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Abstract Oxide heterostructures exhibit a vast variety of unique physical properties. Examples are unconventional superconductivity in layered nickelates and topological polar order in (PbTiO3)n/(SrTiO3)n superlattices. Although it is clear that variations in oxygen content are crucial for the electronic correlation phenomena in oxides, it remains a major challenge to quantify their impact. Here, we measure the chemical composition in multiferroic (LuFeO3)9/(LuFe2O4)1 superlattices, mapping correlations between the distribution of oxygen vacancies and the electric and magnetic properties. Using atom probe tomography, we observe oxygen vacancies arranging in a layered three-dimensional structure with a local density on the order of 1014 cm−2, congruent with the formula-unit-thick ferrimagnetic LuFe2O4 layers. The vacancy order is promoted by the locally reduced formation energy and plays a key role in stabilizing the ferroelectric domains and ferrimagnetism in the LuFeO3 and LuFe2O4 layers, respectively. The results demonstrate pronounced interactions between oxygen vacancies and the multiferroic order in this system and establish an approach for quantifying the oxygen defects with atomic-scale precision in 3D, giving new opportunities for deterministic defect-enabled property control in oxide heterostructures.

AlScN is a new wide bandgap, high-k, ferroelectric material for radio frequency (RF), memory, and power applications. Successful integration of high-quality AlScN with GaN in epitaxial layer stacks depends strongly on the ability to control lattice parameters and surface or interface through growth. This study investigates the molecular beam epitaxy growth and transport properties of AlScN/GaN multilayer heterostructures. Single-layer Al1−xScxN/GaN heterostructures exhibited lattice-matched composition within x = 0.09–0.11 using substrate (thermocouple) growth temperatures between 330 and 630 °C. By targeting the lattice-matched Sc composition, pseudomorphic AlScN/GaN multilayer structures with ten and twenty periods were achieved, exhibiting excellent structural and interface properties as confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). These multilayer heterostructures exhibited substantial polarization-induced net mobile charge densities of up to 8.24 × 1014/cm2 for twenty channels. The sheet density scales with the number of AlScN/GaN periods. By identifying lattice-matched growth condition and using it to generate multiple conductive channels, this work enhances our understanding of the AlScN/GaN material platform.

Abstract Stabilization of topological spin textures in layered magnets has the potential to drive the development of advanced low-dimensional spintronics devices. However, achieving reliable and flexible manipulation of the topological spin textures beyond skyrmion in a two-dimensional magnet system remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the introduction of magnetic iron atoms between the van der Waals gap of a layered magnet, Fe3GaTe2, to modify local anisotropic magnetic interactions. Consequently, we present direct observations of the order-disorder skyrmion lattices transition. In addition, non-trivial topological solitons, such as skyrmioniums and skyrmion bags, are realized at room temperature. Our work highlights the influence of random spin control of non-trivial topological spin textures.

We report the use of suboxide molecular-beam epitaxy (S-MBE) to grow α-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films on (110) sapphire substrates over the 0 < x < 0.95 range of aluminum content. In S-MBE, 99.98% of the gallium-containing molecular beam arrives at the substrate in a preoxidized form as gallium suboxide (Ga2O). This bypasses the rate-limiting step of conventional MBE for the growth of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) from a gallium molecular beam and allows us to grow fully epitaxial α-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films at growth rates exceeding 1 µm/h and relatively low substrate temperature (Tsub = 605 ± 15 °C). The ability to grow α-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 over the nominally full composition range is confirmed by Vegard’s law applied to the x-ray diffraction data and by optical bandgap measurements with ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. We show that S-MBE allows straightforward composition control and bandgap selection for α-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films as the aluminum incorporation x in the film is linear with the relative flux ratio of aluminum to Ga2O. The films are characterized by atomic-force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). These α-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films grown by S-MBE at record growth rates exhibit a rocking curve full width at half maximum of ≊ 12 arc secs, rms roughness

Abstract Control and understanding of ensembles of skyrmions is important for realization of future technologies. In particular, the order-disorder transition associated with the 2D lattice of magnetic skyrmions can have significant implications for transport and other dynamic functionalities. To date, skyrmion ensembles have been primarily studied in bulk crystals, or as isolated skyrmions in thin film devices. Here, we investigate the condensation of the skyrmion phase at room temperature and zero field in a polar, van der Waals magnet. We demonstrate that we can engineer an ordered skyrmion crystal through structural confinement on the μm scale, showing control over this order-disorder transition on scales relevant for device applications.

Introduction Microneedles are emerging as a promising technology for vaccine delivery, with numerous advantages over traditional needle and syringe methods. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of MAPs in inducing robust immune responses over traditional needle and syringe methods, with extensive studies using vaccines targeted against different pathogens in various animal models. Critically, the clinical trials have demonstrated safety, immunogenicity and patient acceptance for MAP-based vaccines against influenza, measles and rubella, and SARS-CoV-2. Areas covered This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different types of microarray patches (MAPs) and analyses of their applications in preclinical and clinical vaccine delivery settings. This review also covers additional considerations for microneedle-based vaccination, including adjuvants that are compatible with MAPs, patient safety and factors for global vaccination campaigns. Expert opinion MAP vaccine delivery can potentially be a game-changer for vaccine distribution and coverage in both high-income and low or middle-income countries. For MAPs to reach this full potential, many critical hurdles must be overcome, such as large-scale production, regulatory compliance, and adoption by global health authorities. However, given the considerable strides made in recent years by MAP developers, it may be possible to see the first MAP-based vaccines in use within the next 5 years.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infections are spreading silently with limited global surveillance in at least 89 countries and territories. There is a pressing need to develop an effective vaccine suitable for equitable distribution globally. Consequently, we previously developed a proprietary DNA vaccine encoding secreted non-structural protein 1 of ZIKV (pVAX-tpaNS1) to elicit rapid protection in a T cell-dependent manner in mice. In the current study, we evaluated the stability, efficacy, and immunogenicity of delivering this DNA vaccine into the skin using a clinically effective and proprietary high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP). Dry-coating of pVAX-tpaNS1 on the HD-MAP device resulted in no loss of vaccine stability at 40°C storage over the course of 28 days. Vaccination of mice (BALB/c) with the HD-MAP-coated pVAX-tpaNS1 elicited a robust anti-NS1 IgG response in both the cervicovaginal mucosa and systemically and afforded protection against live ZIKV challenge. Furthermore, the vaccination elicited a significantly higher magnitude and broader NS1-specific T helper and cytotoxic T cell response in vivo compared with traditional needle and syringe intradermal vaccination. Overall, the study highlights distinctive immunological advantages coupled with an excellent thermostability profile of using the HD-MAP device to deliver a novel ZIKV DNA vaccine.

Polar skyrmions are particle-like objects consisted of swirling electric dipoles that hold promise for next generation nanodevices. Here, the authors explore the strain-induced transition from skyrmions to merons using electron imaging methods.

Abstract Superconducting radio‐frequency (SRF) resonators are critical components for particle accelerator applications, such as free‐electron lasers, and for emerging technologies in quantum computing. Developing advanced materials and their deposition processes to produce RF superconductors that yield nΩ surface resistances is a key metric for the wider adoption of SRF technology. Here, ZrNb(CO) RF superconducting films with high critical temperatures (Tc) achieved for the first time under ambient pressure are reported. The attainment of a Tc near the theoretical limit for this material without applied pressure is promising for its use in practical applications. A range of Tc, likely arising from Zr doping variation, may allow a tunable superconducting coherence length that lowers the sensitivity to material defects when an ultra‐low surface resistance is required. The ZrNb(CO) films are synthesized using a low‐temperature (100 – 200 °C) electrochemical recipe combined with thermal annealing. The phase transformation as a function of annealing temperature and time is optimized by the evaporated Zr‐Nb diffusion couples. Through phase control, one avoids hexagonal Zr phases that are equilibrium‐stable but degrade Tc. X‐ray and electron diffraction combined with photoelectron spectroscopy reveal a system containing cubic β‐ZrNb mixed with rocksalt NbC and low‐dielectric‐loss ZrO2. Proof‐of‐concept RF performance of ZrNb(CO) on an SRF sample test system is demonstrated. BCS resistance trends lower than reference Nb, while quench fields occur at approximately 35 mT. The results demonstrate the potential of ZrNb(CO) thin films for particle accelerators and other SRF applications.

Intermetallic Nb3Sn alloys have long been believed to form through Sn diffusion into Nb. However, our observations of significant oxygen content in Nb3Sn prompted an investigation of alternative formation mechanisms. Through experiments involving different oxide interfaces (clean HF-treated, native oxidized, and anodized), we demonstrate a thermodynamic route that fundamentally challenges the conventional Sn diffusion mechanism for Nb3Sn nucleation. Our results highlight the critical involvement of a SnOx intermediate phase. This new nucleation mechanism identifies the principles for growth optimization and new synthesis of high-quality Nb3Sn superconductors.

High-throughput electron tomography has been challenging due to time-consuming alignment and reconstruction. Here, the authors demonstrate real-time tomography with dynamic 3D tomographic visualization integrated in tomviz, an open-source 3D data analysis tool.

We report the use of suboxide molecular-beam epitaxy (S-MBE) to grow β-Ga2O3 at a growth rate of ∼1 µm/h with control of the silicon doping concentration from 5 × 1016 to 1019 cm−3. In S-MBE, pre-oxidized gallium in the form of a molecular beam that is 99.98% Ga2O, i.e., gallium suboxide, is supplied. Directly supplying Ga2O to the growth surface bypasses the rate-limiting first step of the two-step reaction mechanism involved in the growth of β-Ga2O3 by conventional MBE. As a result, a growth rate of ∼1 µm/h is readily achieved at a relatively low growth temperature (Tsub ≈ 525 °C), resulting in films with high structural perfection and smooth surfaces (rms roughness of

Abstract Understanding lattice deformations is crucial in determining the properties of nanomaterials, which can become more prominent in future applications ranging from energy harvesting to electronic devices. However, it remains challenging to reveal unexpected deformations that crucially affect material properties across a large sample area. Here, we demonstrate a rapid and semi-automated unsupervised machine learning approach to uncover lattice deformations in materials. Our method utilizes divisive hierarchical clustering to automatically unveil multi-scale deformations in the entire sample flake from the diffraction data using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM). Our approach overcomes the current barriers of large 4D data analysis without a priori knowledge of the sample. Using this purely data-driven analysis, we have uncovered different types of material deformations, such as strain, lattice distortion, bending contour, etc., which can significantly impact the band structure and subsequent performance of nanomaterials-based devices. We envision that this data-driven procedure will provide insight into materials’ intrinsic structures and accelerate the discovery of materials.

Microarray patches (MAPs) have the potential to be a safer, more acceptable, easier-to-use, and more cost-effective means for the administration of vaccines than injection by needle and syringe. Here, we report findings from a randomized, partially double-blinded, placebo-controlled Phase I trial using the Vaxxas high-density MAP (HD-MAP) to deliver a measles rubella (MR) vaccine. Healthy adults (N = 63, age 18–50 years) were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1 to four groups: uncoated (placebo) HD-MAPs, low-dose MR HD-MAPs (~3100 median cell-culture infectious dose [CCID50] measles, ~4300 CCID50 rubella); high-dose MR-HD-MAPs (~9300 CCID50 measles, ~12,900 CCID50 rubella); or a sub-cutaneous (SC) injection of an approved MR vaccine, MR-Vac (≥1000 CCID50 per virus). The MR vaccines were stable and remained viable on HD-MAPs when stored at 2–8 °C for at least 24 months. When MR HD-MAPs stored at 2–8 °C for 24 months were transferred to 40 °C for 3 days in a controlled temperature excursion, loss of potency was minimal, and MR HD-MAPs still met World Health Organisation (WHO) specifications. MR HD-MAP vaccination was safe and well-tolerated; any systemic or local adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate. Similar levels of binding and neutralizing antibodies to measles and rubella were induced by low-dose and high-dose MR HD-MAPs and MR-Vac. The neutralizing antibody seroconversion rates on day 28 after vaccination for the low-dose HD-MAP, high-dose HD-MAP and MR-Vac groups were 37.5%, 18.8% and 35.7%, respectively, for measles, and 37.5%, 25.0% and 35.7%, respectively, for rubella. Most participants were seropositive for measles and rubella antibodies at baseline, which appeared to negatively impact the number of participants that seroconverted to vaccines delivered by either route. The data reported here suggest HD-MAPs could be a valuable means for delivering MR-vaccine to hard-to-reach populations and support further development. Clinical trial registry number: ACTRN12621000820808.

Here the authors describe a simple reverse genetics method that relies on overlapping cDNA fragments for generation of positive-strand viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and characterize them in vitro and in vivo.

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, multiple waves of SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged. Of particular concern is the omicron variant, which harbors 28 mutations in the spike glycoprotein receptor binding and N-terminal domains relative to the ancestral strain. The high mutability of SARS-CoV-2 therefore poses significant hurdles for development of universal assays that rely on spike-specific immune detection. To address this, more conserved viral antigens need to be targeted. In this work, we comprehensively demonstrate the use of nucleocapsid (N)-specific detection across several assays using previously described nanobodies C2 and E2. We show that these nanobodies are highly sensitive and can detect divergent SARS-CoV-2 ancestral, delta and omicron variants across several assays. By comparison, spike-specific antibodies S309 and CR3022 only disparately detect SARS-CoV-2 variant targets. As such, we conclude that N-specific detection could provide a standardized universal target for detection of current and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

Abstract Dengue viruses (DENV) cause an estimated 390 million infections globally. With no dengue-specific therapeutic treatment currently available, vaccination is the most promising strategy for its control. A wide range of DENV vaccines are in development, with one having already been licensed, albeit with limited distribution. We investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a chimeric virus vaccine candidate based on the insect-specific flavivirus, Binjari virus (BinJV), displaying the structural prM/E proteins of DENV (BinJ/DENV2-prME). In this study, we immunized AG129 mice with BinJ/DENV2-prME via a needle-free, high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP) delivery system. Immunization with a single, 1 µg dose of BinJ/DENV2-prME delivered via the HD-MAPs resulted in enhanced kinetics of neutralizing antibody induction when compared to needle delivery and complete protection against mortality upon virus challenge in the AG129 DENV mouse model.

We report the structural and electronic properties of NbN/GaN junctions grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. High crystal-quality NbN films grown on GaN exhibit superconducting critical temperatures in excess of 10 K for thicknesses as low as 3 nm. We observe that the NbN lattice adopts the stacking sequence of the underlying GaN and that domain boundaries in the NbN thereby occur at the site of atomic steps in the GaN surface. The electronic properties of the NbN/GaN junction are characterized using Schottky barrier diodes. Current–voltage–temperature and capacitance–voltage measurements are used to determine the Schottky barrier height of the NbN/GaN junction, which we conclude is ∼1.3 eV.

Historically it has been maintained that soil organic carbon (SOC) is stabilized through interactions with mineral interfaces. Here the authors use cryo-electron microscopy and spectroscopy to show that SOC interactions can also occur between organic forms in patchy, disordered structure.

Understanding the inner workings of complex magnetoelectric multiferroics remains a challenge, as macroscopic techniques characterize average responses rather than the role of individual iron centers. Here, the authors reveal the origin of high-temperature magnetism in multiferroic superlattices.

With conventional scanning transmission electron microscopy, some sensitive materials are difficult to image with atomic resolution. The authors present a method of mixed-state electron ptychography that enables picometer precision with fast acquisition and low dosage.

The origin of interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI) in insulating magnetic oxides remains unclear. Here, Caretta et al. find that an intrinsic spin-orbit coupling due to rare-earth orbital magnetism generates iDMI at mirror symmetry-breaking interfaces of magnetized iron garnets Tm3Fe5O12.

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spawned an ongoing demand for new research reagents and interventions. Herein we describe a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against SARS-CoV-2. One antibody showed excellent utility for immunohistochemistry, clearly staining infected cells in formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded lungs and brains of mice infected with the original and the omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate the reactivity to multiple variants of concern using ELISAs and describe the use of the antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence assays, Western blots, and rapid antigen tests. Finally, we illustrate the ability of two antibodies to reduce significantly viral tissue titers in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice infected with the original and an omicron isolate of SARS-CoV-2.

Conductive homoepitaxial Si-doped β-Ga2O3 films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition with an as-deposited 2323 S cm−1 conductivity (resistivity = 4.3 × 10−4 Ω-cm, carrier concentration = 2.24 × 1020 cm−3, mobility = 64.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, and electrical activation efficiency = 77%). High quality homoepitaxial films deposited on commercial (010) Fe-compensated β-Ga2O substrates were determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The β-Ga2O3 films have ∼70% transparency from 3.7 eV (335 nm) to 0.56 eV (2214 nm). The combination of high conductivity and transparency offers promise for numerous ultrawide bandgap electronics and optoelectronic applications.

Epitaxial multilayer heterostructures of ScxAl1−xN/GaN with Sc contents x = 0.11–0.45 are found to exhibit significant differences in structural quality, chemical impurity levels, and electronic properties depending on the starting Sc source impurity levels. A higher purity source leads to a 2–3 orders of magnitude reduction in the carbon, oxygen, and fluorine unintentional doping densities in MBE-grown ScxAl1−xN/GaN multilayers. Electrical measurements of ScxAl1−xN/n+GaN single heterostructure barriers show a 5–7 orders of magnitude reduction in the electrical leakage for films grown with a higher purity Sc source at most Sc contents. The measured chemical and electrical properties of epitaxial ScxAl1−xN highlight the importance of the starting Sc source material purity for epitaxial device applications that need these highly piezoelectric and/or ferroelectric transition-metal nitride alloys.

Alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells are promising power sources, but performance is limited by catalytic activity. Here the authors report a non-precious metal-based catalyst for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction that imparts outstanding fuel cell performance.

β-Ga2O3 is a promising ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor whose properties can be further enhanced by alloying with Al. Here, using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, we find the thermodynamically unstable γ-phase is a ubiquitous structural defect in both β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films and doped β-Ga2O3 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. For undoped β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 films, we observe γ-phase inclusions between nucleating islands of the β-phase at lower growth temperatures (∼500–600 °C). In doped β-Ga2O3, a thin layer of the γ-phase is observed on the surfaces of films grown with a wide range of n-type dopants and dopant concentrations. The thickness of the γ-phase layer was most strongly correlated with the growth temperature, peaking at about 600 °C. Ga interstitials are observed in the β-phase, especially near the interface with the γ-phase. By imaging the same region of the surface of a Sn-doped β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 after ex situ heating up to 400 °C, a γ-phase region is observed to grow above the initial surface, accompanied by a decrease in Ga interstitials in the β-phase. This suggests that the diffusion of Ga interstitials toward the surface is likely the mechanism for growth of the surface γ-phase and more generally that the more-open γ-phase may offer diffusion pathways to be a kinetically favored and early forming phase in the growth of Ga2O3. However, more modeling and simulation of the γ-phase and the interstitials are needed to understand the energetics and kinetics, the impact on electronic properties, and how to control them.

Using epitaxial stabilization, we synthesized single-phase (001)-oriented thin films of DyFe2O4+x on (111) MgAl2O4 substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy. The metastable DyFe2O4 polymorph formed is isostructural to known trigonal ferrimagnetic RFe2O4 phases with space group R3̄m, where R = Ho to Lu. The epitaxial DyFe2O4 thin films have two in-plane orientation relationships: [100] DyFe2O4 || 211̄ MgAl2O4 plus a twin variant related by a 60° in-plane rotation. DyFe2O4 is not bulk stable and has never been synthesized before. Indeed, it has been predicted to be on the edge energetically of what may be possible to stabilize. The fact that the RFe2O4 phase is stable for all elements leading up to dysprosium (Ho–Lu) leads us to believe that DyFe2O4 could be a “remnant metastable phase,” one which, given the right thermodynamic conditions, could become the lowest free energy phase. We find that although we are able to get structurally very close to R3̄m DyFe2O4, the films are not stoichiometric as they have an increased c lattice parameter, indicative of extra oxygen as is sometimes seen in other RFe2O4 phases. The unintended surplus oxygen opens questions regarding what may be achievable using such tricks as epitaxial stabilization to access metastable phases and whether this indeed constitutes “remnant metastability.”

This paper introduces a growth method—suboxide molecular-beam epitaxy (S-MBE)—which enables a drastic enhancement in the growth rates of Ga2O3 and related materials to over 1 μm h−1 in an adsorption-controlled regime, combined with excellent crystallinity. Using a Ga + Ga2O3 mixture with an oxygen mole fraction of x(O) = 0.4 as an MBE source, we overcome kinetic limits that had previously hampered the adsorption-controlled growth of Ga2O3 by MBE. We present growth rates up to 1.6 μm h−1 and 1.5 μm h−1 for Ga2O3/Al2O3 and Ga2O3/Ga2O3 structures, respectively, with very high crystalline quality at unparalleled low growth temperature for this level of perfection. We combine thermodynamic knowledge of how to create molecular beams of targeted suboxides with a kinetic model developed for the S-MBE of III–VI compounds to identify appropriate growth conditions. Using S-MBE, we demonstrate the growth of phase-pure, smooth, and high-purity homoepitaxial Ga2O3 films that are thicker than 4.5 μm. With the high growth rate of S-MBE, we anticipate a significant improvement to vertical Ga2O3-based devices. We describe and demonstrate how this growth method can be applied to a wide range of oxides. With respect to growth rates and crystalline quality, S-MBE rivals leading synthesis methods currently used for the production of Ga2O3-based devices.

Homologous series are layered phases that can have a range of stoichiometries depending on an index n. Examples of perovskite-related homologous series include (ABO3)nAO Ruddlesden–Popper phases and (Bi2O2) (An−1BnO3n+1) Aurivillius phases. It is challenging to precisely control n because other members of the homologous series have similar stoichiometry and a phase with the desired n is degenerate in energy with syntactic intergrowths among similar n values; this challenge is amplified as n increases. To improve the ability to synthesize a targeted phase with precise control of the atomic layering, we apply the x-ray diffraction (XRD) approach developed for superlattices of III–V semiconductors to measure minute deviations from the ideal structure so that they can be quantitatively eradicated in subsequent films. We demonstrate the precision of this approach by improving the growth of known Ruddlesden–Popper phases and ultimately, by synthesizing an unprecedented n = 20 Ruddlesden–Popper phase, (ATiO3)20AO where the A-site occupancy is Ba0.6Sr0.4. We demonstrate the generality of this method by applying it to Aurivillius phases and the Bi2Sr2Can–1CunO2n+4 series of high-temperature superconducting phases.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to disrupt essential health services in 90 percent of countries today. The spike (S) protein found on the surface of the causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been the prime target for current vaccine research since antibodies directed against the S protein were found to neutralize the virus. However, as new variants emerge, mutations within the spike protein have given rise to potential immune evasion of the response generated by the current generation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, a modified, HexaPro S protein subunit vaccine, delivered using a needle-free high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP), was investigated for its immunogenicity and virus-neutralizing abilities. Mice given two doses of the vaccine candidate generated potent antibody responses capable of neutralizing the parental SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as the variants of concern, Alpha and Delta. These results demonstrate that this alternative vaccination strategy has the potential to mitigate the effect of emerging viral variants.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest public health threat facing the world today. Multiple vaccines have been approved; however, the emergence of viral variants such as the recent Omicron raises the possibility of booster doses to achieve adequate protection. In Brazil, the CoronaVac (Sinovac, Beijing, China) vaccine was used; however, it is important to assess the immune response to this vaccine over time. This study aimed to monitor the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in those immunized with CoronaVac and SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Samples were collected between August 2020 and August 2021. Within the vaccinated cohort, some individuals had a history of infection by SARS-CoV-2 prior to immunization, while others did not. We analyzed RBD-specific and neutralizing-antibodies. Anti-RBD antibodies were detected in both cohorts, with a peak between 45–90 days post infection or vaccination, followed by a steady decline over time. In those with a previous history of COVID-19, a higher, longer, more persistent response was observed. This trend was mirrored in the neutralization assays, where infection, followed by immunization, resulted in higher, longer lasting responses which were conditioned on the presence of levels of RBD antibodies right before the vaccination. This supports the necessity of booster doses of CoronaVac in due course to prevent serious disease.

The high-density microneedle array patch (HD-MAP) is a promising alternative vaccine delivery system device with broad application in disease, including SARS-CoV-2. Skin reactivity to HD-MAP applications has been extensively studied in young individuals, but not in the >65 years population, a risk group often requiring higher dose vaccines to produce protective immune responses. The primary aims of the present study were to characterise local inflammatory responses and barrier recovery to HD-MAPs in elderly skin. In twelve volunteers aged 69–84 years, HD-MAPs were applied to the forearm and deltoid regions. Measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dielectric permittivity and erythema were performed before and after HD-MAP application at t = 10 min, 30 min, 48 h, and 7 days. At all sites, TEWL (barrier damage), dielectric permittivity (superficial water);, and erythema measurements rapidly increased after HD-MAP application. After 7 days, the mean measures had recovered toward pre-application values. The fact that the degree and chronology of skin reactivity and recovery after HD-MAP was similar in elderly skin to that previously reported in younger adults suggests that the reactivity basis for physical immune enhancement observed in younger adults will also be achievable in the older population.

We report the in situ, direct epitaxial synthesis of (0001)-oriented PdCoO2 thin films on c-plane sapphire using ozone-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. The resulting films have smoothness, structural perfection, and electrical characteristics that rival the best in situ grown PdCoO2 thin films in the literature. Metallic conductivity is observed in PdCoO2 films as thin as ∼2.0 nm. The PdCoO2 films contain 180° in-plane rotation twins. Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that the growth of PdCoO2 on the (0001) surface of Al2O3 begins with the CoO2 layer.

Alternative delivery systems such as the high-density microarray patch (HD-MAP) are being widely explored due to the variety of benefits they offer over traditional vaccine delivery methods. As vaccines are dry coated onto the HD-MAP, there is a need to ensure the stability of the vaccine in a solid state upon dry down. Other challenges faced are the structural stability during storage as a dried vaccine and during reconstitution upon application into the skin. Using a novel live chimeric virus vaccine candidate, BinJ/DENV2-prME, we explored a panel of pharmaceutical excipients to mitigate vaccine loss during the drying and storage process. This screening identified human serum albumin (HSA) as the lead stabilizing excipient. When bDENV2-coated HD-MAPs were stored at 4 °C for a month, we found complete retention of vaccine potency as assessed by the generation of potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses in mice. We also demonstrated that HD-MAP wear time did not influence vaccine deposition into the skin or the corresponding immunological outcomes. The final candidate formulation with HSA maintained ~100% percentage recovery after 6 months of storage at 4 °C.

The use of dengue virus (DENV) vaccines has been hindered by the complexities of antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). Current late-stage vaccine candidates utilize attenuated and chimeric DENVs that produce particles of varying maturities. Antibodies that are elicited by preferentially exposed epitopes on immature virions have been linked to increased ADE. We aimed to further understand the humoral immunity promoted by DENV particles of varying maturities in an AG129 mouse model using a chimeric insect specific vaccine candidate, bDENV-2. We immunized mice with mature, partially mature, and immature bDENV-2 and found that immunization with partially mature bDENV-2 produced more robust and cross-neutralizing immune responses than immunization with immature or mature bDENV-2. Upon challenge with mouse adapted DENV-2 (D220), we observed 80% protection for mature bDENV-2 vaccinated mice and 100% for immature and partially mature vaccinated mice, suggesting that protection to homotypic challenge is not dependent on maturation. Finally, we found reduced in vitro ADE at subneutralising serum concentrations for mice immunized with mature bDENV-2. These results suggest that both immature and mature DENV particles play a role in homotypic protection; however, the increased risk of in vitro ADE from immature particles indicates potential safety benefits from mature DENV-based vaccines.

Electron transfer reactions govern most biogeochemical processes, yet we have a limited knowledge of the electrochemistry of pyrogenic carbon, a major component of organic matter. Here, the authors quantify electron transfers between pyrogenic carbon and mineral phases under different pyrolysis temperatures.

La-doped BaSnO3 has been epitaxially integrated with (001) Si using an SrTiO3 buffer layer via molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). A 254 nm thick undoped BaSnO3 buffer layer was grown to enhance the mobility of the overlying La-doped BaSnO3 layer. The x-ray diffraction rocking curve of the BaSnO3 002 peak has a full width at half maximum of 0.02°. At room temperature, the resistivity of the La-doped BaSnO3 film is 3.6 × 10−4 Ω cm and the mobility is 128 cm2 V−1 s−1 at a carrier concentration of 1.4 × 1020 cm−3. These values compare favorably to those of La-doped BaSnO3 films grown by all techniques other than MBE on single-crystal oxide substrates. Our work opens an exciting arena for integrating hyper-functional oxide electronics that make use of high-mobility oxide films with the workhorse of the semiconductor industry, silicon.

Replacement of platinum is important for lowering the cost of fuel-cell electrocatalysts, but less precious alternatives such as palladium are hindered by lower durability. Here, the authors show that incorporation of trace amounts of gold improves the durability of palladium based oxygen reduction catalysts.

We report the integration of SrRuO3, one of the most widely used oxide electrode materials in functional oxide heterostructures, with silicon using molecular-beam epitaxy and an SrTiO3 buffer layer. The resulting SrRuO3 film has a rocking curve full width at half maximum of 0.01°, a resistivity at room temperature of 250 μΩ cm, a residual resistivity ratio (ρ300 Kρ4 K) of 11, and a paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition temperature of ∼160 K. These structural, electrical, and magnetic properties compare favorably to the best reported values for SrRuO3 films on silicon and rival those of epitaxial SrRuO3 films produced directly on SrTiO3 single crystals by thin film growth techniques other than molecular-beam epitaxy. These high quality SrRuO3 films with metallic conductivity on silicon are relevant to integrating multi-functional oxides with the workhorse of semiconductor technology, silicon.

Epitaxial La-doped BaSnO3 films were grown in an adsorption-controlled regime by molecular-beam epitaxy, where the excess volatile SnOx desorbs from the film surface. A film grown on a (001) DyScO3 substrate exhibited a mobility of 183 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature and 400 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 10 K despite the high concentration (1.2 × 1011 cm−2) of threading dislocations present. In comparison to other reports, we observe a much lower concentration of (BaO)2 Ruddlesden-Popper crystallographic shear faults. This suggests that in addition to threading dislocations, other defects—possibly (BaO)2 crystallographic shear defects or point defects—significantly reduce the electron mobility.

Understanding the unique properties of ultra-wide band gap semiconductors requires detailed information about the exact nature of point defects and their role in determining the properties. Here, we report the first direct microscopic observation of an unusual formation of point defect complexes within the atomic-scale structure of β-Ga_{2}O_{3} using high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Each complex involves one cation interstitial atom paired with two cation vacancies. These divacancy-interstitial complexes correlate directly with structures obtained by density functional theory, which predicts them to be compensating acceptors in β-Ga_{2}O_{3}. This prediction is confirmed by a comparison between STEM data and deep level optical spectroscopy results, which reveals that these complexes correspond to a deep trap within the band gap, and that the development of the complexes is facilitated by Sn doping through increased vacancy concentration. These findings provide new insight on this emerging material’s unique response to the incorporation of impurities that can critically influence their properties.

Dengue virus is the most important arbovirus impacting global human health, with an estimated 390 million infections annually, and over half the world’s population at risk of infection. While significant efforts have been made to develop effective vaccines to mitigate this threat, the task has proven extremely challenging, with new approaches continually being sought. The majority of protective, neutralizing antibodies induced during infection are targeted by the envelope (E) protein, making it an ideal candidate for a subunit vaccine approach. Using truncated, recombinant, secreted E proteins (sE) of all 4 dengue virus serotypes, we have assessed their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice, with or without Quil-A as an adjuvant, and delivered via micropatch array (MPA) to the skin in comparison with more traditional routes of immunization. The micropatch contains an ultra-high density array (21,000/cm2) of 110 μm microprojections. Mice received 3 doses of 1 μg (nanopatch, intradermal, subcutaneous, or intra muscular injection) or 10 μg (intradermal, subcutaneous, or intra muscular injection) of tetravalent sE spaced 4 weeks apart. When adjuvanted with Quil-A, tetravalent sE vaccination delivered via MPA resulted in earlier induction of virus-neutralizing IgG antibodies for all four serotypes when compared with all of the other vaccination routes. Using the infectious dengue virus AG129 mouse infectious dengue model, these neutralizing antibodies protected all mice from lethal dengue virus type 2 D220 challenge, with protected animals showing no signs of disease or circulating virus. If these results can be translated to humans, MPA-delivered sE represents a promising approach to dengue virus vaccination.

Bi2Pt2O7 pyrochlore is thought to be one of the most promising oxide catalysts for application in fuel cell technology. Unfortunately, direct film growth of Bi2Pt2O7 has not yet been achieved, owing to the difficulty of oxidizing platinum metal in the precursor material to Pt4+. In this work, in order to induce oxidation of the platinum, we annealed pulsed laser deposited films consisting of epitaxial δ–Bi2O3 and co-deposited, comparatively disordered platinum. We present synchrotron x-ray diffraction results that show the nonuniform annealed films contain the first epitaxial crystals of Bi2Pt2O7. We also visualized the pyrochlore structure by scanning transmission electron microscopy, and observed ordered cation vacancies in the epitaxial crystals formed in a bismuth-rich film but not in those formed in a platinum-rich film. The similarity between the δ–Bi2O3 and Bi2Pt2O7 structures appears to facilitate the pyrochlore formation. These results provide the only route to date for the formation of epitaxial Bi2Pt2O7.

Topological crystalline insulators have been recently predicted and observed in rock-salt structure SnSe {111} thin films. Previous studies have suggested that the Se-terminated surface of this thin film with hydrogen passivation has a reduced surface energy and is thus a preferred configuration. In this paper, synchrotron-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, along with density functional theory calculations, is used to demonstrate that a rock-salt SnSe {111} thin film epitaxially grown on Bi_{2}Se_{3} has a stable Sn-terminated surface. These observations are supported by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity-voltage measurements and dynamical LEED calculations, which further show that the Sn-terminated SnSe {111} thin film has undergone a surface structural relaxation of the interlayer spacing between the Sn and Se atomic planes. In sharp contrast to the Se-terminated counterpart, the observed Dirac surface state in the Sn-terminated SnSe {111} thin film is shown to yield a high Fermi velocity, 0.50×10^{6} m/s, which suggests a potential mechanism of engineering the Dirac surface state of topological materials by tuning the surface configuration.

We used oxide molecular-beam epitaxy in a composition-spread geometry to deposit hexagonal LuFeO3 (h-LuFeO3) thin films with a monotonic variation in the Lu/Fe cation ratio, creating a mosaic of samples that ranged from iron rich to lutetium rich. We characterized the effects of composition variation with x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. After identifying growth conditions leading to stoichiometric film growth, an additional sample was grown with a rotating sample stage. From this stoichiometric sample, we determined stoichiometric h-LuFeO3 to have a TN = 147 K and Ms = 0.018 μB/Fe.

Transcatheter mitral valve repair with the MitraClip, a catheter-based percutaneous edge-to-edge repair technique to correct mitral regurgitation (MR), has been demonstrated in Western studies to be an effective and safe MR treatment strategy. However, randomised clinical trial data on its use in Asian-Pacific patients is limited. Hence, the Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology convened an expert panel to review the available literature on MitraClip and to develop consensus recommendations to guide clinicians in the region. The panel developed statements on the use of MitraClip for the management of degenerative MR, functional MR, and other less common indications, such as acute MR, dynamic MR, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and MR after failed surgical repair. Each statement was voted on by each panel member and consensus was reached when 80% of experts voted ‘agree’ or ‘neutral’. This consensus-building process resulted in 10 consensus recommendations to guide general cardiologists in the evaluation and management of patients in whom MitraClip treatment is being contemplated.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common and prognostically important complication of mitral regurgitation (MR). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) are traditionally used to diagnose PH, however these indices measure static rather than pulsatile load, leading to an incomplete representation of pulmonary vascular load on the right ventricle (RV). Pulmonary arterial compliance (PAC) is one method for quantifying pulsatile load, and is both a stronger predictor of prognosis in left heart failure, as well as a more sensitive measure of early pulmonary vascular dysfunction than PVR. With the expansion of transcatheter mitral and tricuspid valve therapies, there is renewed interest to more accurately define the load imposed by the pulmonary vasculature on the RV, especially in the early phase, prior to the onset of chronic PH. This review discusses the pathophysiology of pH in left heart failure and MR, the utility of PAC as a measure of RV afterload, and its calculation for clinical use and interpretation, underlining the utility of PAC as an adjunct for assessing pulmonary vascular haemodynamics.