26±25.04mo. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, dyslipidemia (OR=8.36, 95%CI, 3.447–20.273, P

Highlight: • This study provides insights into the epidemiologic profile of ischemic stroke patients with dyslipidemia in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital. • The majority of patients had hypertension, the most common comorbidity with low HDL-C levels • Most patients showed moderate stroke severity and high levels of consciousness, with a majority proportion demonstrating recovery. ABSTRACT Introduction: Ischemic stroke is a major medical issue, especially in individuals with dyslipidemia, as it can elevate both the likelihood and severity of stroke incidents. This study is essential due to the rising prevalence of stroke and limited data regarding ischemic stroke patients with dyslipidemia in Indonesia. Understanding these traits is important for enhancing preventative and treatment strategies. Objective: This study intended to assess the epidemiologic profile of ischemic stroke patients with dyslipidemia in a tertiary hospital in Indonesia. Methods: This descriptive study assessed 116 medical records of ischemic stroke patients with dyslipidemia admitted to Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, from January to June 2023. The collected data encompassed demographics, comorbidities, lipid profiles, and clinical outcomes. Dyslipidemia was defined based on the PERKENI guidelines, and stroke severity was assessed using the GCS and NIHSS scales. Results: The majority of ischemic stroke patients with dyslipidemia (77.6%) had low HDL-C levels. There were 64 males and 52 females; most of them were between the ages of 56 and 65. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (64.7%), followed by diabetes (39.7%), heart disease (12.9%), and obesity (11.2%). Of 40 NIHSS-assessed patients, 26 had moderate, 8 mild, 2 moderate-to-severe, and 4 severe strokes. The majority of patients (70.7%) recovered. Conclusion:The majority of dyslipidemia-related ischemic stroke patients, aged 56 to 65, had low HDL-C levels. Hypertension was the main comorbidity, with many experiencing their first stroke. Most patients had high consciousness, moderate stroke severity, and showed improvements.

Abstract Background Obesity has been arousing a critical public health issue, and posting threats to senior population. We aimed to explore gender differences in associations between general/central obesity (body mass index/waist circumference) and hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia based on electronic health records of 3.5 million Chinese senior population over 65 years. Methods 3571189 electronic health records of Chinese senior population were collected from platform of Zhejiang provincial Basic Public Health Services Project. Sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral lifestyle, physical data, and biochemical indices were included in the research. Multivariate logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to explore associations between obesity and diseases. Results 7.7% (5.3% for male, 9.7% for female) senior population were having general obesity, and 31.8% (25.2% for male, 37.4% for female) of them had central obesity. 48.0% (46.0% for male, 49.7% for female), 14.0% (12.3% for male, 15.5% for female), and 58.9% (51.6% for male, 65.2% for female) senior population were having hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, respectively. 37.9% (29.5% for male, 45.1% for female) and 33.7% (28.1% for male, 38.5% for female) senior population were having abnormal TC and TG, respectively. General obesity and central obesity strongly and negatively associated with hypertension [OR = 2.61 (95%CI: 2.58–2.63), and 2.20 (95%CI: 2.18–2.21)], diabetes [OR = 1.33 (95%CI: 1.31–1.35), and 1.56 (95%CI: 1.54–1.57)], and dyslipidemia [OR = 1.66 (95%CI: 1.64–1.68), and 1.84 (95%CI: 1.83–1.85)] based on existing obesity standards. Male population with BMI higher than 28.7 kg/m2, 30.1 kg/m2, 22.7 kg/m2, and with WC higher than 99.0 cm, 95.9 cm, 82.1 cm, while female population with BMI higher than 26.9 kg/m2, 23.3 kg/m2, 18.1 kg/m2, and with WC higher than 92.1 cm, 83.1 cm, 65.7 cm, the ORs were over 1.0 for having hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, respectively. Conclusions Senior population were more likely to have central obesity over general obesity, and nearly half of them were having hypertension and dyslipidemia. Obesity negatively and strongly associated with chronic diseases in senior population, yet general obesity exerted more impact on hypertension, whereas central obesity exerted more impact on diabetes and dyslipidemia. Female population with obesity were in higher risk than male having hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. We recommended senior population control BMI lower than 28.7 kg/m2 and 23.3 kg/m2, as well as WC lower than 95.9 cm and 83.1 cm for male and female, respectively. Optimal BMI and WC in senior population may be around the overweight or mild obesity range. There were risks for having dyslipidemia or abnormal lipid-related indices even in senior population without obesity. TC and TG were major indicators of discovering disease and preventing senior population from dyslipidemia.

Abstract Background Despite the substantial burden of obesity in the United States (US), data on the comprehensive range of comorbidities in different age groups is limited. This study assessed the prevalence of various comorbidities among people diagnosed with obesity (as per ICD-10 diagnosis code) across age cohorts and compared how they differ from people without obesity. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed individuals from all four regions (Midwest, Northeast, South, and West) of the US who had continuous insurance coverage from 2018 to 2020, using a large health insurance claims database (Merative™ MarketScan®). Identification of disorders relied on ICD-10 diagnosis code in patient claims and their prevalence was calculated. Results Of 6,935,911 individuals, people with a diagnosis of obesity accounted for 22.0%, 33.6%, and 34.4% in the 18–39 years, 40–64 years, and ≥ 65 years age groups, respectively. Within age strata, the mean age of people with obesity was comparable with those without obesity. Comorbidity burden was significantly higher among people with obesity, but increased with age in both obesity and non-obesity groups. Comorbidities with highest prevalence in people with obesity included: (i) hypertension (18–39 years: 29.0%, 40–64 years: 66.2%, ≥ 65 years: 89.4%), (ii) dyslipidemia (18–39 years: 28.1%, 40–64 years: 65.4%, ≥ 65 years: 88.0%), (iii) depression or anxiety (18–39 years: 44.1%, 40–64 years: 39.0%, ≥ 65 years: 38.9%), and (iv) prediabetes (18–39 years: 17.1%, 40–64 years: 32.2%, ≥ 65 years: 35.3%). Notably, increased prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia began at an earlier age in people with obesity as compared with those without obesity. Ratio of prevalence between obesity and non-obesity groups was highest for the 18–39 years age group, as compared to older groups. Disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, coronary heart diseases (CHD), and chronic kidney diseases also exhibited substantial burden among those with obesity. Conclusions In this claims study, hypertension and dyslipidemia were the leading comorbidities in people with obesity, with an increasing prevalence with age. The burden of cardiometabolic comorbidities among the younger age group suggested potential risk for early onset of CHD in later life. Understanding the range of obesity-related comorbidities seen in this claims data may encourage healthcare professionals and healthcare systems to systematically diagnose and better manage these disorders. Further research using additional data sources can offer a more accurate view of the prevalence of obesity and its impact.

Abstract Background Combined effect of healthy lifestyles and obesity on cardiometabolic risks were unclear in Chinese rural adults. We aimed to assess the above-mentioned issue. Methods This study included 25,123 adults from baseline survey of Henan rural cohort study. We collected information regarding current not smoking, current not drinking, healthy diet, adequate exercise, and healthy sleep. We calculated the number of healthy lifestyle factors for each participant or used the latent class analysis to identify clustering classes of healthy lifestyle. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, blood lipid, and fasting blood glucose were measured. Logistic models were applied to assess the combined associations of healthy lifestyles and obesity with cardiometabolic risks. Results 3.8%, 45.8%, and 50.4% of all participants had 0–1, 2–3, and 4–5 healthy factors. The prevalence of obesity defined by BMI and WC was 17.1% and 38.1%, respectively. Compared with participants with obesity who met 0–1 healthy factor, those with obesity who met 4–5 healthy factors have a lower risk of hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 0.41; 95% confidence intervals [95%CI], 0.29–0.58) and dyslipidemia (OR, 0.49; 95%CI, 0.35–0.68) except hyperglycemia (OR, 0.87; 95%CI, 0.53–1.43). Irrespective of the healthy lifestyle scores, compared with participants with normal weight, those with obesity were at higher risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. We obtained similar results when using the latent class analysis or WC to define obesity. Conclusion Our findings indicated that healthy lifestyle did not entirely offset the obesity-related cardiometabolic risks although it brought some benefits.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating more refined strategies for risk assessment. Recently, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has gained attention for its distinctive role in atherosclerosis, yet its prevalence and impact for cardiovascular risk assessment are not well-documented in the Portuguese population. This study aimed to characterize Lp(a) levels in a real-world Portuguese cohort, investigating its prevalence and association with CVD risk. Methods Retrospective and cross-sectional study of adults who underwent serum Lp(a) analysis in a Portuguese hospital between August 2018 and June 2022. Demographic and anthropometric data, laboratory values, relevant comorbidities and lipid-lowering medication were collected. Results Of 1134 participants, 28.7% had elevated Lp(a) levels (> 125 nmol/L). A higher prevalence was observed in those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (45.9%) or a family history of premature CVD (41.9%). Additionally, a significant association was found between elevated Lp(a) levels and traditional CVD risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Among those classified as having low-to-moderate CVD risk by (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2) SCORE2, 55.7% exhibited high Lp(a) levels (> 75 nmol/L), suggesting a potential higher risk of CVD disease. Conclusions The prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in Portugal, notably among those with ASCVD or premature CVD history, is concerning. This study underscores the potential of Lp(a) assessment for a more comprehensive approach to cardiovascular risk assessment. This could improve the stratification of CVD risk and identify individuals who could benefit from early intensive management of their risk factors, ultimately reducing the burden of CVD and cardiovascular-related mortality.

Abstract Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that has dire outcomes, affecting the economic profile of a country. Despite the multifactorial background of the pathogenesis of this disease, the mechanism underlying peripheral neuropathy is still unclear. Endothelial damage is a new determinant of pathogenesis, with endocan as a potential biomarker for endothelial dysfunction in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients. In this cross-sectional study, with 49 patients with diabetes with peripheral neuropathy and 48 patients with diabetes without neuropathy, endothelial biomarkers such as endocan, hs-CRP, vitamin D, and lipid profiles were measured and analyzed in both groups. The standardized scores for dyslipidemia, inflammation, vitamin D and endocan were calculated. All of these biomarkers were significantly altered in peripheral neuropathy patients. A strong correlation between endocan levels and lipid profiles and between hs-CRP and vitamin D levels was detected. The inflammatory score and a combined score including all the above biomarkers might help in the early stratification of diabetic patients who are at greater risk of developing peripheral neuropathy.

Abishir Mohamud Hirsi, Awil Abdukadir Abdi, Alina Peris, Amandua Jacinto, Propser Muhammad, Ibrahim Ahmed Nur, Muktar Hassan Mohamud, Mustafa Hussein, Abdi Qaws, Mohamed Jayte Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Bushenyi, UgandaCorrespondence: Abishir Mohamud Hirsi, Email abshir.heirsi@gmail.comBackground: Dyslipidemia in Sub-Saharan Africa has been on the disproportionate rise among diabetes patients across various contextual settings due to its patterns and associated factors. This study determined the patterns and factors associated with dyslipidemia among diabetes patients attending Hoima Regional Referral Hospital (HRRH).Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at HRRH between October 2022 and January 2023, enrolled 375 adult diabetes patients consecutively from diabetic outpatient clinic. Data on socio-demographic, behavioral, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory diagnoses were collected and summarized using descriptive statistics. Patterns of dyslipidemia were presented as a proportion of each lipid profile either singly or in combination expressed as a percentage. In the bivariate analysis, variables with p-values < 0.2, crude odds ratios of ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5, or those with biological plausibility were included in a multiple logistic regression model. Factors with p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using Stata version 17.Findings: Of the 375 diabetes patients, 260 (69.3%) had abnormal total cholesterol (TC), and 185 (49.3%) had two lipid profile abnormalities. The majority of the patients were female, 235 (62.7%), and 38 (10.1%) had a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Additionally, 134 (35.7%) were overweight, and 39 (10.4%) were obese. Female patients had higher odds of dyslipidemia (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.02– 4.86, p = 0.045). Those with coronary heart disease (CHD) had increased odds of dyslipidemia (AOR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.51– 11.07, p = 0.006). All diabetes patients who were overweight or obese had dyslipidemia (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The most common pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes was elevated total cholesterol, followed by high low-density lipoprotein, associated with overweight, obesity, female gender, and CHD. Routine screening of lipid profiles, BMI, and CHD in diabetic clinics is crucial for early intervention and improved outcomes.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, coronary heart disease, risk factors, Uganda

Aim. To study the prevalence of risk factors (RFs) such as dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, high heart rate (HR), obesity, smoking, stress, anxiety, and depression among patients with a confirmed diagnosis of hypertension (HTN) and individuals with elevated office blood pressure (BP) but without a diagnosis of HTN.Material and methods. In the Ryazan region, as part of the state assignment of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (the 2nd study under the ESSE program – “Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the regions of the Russian Federation”), 1,632 people were examined, of whom those whose blood pressure did not fall below 140/90 mm Hg when measured twice were selected, (713 individuals). They were divided into 2 groups. Group A consisted of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of HTN, taking at least one antihypertensive medication (467 individuals, 62.7 % women, the median age was 52.0 years), and Group B consisted of individuals with elevated office BP but without a confirmed diagnosis of HTN and not taking antihypertensive medications (246 individuals, 41.1 % women, the median age was 44.0 years). A comparative assessment of RFs was conducted among them.Results. A high prevalence of dyslipidemia was observed in the groups without statistical difference between them at 86.1 and 83.4 %, respectively (p > 0.05). However, frequency of impaired glucose metabolism was higher in patients of Groups A than that of Group B – 40.7 and 36.5 %, respectively (p = 0.004). The median body mass index (BMI) in Group A was 30.1 (26.8–33.4) kg/m2 , which was statistically significantly higher than the median in Group B, 29.3 (25.9–32.4) kg/m2 (p = 0.013). In Groups A and B, 13.9 and 16.6 % of individuals had normal BMI, 34.7 and 41.5 % had overweight, and 51.4 and 41.9 % had obesity, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the groups in these measures. The smoking frequency was lower in Group A than in Group B, at 20.8 and 37.4 %, respectively (p < 0.001). The median HR in Group A was 73.0 (67.0–79.5) bpm and it was statistically significantly lower as compared with that of Group B –76.0 (70.0–82.0) bpm (p < 0.001), while the median of stress level (14.0 and 13.0 arbitrary units, p = 0.008), anxiety levels (6.0 and 4.5 arbitrary units, p < 0.001), and depression levels (5.0 and 4.0 arbitrary units, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients with HTN.Conclusion. A high prevalence of dyslipidemia, excess body weight/obesity, and impaired glucose metabolism was found in both groups. However, in Group A as compared with with Group B, statistically significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, HBa1c, BMI, stress, anxiety, and depression were observed, as well as a lower frequency of smoking and increased HR. The higher smoking frequency among women and the lower prevalence of anxiety and depression in the Ryazan Region population with HTN as compared with nationwide studies may indicate regional characteristics of these RFs.

The question of effective ways to treat obesity in people of different ages inevitably affects nutritional principles. Currently, intermittent fasting is of particular interest. There are several variants of intermittent fasting, the common feature of which is periodic temporary breaks in food intake. This review assessed the results of studies on the effectiveness of such a restrictive diet in patients with various pathologies.

Abstract Background High levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are previously considered protective against cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but recent studies suggest an increased risk of adverse events at very high HDL-C levels in the general population. It remains to be elucidated such a relationship in diabetes, a condition with high cardiovascular risks. We examined the association of HDL-C levels with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Methods This retrospective cohort study identified individuals with type 2 diabetes who had HDL-C records (2008–2020) from the electronic health record database of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. They were classified into three groups based on their first-recorded HDL-C levels following diabetes diagnosis: low (≤ 40 mg/dL), medium (> 40 and ≤ 80 mg/dL) and high HDL-C (> 80 mg/dL) groups. The primary outcome was incident MACE (composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality). Cox regression model and restricted cubic spline analysis were employed to assess the relationship between HDL-C and adverse outcomes. Results Among 596,943 individuals with type 2 diabetes included, 168,931 (28.30%), 412,863 (69.16%), and 15,149 (2.54%) were classified as low HDL-C, medium HDL-C, and high HDL-C groups, respectively. Over a median follow-up of 79.5 months, both low and high HDL-C groups had higher risk of incident MACE compared to the medium HDL-C group (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.23–1.26, P

Abstract Background Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome are recognized risk factors for premature atherosclerosis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome, and to explore the relationships between lipid profiles, anthropometry, and disease status in cSLE. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at a university-based tertiary referral center from April 2023-March 2024. Patients aged 10–19 years with cSLE diagnosed before 18 years and at least 1 year follow-up were enrolled, excluding those with other autoimmune disorders, chronic kidney disease, infections, receiving lipid lowering drugs prior, and pregnancy. Demographic data, metabolic laboratory tests, disease status, dietary intake, anthropometry, and body composition via bioelectric impedance analysis were evaluated. The prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome were documented. Variables were compared between patients with and without dyslipidemia. Correlations between lipid profiles, metabolic laboratory variables, and SLE disease-related variables were explored. Results A total of 132 cSLE patients (94.7% female, mean age 11.6 ± 2.6 years) were included. Dyslipidemia was present in 48.5%, hypertriglyceridemia being the most common (28.8%); metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia were present in 3.8% and 20.5%, respectively. Patients with dyslipidemia were significantly younger at cSLE diagnosis, had higher percentage of hypertension and active features of organ involvement, lower percentage of Lupus Low Disease Activity State, more use of mycophenolate mofetil and antihypertensive medications, higher uric acid level, higher waist circumference, body mass index, body mass index z-score, and fat mass (P

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Dyslipidemia is a key focus of cardiovascular therapy and is characterized by hypertriglyceridemia mainly caused by lipoprotein lipase-mediated metabolism of ApoC-III in patients with ESRD. Pemafibrate, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, can be used regardless of renal function and inhibit ApoC-III expression in the liver. Case presentation We reported the cases of four patients on hemodialysis who met at least 175 mg/dL of triglycerides on the consecutive three tests between September 2022 and November 2022 and took 0.1 mg pemafibrate twice a day from November 2022 to May 2023. They experienced no adverse events after pemafibrate treatment. Pemafibrate significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) (302 ± 72 to 140 ± 50 mg/dL, p = 0.048), total cholesterol (187 ± 34 to 156 ± 48 mg/dL, p = 0.025), and Apo C-III (15.9 ± 8.2 to 12.6 ± 7.1, p = 0.030) levels. Apo A-II levels significantly increased after treatment (27.0 ± 6.1 to 37.1 ± 5.8, p = 0.041). Conclusions Pemafibrate decreased TG, total cholesterol, and Apo-CIII and increased Apo A-II without adverse events. Further study is needed to examine the favorable effects of pemafibrate on the risk of CVD.

Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Red blood cell indices (RBIs) are associated with CVD risk factors (CRFs) and easy to test, making them useful as a screening tool for early identification of individuals at high risk for CVDs. Methods Data from 31,781 participants in the China National Health Survey conducted from 2012 to 2017 were analyzed. Linear and non-linear relationships between RBIs and CRFs (hyperuricemia, diabetes, dyslipidemia) were assessed using restricted cubic splines. Propensity score weighting was used to balance confounders between RBI groups in the multivariable logistic regression models. Results Hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and hematocrit all showed a significant linear dose-response association with all CRFs (p values

Chao Chen,1,&ast; Yan Tian,2,&ast; Fengshun Jia,1,&ast; Mingkun Feng,1 Guoqiang Zhang,2 Qian Li,2 Yanwei Zhang,3 Ningling Sun,4 Songnian Hu,5,6 Zheng Ji1 1Department of Cardiology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, People’s Republic of China; 2Beijing HuaGengYuan Pharmacogenomics Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Beijing E-Seq Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Institute of Hypertension, People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 5State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 6University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zheng Ji; Songnian Hu, Email jizheng999@163.com; husn@im.ac.cnPurpose: Atorvastatin is commonly used to treat dyslipidemia; however, individual responses vary considerably. This study endeavors to evaluate the relationship between polymorphisms in the coding sequence (CDS) of SLCO1B1 gene and blood lipid levels before and after atorvastatin treatment among the Chinese Han adults with dyslipidemia.Patients and Methods: A total of 165 Chinese Han adults undergoing atorvastatin therapy were enrolled in this study and followed up quarterly. The complete CDS of the SLCO1B1 gene was sequenced to detect polymorphisms. Statistical analysis was utilized to assess the impacts of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and polymorphisms on blood lipid levels before and after atorvastatin treatment.Results: Fourteen polymorphisms were identified in the SLCO1B1 CDS. Among them, four polymorphisms had mutant alleles present in over 20 patients. No polymorphism was found to correlate with blood lipid levels before treatment; in contrast, age, sex, and BMI did show correlations (P< 0.05). Notably, females had higher baseline blood lipid levels than males, indicating that sex had a more significant impact on baseline levels than age and BMI. The polymorphism rs2306283 was significantly correlated with the efficacy of atorvastatin (P< 0.05), whereas age, sex, and BMI were not. Carriers of the rs2306283 AA allele experienced a substantially greater reduction in total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels after atorvastatin treatment. The other polymorphisms did not demonstrate any significant impact on atorvastatin’s efficacy.Conclusion: This study delved into the intricate genetic structure of polymorphisms in SLCO1B1 CDS and their roles in lipid metabolism and atorvastatin’s efficacy among Chinese Han adults with dyslipidemia. The findings underscore the crucial role of the rs2306283 polymorphism in the response to atorvastatin’s efficacy, highlighting the significance of pharmacogenomics in personalized medicine. It is thus advisable to consider genetic testing for SLCO1B1 variants to optimize atorvastatin therapy.Keywords: pharmacogenomics, SLCO1B1 polymorphisms, atorvastatin, dyslipidemia, Chinese Han

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an indicator and diverse endocrine syndrome that combines different metabolic defects with clinical, physiological, biochemical, and metabolic factors. Obesity, visceral adiposity and abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), elevated blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction, and acute or chronic inflammation are the risk factors associated with MetS. Abdominal obesity, a hallmark of MetS, highlights dysfunctional fat tissue and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Insulin, a vital peptide hormone, regulates glucose metabolism throughout the body. When cells become resistant to insulin’s effects, it disrupts various molecular pathways, leading to IR. This condition is linked to a range of disorders, including obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by three key factors: high levels of small, low-dense lipoprotein (LDL) particles and triglycerides, alongside low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the “good” cholesterol. Such a combination is a major player in MetS, where IR is a driving force. Atherogenic dyslipidemia contributes significantly to the development of atherosclerosis, which can lead to cardiovascular disease. On top of that, genetic alteration and lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise influence the complexity and progression of MetS. To enhance our understanding and consciousness, it is essential to understand the fundamental pathogenesis of MetS. This review highlights current advancements in MetS research including the involvement of gut microbiome, epigenetic regulation, and metabolomic profiling for early detection of Mets. In addition, this review emphasized the epidemiology and fundamental pathogenesis of MetS, various risk factors, and their preventive measures. The goal of this effort is to deepen understanding of MetS and encourage further research to develop effective strategies for preventing and managing complex metabolic diseases.

Abstract Background Lipid metabolism is influenced by mutations in the EH domain binding protein 1 gene (EHBP1). This study investigated the link between the EHBP1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and dyslipidemia risks in maintenance dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease in Chinese Han population. Methods A total of 539 patients were divided into dyslipidemia (379) and control (160) groups. The patients with dyslipidemia were divided into four subgroups: high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), high triglyceride (TG) and high total cholesterol groups. The genotype distributions of three EHBP1 SNPs (rs2710642, rs10496099 and rs1168816) were determined by high-throughput sequencing technology and were analyzed via generalized multifactor dimension reduction and binary logistic regression analysis. Results The high-TG and control groups differed in terms of the genotype frequency of the rs2710642. One haplotype was detected in both the dyslipidemia and high-TG groups. The risk of dyslipidemia was 2.72-fold higher in participants with rs2710642GG compared with those of rs2710642AA and 2.62-fold higher compared with those with rs2710642AA + GA. Subjects who carried rs2710642GG had a 2.94 times greater risk of high TG levels than those who carried rs2710642AA and a 2.89 times greater risk than those who carried rs2710642AA + GA. Compared with those who carried rs2710642AA + GA, those who carried rs2710642GG were 2.53 times more likely to have low HDLC levels. The rs2710642–body mass index (BMI) (≥ 24 kg/m2) and rs11688816A–rs2710642G haplotype interactions increased the risk of dyslipidemia, and the rs2710642–BMI (≥ 24 kg/m2) interaction increased the risk of high TG levels. The rs10496099–rs2710642 and rs10496099–rs2710642–rs11688816 interactions increased the risk of low HDLC levels. Conclusions These results suggest that the EHBP1 rs2710642G and rs2710642GG and interactions with rs11688816A or BMI (≥ 24 kg/m2) were linked to higher dyslipidemia risks in end-stage renal disease patients in Chinese Han population.

Existing evidence suggests vitamin D may benefit serum lipid profiles and, thus, cardiovascular health. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of oral daily vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile among patients with cardiovascular risk.

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and is responsible for an estimated 2.6 million deaths annually. Hypertensive patients often suffer from dyslipidemia, which can lead to complications such as ischemic heart disease and stroke. This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with dyslipidemia among adult hypertensive patients admitted to Lira Regional Referral Hospital (LRRH) in Uganda. This cross-sectional study, conducted over three months at Lira Regional Referral Hospital (LRRH), involved 431 patients. Medical examinations and histories were recorded, and blood samples were analyzed to measure high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). Dyslipidemia was defined by any of the following: TC ≥200 mg/dL, TG ≥150 mg/dL, HDL-C < 40 mg/dL, or LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression in SPSS version 26 to identify associated factors. A total of 431 patients were included in the study, with the majority being females over 65 years of age (mean age = 64.7, SD = 8.8 years). The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 48.3% (208) (95% CI = 43.2-52.9%). High LDL levels were observed in 24.4% (105), high TC in 22.5% (97), high TG in 20.0% (86), and low HDL in 20.0% (86 patients). Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with elevated blood pressure, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension had 1.350 (aOR = 1.350, CI = 1.194-1.525, P < 0.001), 1.290 (aOR = 1.290, CI = 1.123-1.482, P < 0.001), and 1.302 (aOR = 1.302, CI = 1.077-1.576, P = 0.007) times higher odds of having dyslipidemia, respectively. Additionally, dyslipidemia was 1.414 times more common (aOR = 1.414, CI = 1.280-1.561, P < 0.001) among current or former smokers and 1.493 times more common (aOR = 1.493, CI = 1.372-1.625, P < 0.001) in patients with diabetes mellitus. The findings highlight a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Enhancing patient education on antihypertensive therapy adherence and increasing efforts to discourage smoking are crucial steps to reduce the burden of dyslipidemia in hypertensive populations.

ABSTRACT Literature on the association between the cardiometabolic index (CMI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk is limited, especially in hypertensive populations. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the relationship between the CMI and CKD risk in a hypertensive population. The current cross‐sectional study included a total of 13 717 individuals with hypertension. The calculation of the CMI was based on the waist‐to‐height ratio and the triglyceride‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. The definition of CKD was based on an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The prevalence of CKD was found to be 4.24% in younger adults (aged < 65 years) and 14.93% in the elderly (aged ≥ 65 years). The results of the multivariate regression analysis indicated that in the elderly group, the CMI was positively associated with CKD risk (odd ratio [OR] 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14, 1.46), while no significant relationship was observed in the younger group (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.27). Furthermore, subgroup analyses did not identify any potential factors that could modify the relationship between the CMI and CKD risk (all p for interaction > 0.05). Among adults with hypertension, there was an independent and positive correlation between the CMI and CKD risk in the elderly, whereas such a correlation was not observed in younger adults. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR1800017274 [China Hypertension Registry Study]

Abstract Hypertension is one component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Here, the study evaluated hypertension‐associated metabolites in relation to other MetS components. Fasting plasma samples were collected from 22 hypertensive and 63 normotensive subjects for non‐targeted metabolomics. Compared with normotensive subjects, hypertensive patients were more diabetic (6.3% vs. 36.4%) and had dyslipidemia (27.0% vs. 63.6%) (both p

Abstract Background Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III is involved in several processes that increase triglyceride levels, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Four of its proteoforms have been the focus of several studies and have shown differential associations with cardiovascular risk biomarkers, mostly lipids. However, there are other proteoforms of apoC-III that have not yet been investigated in detail. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of seven apoC-III proteoforms with a comprehensive set of biomarkers, including lipid metabolism, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis. Methods Seven apoC-III proteoforms (apoC-III0a, apoC-III0b, apoC-III1, apoC-III1d, apoC-III2, apoC-III2d, and apoC-III0f) were measured using a mass spectrometry immunoassay in 875 participants from the cross-sectional study of the Di@bet.es cohort. The complete lipoprotein profile was obtained via the Liposcale test, and the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-assessed glycoprotein signals were also obtained as biomarkers of inflammation. Results Three proteoform ratios (apoC-III2d, apoC-III2, and apoC-III0f normalized to apoC-III1) showed protective associations with most of the cardiovascular risk biomarkers in comparison with total apoC-III in linear regression models and were negatively associated with triglycerides (β=-0.173, p

Abstract Background The relationship between depression and dyslipidemia remains controversial, with inconsistent findings across studies. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood lipid levels and depression using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning from 2007 to 2018. Methods This cross-sectional study included 12,819 adult participants from NHANES. Depression was assessed using a nine-item depression screening instrument. Serum lipid levels, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), were measured using Roche modular P and Roche Cobas 6000 chemistry analyzers. Survey-weighted multiple logistic regression was used to assess the relationships between serum lipid levels and depression. Results We observed a statistically significant negative association between HDL levels and depression (odds ratio [OR]: 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.90). After adjustments for covariates, HDL-C, TG, and the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index showed significant associations with depression (ORs: 0.66, 1.08, and 1.01, respectively). A linear correlation was observed between HDL-C levels and depression (P

Abstract Background & Objective To analyze whether there is an association between pre-pregnancy lipid parameters and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART), a group especially at risk for GDM, and if so, which parameter is associated the strongest. Methods Data was collected at the Reproductive and Genetic Hospital CITIC-Xiangya in Changsha, China from January 2017 to December 2018. The measured lipid parameters include LDL (low-density lipoprotein), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), TC (total cholesterol), and TG (triglycerides). Results 119 (15.5%) of the 767 patients developed GDM. On average, women who developed GDM were older, had a higher BMI, LDL, TC, and TG, and lower HDL. After adjusting for confounders, LDL and HDL showed a significant association with GDM (p

Aim. To evaluate the non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) predictive ability in relation to cardiovascular events, all-cause and cause-specific mortality and among middle-aged Russian men now and 40- years ago.Material and methods. For analysis data from 9507 men aged 35-64 without cardiovascular disease (CVD) who did not receive lipid-lowering therapy, participants of two independent population prospective cohort studies — 40-year retrospective (Russian LRC) and conducted at the present time (ESSE-RF) — were used. In the analysis, all-cause mortality, cancer and CVD mortality, and non-fatal CVD (myocardial infarction and STEMI stroke) were assessed. The follow-up period for the LRС study was 10 years, and for the ESSE-RF study, it was 7.8 years.Results. The mean value of non-HDL-C was 0.3 mmol/L higher among participants from the Russian LRC cohort than among men from the ESSE-RF cohort. Low non-HDL-C levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. A strong link between high levels of non-HDL-C and the development of fatal and nonfatal CVD events was also found in both cohorts. Men with non-HDL-C levels ≥4.5 mmol/L in the LRC study and ≥4.2 mmol/L in the ESSE-RF study had a significantly increased risk of fatal and non-fatal CVDs (63% and 27%, respectively) and decreased risk of cancer mortality (28% and 50%, respectively). Conclusion. Downwards trends in non-HDL-C levels over the past 40 years were indicated. The study identified a decline of non-HDL-C in the general population level since the 1970s of the 20th century. Up to the present time, there is still a non-linear relationship between the level of non-HDL-C and total mortality, that could be explained by the presence of differently directed associations between this parameter, cancer mortality and the development of fatal and non-fatal CVDs.

Background: While Reddy proposed the H2FPEF diagnostic algorithm to aid in diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), certain parameters like age and obesity are not suitable for Asian population, especially given the increasing incidence of HFpEF in younger individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an easy-to-use nomogram with non-invasive indices that can be used in outpatient clinics in Taiwan to quickly estimate the probability of HFpEF and help decide whether further invasive cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is needed. Methods: Outpatients with unexplained dyspnea and fatigue were recruited divided into HFpEF (n = 64) and non-HFpEF (n = 34) groups based on invasive CPET and echocardiography. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified independent noninvasive variables for developing an HFpEF nomogram. The nomogram's performance was assessed and validated using the concordance index (C-index), area under the curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified five independent noninvasive variables for developing an HFpEF nomogram, including dyslipidemia (OR = 5.264, p = 0.010), diabetes (OR = 3.929, p = 0.050), left atrial area (OR = 1.130, p = 0.046), hemoglobin

Purpose: The production/excretion rate of Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the basis of the plaque burden in alzheimer's disease (AD), which depends on both central and peripheral clearance. In this study, the effect of silymarin and rosuvastatin on serum markers and clinical outcomes in dyslipidemic AD patients was investigated. Methods: Participants (n=36) were randomized to silymarin (140 mg), placebo, and rosuvastatin 10 mg orally three times a day for 6 months. Serum collection and clinical outcome tests were performed at baseline and after completion of treatment. Lipid profile markers, oxidative stress markers, Aβ1–42/Aβ1–40 ratio, and Soluble Low-density lipoprotein receptor-Related Protein-1 (sLRP1)/Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) ratio were measured. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in Δ-high density lipoprotein (ΔHDL) between silymarin and placebo (P

Dyslipidemia constitutes an essential risk factor for atherosclerotic disorders. From employing diverse types of blood lipid indicators as markers for risk prediction to subsequently applying low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the primary lipid-lowering target in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, relevant research and clinical practices indicate that the dyslipidemia management system grounded on hierarchical medical care is a significant measure for effective blood lipid control and efficient reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Continuously optimizing the prediction model for cardiovascular diseases, enhancing the construction of the medical consortium specializing in dyslipidemia disorders, and promoting the dyslipidemia management and control system based on hierarchical medical treatment will facilitate elevating the overall prevention and treatment level of dyslipidemia in China, and mitigate the health menace of cardiovascular diseases for Chinese residents.

Background Cardiovascular disease, mainly atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is the first cause of death for urban and rural residents in China. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol is the pathogenic risk factor of ASCVD. Objective By establishing a new outpatient model for blood lipid management, to analyze the awareness rate of abnormal blood lipids in patients before and after the establishment of the new model, the proportion of rational drug use, patient compliance, and medication compliance rate. Methods From September 1, 2023 to February 28, 2024, has established a comprehensive outpatient model for managing blood lipid abnormalities based on scientific research projects by integrating medical resources. The model takes the outpatient service of "patients with dyslipidemia" as the carrier, and collaborates with specialized doctors and general practitioners to standardize the management of dyslipidemia patients, optimize the consultation and follow-up process, effectively screen the population with dyslipidemia, diagnose hyperlipidemia patients, and provide correct treatment methods. Results The model of patients with dyslipidemia included in the management of chronic diseases has shifted from a dispersed model to a comprehensive, standardized, and centralized management of lipid management outpatient services, and the number of patients managed has significantly increased compared to before. The proportion of standardized medication for first-time patients in our blood lipid management outpatient department has increased from 25.3% (147/580) to 30.3% (242/798), the proportion of adherence to medication has increased from 32.7% (190/580) to 41.6% (332/798), and the compliance rate of medication has increased from 15.8% (92/580) to 22.5% (180/798) (P

Background and aims: The 2019 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia consider the use of high-dose marine omega-3 fatty acid (FA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation (icosapent ethyl 2 × 2g/day) to lower residual cardiovascular risk in high-risk patients with hypertriglyceridemia. This study aimed to assess the eligibility for omega-3 FA-EPA supplementation in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Methods: In a prospective Swiss cohort of patients hospitalized for ACS, eligibility for marine omega-3 FA-EPA, defined as plasma triglyceride levels ranging from 1.5 to 5.6 mmol/l, was assessed at baseline and one-year follow-up and compared across subgroups. Lipid-lowering therapy intensification with statin and ezetimibe was modelled to simulate a hypothetical systematic treatment and its effect on omega-3 FA-EPA supplementation eligibility. Results: Of 2643 patients, 98 % were prescribed statin therapy at discharge, including 62 % at a high-intensity regimen; 93 % maintained it after one year, including 53 % at a high-intensity regimen. The use of ezetimibe was 3 % at discharge and 7 % at one year. Eligibility was observed in 32 % (32 % men, 29 % women) one year post-ACS. After modelling systematic treatment with statins, ezetimibe, and both, eligibility decreased to 31 %, 25 % and 24 %, respectively. Eligibility was higher in individuals aged

Eurasian clinical practice guidelines for dietary management of cardiovascular diseases include actual healthy diet recommendations and modern dietary approaches for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nutritional assessment and interventions based on pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases are presented.Modern nutritional and dietary recommendations for patients with arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, heart rhythm disorders, dyslipidemia and gout are summarized in present recommendations. Particular attention is paid to the dietary management of cardiovascular patients with obesity and/or diabetes mellitus. This guide would be interesting and intended to a wide range of readers, primarily cardiologists, dietitians and nutritionists, general practitioners, endocrinologists, and medical students.

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its influencing factors among adults in Hebei province, to provide a reference for the prevention and control of dyslipidemia in the population. MethodsFrom September 2020 to June 2021, 12 187 permanent residents aged ≥ 18 years were recruited from 60 rural villages/urban communities in 10 counties/districts of Hebei province using a stratified multistage random sampling method and underwent in-person questionnaire interview, physical examination, and laboratory tests. The prevalence of dyslipidemia and its components was analyzed, and an unconditional multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the main factors influencing dyslipidemia and its components in the participants. Results Among all the participants, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 32.8% and the prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia (LDL-C), and hypo-high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia (HDL-C) were 5.4%, 14.0%, 4.8%, and 15.5%, respectively. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that among adult residents, age ≥ 25 years, current smoking, overweight, obesity, central obesity, body fat percentage ≥ 27.2%, and basal metabolic rate ≥ 1 504 kcal were risk factors for dyslipidemia, whereas female gender, rural residence, and sedentary time of 2 – 4 hours per day were protective factors against dyslipidemia; age ≥ 25 years, college education or higher, current smoking, central obesity, and body fat percentage ≥ 37.9% were risk factors for hypercholesterolemia, whereas a basal metabolic rate of 1 199 – 1 503 kcal was a protective factor; age 25 – 64 years, current smoking, consumption of animal and poultry meat 300 – 500 g per week, overweight, obesity, central obesity, and body fat percentage ≥ 27.2% were risk factors, whereas female gender was a protective factor for hypertriglyceridemia; age ≥ 25 years, central obesity, sedentary time ≥ 2 hours per day, and body fat percentage ≥ 37.9% were risk factors, whereas basal metabolic rate 1 199 – 1 503 kcal was a protective factor for hyper-LDL-C; ethnic minority, current smoking, overweight, obesity, central obesity, physical inactivity, body fat percentage 33.0% – 37.8%, and basal metabolic rate ≥ 1 327 kcal were risk factors, whereas being female, aged 45 – 54 years, living in rural areas, drinking alcohol, consuming livestock and poultry meat > 500 g per week, and being sedentary for ≥ 2 hours per day were protective factors for hypo-HDL-C. ConclusionsThe prevalence of dyslipidemia in adults in Hebei province is relatively low. Sex, age, place of residence, current smoking, body mass index, central obesity, sedentary behavior time, body fat percentage, and basal metabolic rate are the main influencing factors of dyslipidemia in adults in this region.

Abstract Background Dyslipidemia plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and other metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the trends in lipid concentrations among Chinese participants with different blood glucose statuses—ranging from DM and prediabetes mellitus (pre-DM) to normal blood glucose levels—between 2011 and 2015. Additionally, this study sought to provide a comprehensive description of the potential temporal changes in the prevalence of dyslipidemia among these populations in China during this period. Methods The data for this study were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), encompassing two time points in 2011 and 2015. The 2011 data sample included 11,408 participants aged 45 years and above, whereas the 2015 data sample included 12,224 participants within the same age range. Results In this study, a comparative analysis of data from 2011 to 2015 revealed that individuals diagnosed with DM and pre-DM experienced significant decreases in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P

Abstract Background Patients with betathalassemia have higher risk of various metabolic disturbances. The literature presents conflicting results about the patterns of abnormal lipid profile among patients with betathalassemia. This systematic review aimed to assess dyslipidemia patterns among patients with betathalassemia when compared with healthy individuals. Methods The methods used were adherent to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Systematic searches of the literature were done across Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Regional Portal of the World Health Organization Virtual Health Library. Calculation of standardized mean difference (SMD) estimates and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were done through Jamovi software. Results The systematic review included 21 studies meeting the criteria for the analyses. Patients with beta-thalassemia major displayed significantly elevated triglyceride levels (SMD: 0.448, 95% CI, 0.214 to 0.682; P

Statins have been used in clinical practice for more than 40 years to treat and prevent atherosclerosis and its complications. The results of observational studies indicate that, despite a large evidence base, statins in Russia are still prescribed in low doses, for a maximum of 6 months, leading to a low percentage of achieving the target levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and, thus, to a high residual risk of cardiovascular complications. This paper presents a literature review and analysis of the basic principles of statin therapy in primary prevention, intensive lipid-lowering therapy in patients with very high cardiovascular risk, as well as key safety updates on cholesterol decrease for various organs and systems (liver, kidneys, muscles, nervous system), and carbohydrate metabolism. The article also provides a brief overview of new international guidelines to optimize the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias, which can be useful in the day-to-day practice of an internal medicine specialist.

Introduction: An altered serum lipid profile and lipoprotein levels are major modifiable risk factors for hypertension. Apolipoprotein A1 and B100 (ApoA1 and ApoB100) are the chief structural proteins of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), respectively. The level of ApoB in the serum represents overall atherogenicity, whereas the level of ApoA1 can indicate total antiatherogenicity. Aim: To evaluate the serum levels of ApoA1 and ApoB in the first-degree relatives of individuals with essential hypertension. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory in association with the Department of General Medicine at SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India, from February 2018 to March 2019. It consisted of 165 participants: group I included hypertensive patients (n=55); group II included first-degree relatives of the above hypertensive patients (n=55); and group III included non hypertensive healthy age-matched controls (n=55). The waist-hip ratio, Blood Pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1, ApoB, and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio were all measured. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25.0. Results: The mean age of subjects in groups I, II, and III was 49±8.3, 38±5.2, and 37±5.4 years, respectively, with males constituting 56% and females 44% of the total participants. The ApoA1 levels were lowest in group I (104.9±16.3 mg/dL) and highest in group III (117.4±7.3 mg/dL). The serum ApoB levels and the ratio of ApoB/ApoA1 were highest in group I (104.2±14.1; 1.1±0.64 mg/dL) and lowest in group III (60.9±18.2; 0.5±0.15 mg/dL). A highly significant negative correlation (r=-0.40, p

Abstract Background While previous reports have shown that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects lipid metabolism and vice versa, the impact of dyslipidemia on the functional cure of HBV infection following peginterferon alfa (PegIFNα) therapy remains unknown. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of dyslipidemia on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance and develop a nomogram model for predicting patients for whom PegIFNα therapy is indicated. Methods A total of 160 nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs)- experienced chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with PegIFNα (180 µg/week) were enrolled in this study. The relationship between serum lipid and HBsAg clearance was analysed. Univariate and multivariate COX analyses were used to construct and plot the nomogram model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration curve were used to evaluate the discrimination and calibration of the model, respectively. Results After 48 weeks of PegIFNα therapy, a total of 33 patients in the cohort achieved HBsAg clearance. Univariate and multivariate COX analyses indicated that dyslipidemia was significantly associated with HBsAg clearance and was an independent predictor of HBsAg clearance (HR = 0.243, P = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses show that cumulative HBsAg clearance was significantly higher in the normolipidemic group than in the dyslipidemia group (log-rank test, P = 0.007). During the treatment, triglyceride showed an increasing trend, while the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B decreased. Dyslipidemia and other indicators independently associated with HBsAg clearance were used to construct the nomogram model. The AUC of the model at 36-week and 48-week were 0.879 and 0.856, and the model demonstrated good discrimination and calibration. Conclusion Dyslipidemia can affect the antiviral efficacy of PegIFNα in NAs-experienced CHB patients. Our findings suggest that the nomogram model constructed using serum lipid has good predictive power and may help physicians to identify the superior patients for PegIFNα therapy.

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease is associated with several complications with higher prevalence and intensity at lower glomerular filtration rate. Albuminuria is the traditional biomarker of kidney damage. Although albuminuria can contribute to renal function decline, only a few studies have been published on whether albuminuria is associated with concurrent complications of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this work was to identify the relation between albuminuria and some of concurrent complications of chronic kidney disease among children. Methods A cross-sectional study included fifty children with chronic kidney disease stages 2–5. Measurement of blood pressure, hemoglobin, serum bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, and lipid profile was done. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was determined. The relation between albuminuria and some of the complications of chronic kidney disease among children was studied. Results The study included 50 patients aged 3–14 years. Dyslipidemia was present in 62% of the patients, acidosis in 56%, anemia in 38%, hyperphosphatemia in 34%, hypertension in 28%, and hypocalcemia in 22%. Eighty-eight percent had albuminuria, 26% had microalbuminuria, and 62% had macroalbuminuria. A statistically significant relation was found between the degree of albuminuria and presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia. But no significant relation was found between the degree of albuminuria and presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, acidosis, or hypocalcemia. Conclusion There is a significant relation between the degree of albuminuria and presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia among children with chronic kidney disease.

Abstract Previous studies have reported that a potential association between exposure to outdoor light at night (LAN) and diseases. However, there is no evidence regarding the impacts of outdoor LAN exposure on lipid metabolism in humans. This study aims to evaluate the associations between outdoor LAN exposure and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, using a nationwide sample of 10,894 adults aged ≥ 45 years from 150 investigated sites across China in 2011–2012. Outdoor LAN exposure was assessed by using satellite imaging data. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated. The present study found that a per-quintile LAN exposure was positively associated with the prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04–1.16), high triglyceride (PR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.12), low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08–1.16), and dyslipidemia (PR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.03–1.09). The fifth quintile of LAN exposure was associated with a significantly increased prevalence of dyslipidemia (PR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07–1.35) compared with the first quintile of exposure. Long-term exposure to outdoor LAN was positively associated with dyslipidemia prevalence. Public policies aimed at reducing light pollution at night, guided by the spatial distribution patterns, could lessen the adverse effects.

Aim. Тo study cardiometabolic factors and the PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409 C>G) gene polymorphism in association with the compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).Materials and methods. А retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The total of 108 patients with MASLD (33 men and 75 women aged 28 to 89 years) involved were divided into two groups based on results of transient elastography: group 1 – with the presence of cACLD (liver stiffness ≥ 8.0 kPa) – 18 patients and group 2 – without cACLD (G) gene polymorphism were studied in both groups. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, and a logistic regression model was constructed for the detection of cACLD.Results. Compared to group 2, patients with cACLD had statistically significant higher prevalence of: arterial hypertension (p < 0.05), type 2 diabetes mellitus (p < 0.01), obesity (p < 0.05), dyslipidemia (p < 0.05), and PNPLA3 gene polymorphism (p < 0.05). The OR for cACLD in individuals with arterial hypertension was 5.58 (95% CI: 1.21–25.71; p < 0.05), with type 2 diabetes mellitus – 4.58 (95% CI: 1.59–13.21; p < 0.01), with obesity – 3.83 (95% CI: 1.17–12.52; p < 0.05), with dyslipidemia – 6.12 (95% CI: 1.33–28.20; p < 0.05), in the presence of a polymorphic variant of the PNPLA3 gene in a hetero or homozygous state – 3.9 (95% CI: 1.28–11.89; p < 0.05). The binary logistic regression model for detecting cACLD included type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and waist circumference. The area under the ROC curve was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.70–0.92), sensitivity was 72.2%, specificity was 74.4%, and accuracy was 84.3%.Conclusion. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and waist circumference are the determining factors for the development of cACLD in patients with MASLD. The PNPLA3 I148M gene polymorphism does not play a leading role in the development of progressive MASLD in the study cohort.