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Phototherapy, the use of photos in a therapeutic setting under the supervision of a trained therapist, is as an effective method for reducing psychological problems. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of phototherapy on depression and anxiety in divorced women. This study employed single-case experimental design with multiple baseline phases. The statistical population included all divorced women in Tehran who were active on instagram and responded to the research call in 2021. The sampling method was convenience and purposive and four participants were selected based on inclusion criteria. The research instruments included the Lovibond and Lovibond Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and the five main phototherapy techniques by Weiser. Participants took part in multiple baseline stage, five intervention sessions, and three follow-up sessions. Data were analyzed by visuals inspection, improvement percentage, reliable change index strategies, effect size and mixed regression analysis. The results showed that phototherapy has significant effect on reducing depression and anxiety in divorced women. Therefore, phototherapy can be utilized as a novel and effective intervention method for addressing depression and anxiety in divorced women, by therapists and counselors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on self -handicapping, interpersonal communication skills and life orientation in divorced women referred to counseling centers in Isfahan. The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up which was performed in the fall of 2020. For this purpose, among the referents, 28 women who met the criteria for entering the research were selected with the convenience sampling and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. The participants of the experimental group received Goldman and Greenberg's emotion-focused therapy individually for 9 sessions of 90 minutes. They answered the questionnaires of Jones & Rudwalt Self-handicapping, Jerabek Interpersonal Communication Skills and Scheier & Carver. Life Orientation [1]in three phases. For data analysis variance with repeated measures was used. Finding indicated reduction in mean of self-handicapping and improvement in interpersonal communication skills and life orientation in experimental group in comparison to control group. Based on the findings, for reduction of self-handicapping and improvement in interpersonal communication skills and life orientation in divorced women emotion focused therapy can be used.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived social support and hope with post-divorce adjustment among divorced women. The statistical population of the study was 192 divorced women under the auspices of the imam Khomeini Relief foundation of these, a sample of 150 women was selected using simple random sampling method. The type of research was descriptive and its method was correlated. To analyze the results, parametric inferential statistics such as regression, Pearson correlation and multiple methods were used. In order to collect data, standardized perceived social support questionnaires (Zimm et al., 1988), Omid Schneider et al. (1991) and Divorce Adjustment Scale (Fischer 1976) were used. Findings showed that there was relationship between perceived social support and hope with post-divorce adjustment among divorced women. There was a relationship between perceived social support with post-divorce adjustment among divorced women. There was a relationship between hope with post-divorce compatibility among divorced women.

One of the most important quantitative and qualitative changes in the contemporary family is the phenomenon of women's custody, which has a growing trend. In the framework of gender studies and with reference to the feminist theory approach, the article examines the causes and consequences of custody as a social issue. Methodologically, the study was conducted with the Grounded theory approach and using the research interview technique. The samples are divorced women in Marivan city. Using purposive sampling and theoretical sampling, 20 people were interviewed. The finding is based on a paradigm model and is analyzed by extracting 13 central categories in the data coding process. "Socio-legal determinism" and "maternal emotions" are categories that imply causal conditions. "Class status" and "spouse child" as contextual conditions; and "Marital disputes", "men's inability to pay for family expenses" and "domestic violence" play a role as interfering conditions. The consequences of custody are reflected in the categories of "increasing poverty", "role pressure", "dependence" and "feeling of abandonment". Finally, the women react to the situation with dual strategies of "despair" and "tolerance". "Despair" represents subjective confrontation and "tolerance" means the objective acceptance of the custody.‌Keywords Female Head of Household, Custody, Divorced Women, Grounded Theory, Marivan. ‌‌IntroductionWomen's custody is one of the most important changes that have occurred in the construction of the contemporary family. This phenomenon, as a result of the decline of the extended family and the growth of the nuclear family, along with changes such as the decrease in the fertility rate and the size of the family, the increase in divorce and the growth of the single-parent family, has been considered as a new subject in recent social sciences (Abbott & Vallace, 1997; Chant, 2007). In this regard, the study examines the narrative of custody women about their lived experience by posing two central questions: 1) Divorced women who are covered by the Relief Committee Organization, why and how did they get custody of their children? And 2) what are the consequences of this responsibility for them and how do they face it?. MethodologyThe article examines the causes and consequences of this phenomenon as a social issue in the framework of gender studies, specifically by referring to feminist theory. Feminist criticism, especially its radical approach, is mainly focused on the institution of the family, which is organized based on patriarchal values (De Beauvoir, 2010). Radical feminism argues that men not only exploit women through free domestic work but also prevent them from accessing positions of power and influence in society (Giddens & Birdsall, 2001: 168). In the absence of common role patterns and when performing tasks such as guardianship and custody, women face unknown and difficult situations due to subordination and lack of educational and training experiences and are caught in the flood of economic and social crises. Therefore, it is as a result of such gender structure and discourse that the phenomenon of custody of women becomes problematic. In addition, the pathological consequences of women's custody have been discussed in the theory of "feminization of poverty". According to this theory, the different experiences that female heads of households have of poverty, have fueled the discourse of the "feminization of poverty" (Chant, 2007 and Mwangi, 2017). Another approach is the theory of “role conflict and pressure theory" (Rosenfield, 1989). This theory argues that female heads of the household suffer from role conflict and role pressure due to simultaneously playing the role of "breadwinner" and "housekeeper". The problem of the female heads of the household has also been considered from the perspective of Marxist theory and class analysis. The problem of female heads of the household has also been considered from the perspective of Marxist theory. According to this approach, age, gender, or racial and ethnic characteristics do not necessarily have a direct relationship with poverty, rather it is the class position that determines what resources and facilities women have access to. It can be argued that the understanding and validity of the "feminization of poverty" and "role conflict and pressure" Theories, ultimately require reference to feminist theory. The discourse of patriarchy through the subjugation and exploitation of women as well as symbolic violence in socialization processes leads to gender discrimination and the degradation of women's status and the creation of the issue of custodial women. The discourse of patriarchy through the subjugation and exploitation of women as well as symbolic violence in socialization processes leads to gender discrimination and the degradation of women's status and creates the problem of women's custody. In such conditions, women's impoverishment processes and their role conflicts are produced and reproduced in society. FindingsThe research has been implemented with a qualitative approach and using the Grounded Theory methodology (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Corbin, & Strauss, 1998). The data has been collected through the qualitative interview technique and also based on the lived experience and field observations of the researchers. The method of sampling and determination of samples is based on Grounded Theory methodology: 1) Purposive sampling and 2) Theoretical Sampling (Flick, 2006). In Purposive Sampling, the structure of the sample (in terms of age, age of marriage, and the number of children), and in Theoretical Sampling, the number of samples, how to select them, and the combination of experimental information in the process of data gathering and interpreting has been specified. According to the "theoretical satisfaction" rule, 20 people from "divorced women covered by Marivan Relief Committee" were interviewed. Also, the Grounded Theory coding methods (including open, axial and selective coding) have been used in the data analysis. ResultThe findings have been analyzed and interpreted based on a paradigmatic model and by extracting 13 core categories in the data coding process: Social-legal compulsion and maternal emotions explain the "causes of custody". Class status and marital child are “Contextual conditions"; and marital disputes, men's inability to provide family expenses and domestic violence are "intervening factors". The "consequences" are reflected in the categories of increasing poverty, role pressure, dependence and feeling of abandonment. Finally, women react to custody through the dual strategies of "desperation" and "tolerance", which is a reflection of subjective encounter and objective acceptance. In general, it can be argued that the results are an empirical test for the assumptions of Class Theory and especially Feminist Theory. Although the former should be analyzed with caution (due to the class homogeneity of the studied sample), the claims of the latter are confirmed in an empirical and concrete way by thinking about the causal causes (Social-legal compulsion and maternal emotions), Contextual conditions (marital child), intervening factors (breadwinner role and domestic violence) and especially the consequences (poverty, role pressure, dependence and feeling of abandonment).

Background: Post-divorce consequences is a context-based phenomenon and in every community it is affected by the personal, social and cultural factors of that community. A number of studies have been carried out on the consequences of divorce over the world, but there is a reaearch gap on its consequences for divorced women, espicially in small and traditional citiez in Iran. Aims: The purpose of this study is qualitative study of the experiences of divorced women in Behbahan of the consequences of divorce. Methods: The present study is the result of a qualitative study and a semi-structured interview with 13 divorced women in Behbahan, who were selected using purposive sampling method. The data collection method was semi-structured interview and these interviews continued until theoretical saturation. The thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, 2006), were selected in order to analyze the data. Results: Data analysis showed 210 codes in 4 main themes (Socio-cultural, Psychological, Personal consequences, Economic consequences) and 15 sub-themes (mposing society's perceptions on divorced women, social stigma, greed, reconnection, relationships with friends and relatives, the role of family, conflicting emotions, emotional thoughts, lack of life skills, communication with children, meta-parenting, crisis of residence, seeking of psychological help, behavioral measures and economic insecurity). Conclusion: Divorce for women is a cycle of vulnerability and individual and social consequences that lead them to use protective mechanisms such as isolation, secrecy and aggression in interpersonal relationships to try to adapt to new circumstances.

Introduction: Divorce is an ancient and social problem in society that the widespread consequences continue long after to this incident. Aim: The present aim this study was to examine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on promoting mental health and rumination of divorce women. Method: This present research is a simi-experimental plan in which pretest-posttest with the control group has been used. The statistical population of this study is formed of divorced women under the auspices of Kohgiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Welfare Organization in 2021. For this purpose a total of 50 women were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned in control and experimental groups. Instruments were Rumination Response Style (RRS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The experimental group participated in emotion regulation training to 90–minute 10 sessions during the two months. The data were analyzed by SPSS-22 and multivariate covariance. Results: The mean and standard deviation of age were 39.4 and 8.25, respectively. The results showed that after controlling the effects of covariate variables (pretest), effectiveness of emotion regulation training on promoting health and rumination components include somatic symptom of (F=17.45, P>0.01), anxity (F=25.52, P>0.01), social performance (F=26.99, P>0.01), depression (F=15.47, P>0.01), rumination response (F=75.13, P>0.01) and distraction respons (F=34.42, P>0.01) divorce womens were significant. Conclusion: On the basis of the finding of this study it can be conclouded that emotion regulation training could be an effective intervention in enhancing mental health and reducing rumination. Thus, it is suggested that such intervention be used in family counsling and mental health centers.

Background: The bitter and biting views of society and the rejection of divorced women make it difficult for them to adapt to these conditions and damage their self-esteem. Studies have shown that emotion-focused and cognitive-behavioral therapies can affect post-divorce adjustment and self-esteem of divorced women, but research comparing their effectiveness has been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to comparison of the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy on post-divorce adjustment and self-esteem of divorced women. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with control group. The research population included all divorced women under the auspices of social service bases in the 2th district of Tehran, Iran. The study sample included 60 women who were selected by available sampling method and, then, were assigned into two experiment groups and one control group (20 individuals per group) through random assignment method. The research tool were Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (1976) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (1965). For the first experiment group, the emotion-focused therapy (Mirzazadeh et al., 2012), and for the second experiment group, the cognitive-behavior therapy (Muñoz et al., 2012) were delivered in groups and in nine 120-minute sessions, but the control group received no intervention. Data analysis was performed by Repeated Measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: Both treatments improved post-divorce adjustment and self-esteem of divorced women at the end of the intervention stage and in the follow-up stage (p

Background: For many women, divorce means coping with extreme stress and emotional instability. To meet the challenges after divorce, divorced women need to be more resilient using different strategies. Almost all studies conducted in Iran with the subject of life after divorce have dealt with the process of adaptation and adaptation has been less considered as the gateway to adaptation. Aims: The aim of this study was to discover effective strategies in the process of adaptation during post-divorce adjustment in divorced women. Methods: This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and contextual theory method in 2020 and 2021 in Tehran. The population or field studied in this study included all divorced women in Tehran in 2020 who have passed at least 3 years of legal divorce (who have the opportunity and experience to face the challenges of life after divorce and the possibility of entering the process of adaptation after divorce. The study sample was saturated by selecting 12 divorced women using snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The interviews were analyzed using the systematic method of Corbin and Strauss. Results: Analysis of participants' experiences leads to the identification of 7 main categories of building a new identity, interacting with divorce, managing post-divorce challenges, engaging in social activities (environmental influences), buffer (protective factors), spiritual-religious confrontations and Coping with factors out of control. Conclusion: The results showed that divorced women 's use of internal and external factors can help to adapt to life after divorce and put them on the path of adjustment. Understanding knowledge based on divorced women's experience of post-divorce consequences and how to adapt to it, as presented in the present study, can help divorced women, counselors and therapists involved in this area to make gender-based decisions and interventions

Background: Women, after divorce, do not have enough self-efficacy to cope with life's problems and stresses, and literatures show the increase of self-efficacy by acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy, two important treatments in the third wave, but it is not clear which one is more effective. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine comparison of the group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy on self-efficacy in divorced women. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population included all divorced women in Eghlid in 2019, 24 of whom selected with available sampling and randomly divided into acceptance and commitment therapy group, dialectical behavior therapy group, and the control group. One experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy intervention (n = 8) and the other group received dialectical behavior therapy intervention (n = 8) in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. Individuals completed the self-efficacy Questionnaire of Sherer, & Adams, (1982) before, after and 2 months after the treatments. Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and simple effects of the group by spss-22 software. Results: The results showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy increase the self-efficacy of divorced women (P0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that to increase self-efficacy of divorced women both group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy can be used in psychotherapy sessions.

Background: Women, after divorce, do not have enough resilience to cope with life's problems and stresses, and literatures show the increase of resilience by acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy, two important treatments in the third wave, but it is not clear which one is more effective. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine comparison of the group therapy based on acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on resilience in divorced women. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population included all divorced women under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and Behzisti Organization (160 individuals) in Eghlid in 2019, 24 of whom selected with available sampling and randomly divided into acceptance and commitment therapy group, dialectical behavior therapy group, and the control group. One experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy intervention (acceptance and commitment training package adapted from Honarparvaran, et al., 2018), (n = 8) and the other group received dialectical behavior therapy intervention (dialectical behavior training package adapted from Hadizadeh et al., 2018), (n = 8) in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. Individuals completed the Resilience Questionnaire of Connor and Davidson (2003) before, after and 2 months after the treatments. Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and simple effects of the group by spss-22 software. Results: The results showed that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and dialectical behavior therapy increase the resilience of divorced women (P0.05). Also, Benferoni pair comparison indicates the stability of treatment results in the follow-up phase. Conclusions: According to the research findings, and the effectiveness of both approaches, the use of both treatments are auggested to the counseling clinics, specialists in the field of family and individual therapies in order to help these women to deal with difficult life situations.

Background: he experience of divorce affects the psychological well-being of women. Among the treatment approaches that can improve the psychological well-being of divorced women is schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of career couples from satisfaction and marital conflicts. Method: The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test in three groups. The statistical population included all divorced women who referred to counseling and psychological counseling centers in Tehran in the second half of 2019 due to psychological consequences after divorce. In order to select the statistical sample using purposive sampling method, first 45 people were selected and then 15 people were randomly placed in the first experimental group, 15 people in the second experimental group and 15 people in the control group. The research instrument was Reef Psychological Well-Being Scale (1989). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and SPSS22 software. Results: Statistical findings showed that both therapeutic approaches used were effective in increasing participants' psychological well-being (p< 0/05), but the difference between schema therapy and acceptance-commitment therapy at the level of 0.05 was not significant for psychological well-being. Conclusions: Considering the effectiveness of schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment on psychological well-being and its subscales, it is suggested that counseling centers and family clinics for divorced women who are exposed to psychological consequences after divorce prioritize these two approaches. Use group counseling and psychotherapy

Background: Studies have shown that cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy is effective on improving emotional and relational problems but a study which addresses the impact of this therpay on interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women has been neglected. Aims: the purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy (CBPGT) on reducing interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women. Method: This research is quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and a control group. The statistical population includes all divorced women who had referred to private counseling and psychological centers (84 centers) under the supervision of the General Department of Welfare in Mashhad in 2018. Among them, 24 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly located into two experimental and control groups. Research tools were 60-item Interpersonal Problem Questionnaire (HP-60) and difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Experimental group received sixteen 120-min of cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy sessions (Treadwell, 2016). Data analysis was performed using multivariate covariance, variance analysis with repeated measurements and Ben Foroni post hoc test with the SPSS20 software. Results: Cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy has significant effect on reducing interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women (p< 0/05). This result was also consistent in the follow-up. Conclusions: Cognitive behavioral psycholdarama group therapy can reduce interpersonal problems and difficulty in emotion regulation in divorced women.

One of the most important areas for the growth & development of crime & victimization is the separation of family & divorce. When the foundation of the family is shaken, the moral & social foundations of the whole social system are shaken and the society is led to various problems. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of divorce on women's victimization in Tabriz. Applied research is of descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the study consists of all divorced women in Tabriz. The sample size was used by Cochran's formula for unlimited communities. Due to the discretion of the professor, the number of divorced women for sample size was approximately 170 randomly selected by the researcher, information was collected. To obtain the research results, SPSS software and one-sample parametric T-test were used to analyze the data according to the normal distribution of data and the univariate of the test. Results of the T test indicate that all tests were significant and the test results showed that the individual, economic & social effects of divorce on women's victimization in Tabriz have an effect due to the positive T & the significance level of less than 0.05. It is positive. Results of this study show that the occurrence of divorce & its individual, social & economic criminological consequences has a very direct effect on women’s victimization,with the increase of divorce, the rate of crime increases & with the decrease of divorce, this rate decreases.

, the study of the decision and lived experience of women in Tehran in the form of hearing the story of their separation is the subject of this study. Eventually, a coherent account of these experiences was reached in the form of a chronological order. In this study, the statistical population includes 20 divorced women in Tehran in 1399 and purposive sampling method was used and data collection and analysis were performed simultaneously. According to the analysis and also the main and sub-categories extracted, the story of divorced women can be narrated in the form of 7 situations. The divorced women studied were not acquainted with their husbands in a suitable position and "context of couples' acquaintance" and the grounds for their "decision to marry" were not provided in the form of motivations and criteria for marriage. In the meantime, with the "issuance of the marriage contract" among the subjects, whispers of differences gradually began, and also with the holding of a wedding and the formation of life, the couple enters a new phase of "living behind closed doors." In the continuation of life, "spouse infidelity", "spouse addiction" and "domestic violence" are the main backgrounds of "sparks of divorce" in their minds. "Court trauma" is a campaign to end their family life formally and legally. When a woman decides to divorce; An agreed-upon divorce is based on an "agreement as a dowry" so that he can separate from his wife.

The aim of the article is to determine the features of psychological defenses of women with different states of family functioning and family interaction and their interrelation with personal characteristics, psychological and emotional states and indicators of family crisis. The following methods of research were used: theoretical (study, systematic analysis and generalization of socio-psychological, medical and psychological literature on the research topic); psychodiagnostic (observation, conversation, survey, testing); statistical (quantitative and qualitative analysis of experimental data). The results of the research. The analysis of the results of the study revealed the features of psychological defenses of women and men from crisis families, divorced women and women from normative families. A comparative analysis of psychological defenses of women and men was made, an analysis of the interrelation between psychological defenses and psychological and emotional states, factors of family crisis and personal qualities of women with different states of family functioning and family interaction and men from crisis families. Conclusion. An analysis of the stress of psychological defenses found that all the groups had problems with psychological defense of substitution and denial. In addition, the following stresses of psychological defenses were identified by groups: women in crisis – rationalization, regression; men and divorced – rationalization. Comparative analysis of the frequency of use and expression of mechanisms of psychological protection showed a significant difference among women and men from crisis families by the following indicators: displacement, regression, compensation, intellectualization, hypercompensation; among women from crisis families and divorced by indicators: denial, regression, compensation, projection, substitution, intellectualization; among women from crisis and normative families by projection indicator; women from normative families and divorced have a significant difference by indicator of denial. Positive and negative interrelations of psychological defenses with indicators of psychological and emotional states, factors of family crisis and personal qualities of women with different states of family functioning and family interaction and men from crisis families were found. The highest number of interrelation was found in the group of divorced women and women from crisis families. Thus, the analysis of the research results allowed to determine some factors and criteria for forecasting the development of a family crisis (personal growth and destructive response of the individual) and the growth of self-realization of a woman’s personality in a family crisis.

Background: Divorce, is the cause of family breakdown that has many consequences for individuals and can be the source of many psychological and social injuries. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on psychological, flexibility and emotional regulation in divorced women. Materials and Methods: This is a semi-experimental research with mixed-method design and a two-month follow-up, among divorced women referred to counseling centers in Tehran, 38 participants were selected through purposed sampling. Participants entering the research process, were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups through Excel Office software. ACT treatment was given to the experimental group for eight weekly two-hour sessions. The data of this study were collected through emotion regulation and acceptance and action questionnaire in three time periods with use of SPSS (ver: 22) software; analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: Acceptance and commitment therapy had a significant effect on the psychological flexibility (P

Introduction: Ruminantion is one of the most important components of depression which has been considered as an important factor in creation and maintanance of depressed mood over two decades. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the expressive writing pattern in decrease of rumination and depression, and stress in divorced women of Shahin Shahr. Method: This research was a semi experimental design with a pretest-posttest design. The population was all divorced women of the welfare organization who had been referred to counseling centers of Shahin Shahr in 2017. Simples sampling were selected and randomly assigned in to two experimental (15) and control (15) groups. The experiment group was trained in 4 sessions under the group's training of writing pattern. The subjects of both groups were evaluated in two stages, pre-test and post-test by the Dass and ruminal questionnaire –reflection. the Data were analyzed by paird t-test, independent t-test and covariance analysis. Results: The results of this study showed that writing expression pattern significantly decreased the depression, stress, and rumination in divorced women (P

Background and Objective: Divorce is one of the most prevalent causes of stress which results in emotional disturbances and behavioral problems in people. Women's vulnerability to divorce is more than men. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral components training on emotional adjustment, resiliency and self-control strategies among divorced women. Materials and Methods: The present study was of semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and control group. Among all divorced women referred to the Justice Advice Center of Babol in during 2017-2018, 60 were selected via convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Data were collected via emotional cognitive strategies, resiliency scale and self-control questionnaire. At first, a pretest was given to each group. Then cognitive-behavioral training was performed on the experimental group during 12 90-minute sessions. Then, both groups took the post-test. Data analysis was performed using multivariate covariance analysis by SPSS software version 22. Results: The mean (SD) positive cognitive emotional regulation score increased from 52.4 (10.5) in post-test to 60.2 (13.7) in pre-test in the experimental group (P0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that cognitive-behavioral training lead to increased positive cognitive emotional regulation, resiliency and self-control and decreased negative cognitive-emotional regulation among divorced women. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22037/ch.v7i2.25857

Background and Aim: Given the increasing divorce rate and vulnerability of divorced women in society, this study was aimed at the investigation adjustment status post-divorce and related factors in divorced women supported by the Birjand-based Relief Committee. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 160 divorced women covered by the Birjand Relief Committee by a multi-stage sampling method in 2018. A demographic questionnaire and the Fisher’s Divorce adjustment Scale were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version19) and analyzed by independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post-hoc tests at α=0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 37.5± 6.2 years and the main cause of divorce in women was addiction of the spouse (44.4%). The total mean score of adjustment in women was 331.1± 56.3, where 62.7% had poor adjustment and 37.3% had moderate adjustment. The mean score of adjustment in employed women was significantly higher than in household women (p

Background: Due to the increasing number of divorces and their irreparable consequences, divorced women are at increasing risk of these problems. Objectives: The present study aimed to analyze the mediating role of internalizing problems on the relationship between emotional well-being and externalizing problems of divorced women in Zanjan. Methods: The method in this research was descriptive correlation carried out through survey method. The statistical population was all divorced women in Zanjan that 200 people were selected through convenience sampling. Questionnaires of anxiety-depression-stress scale (DASS-21), emotional well-being (Keys and Magyar-Mae, 2003), and AGQ aggression as well as and Fisher divorce adjustment scale (1976) were applied to collect data. Structural equation modeling test and EMUs software were used to analyze the data. Results: The research findings indicated that there is a significant relationship, which is in reverse and decreasing, between emotional well-being and externalizing problems (aggression) and internalizing problems. There is a significant relationship, which is direct and increasing, between emotional well-being and externalizing problems (post-divorce adjustment) and internalizing problems (depression, anxiety and stress) with externalizing (aggression) problems of divorced women. There is also a significant relationship between internalizing problems and externalizing problems (post-divorce adjustment) in reverse and decreasing, and the variable of internalizing problems is a mediating variable in the relationship between emotional well-being and externalizing problems. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, with increase in emotional well-being, internalizing and externalizing (aggression) problems decrease and post-divorce adjustment increases in women. Accordingly, responsible institutions are required to take the needed measures in the form of training workshops and psychological services to recover and improve emotional well-being among these people.

Background: Due to the increasing number of divorces and their irreparable consequences, divorced women are at increasing risk of these problems. Objectives: The present study aimed to analyze the mediating role of internalizing problems on the relationship between emotional well-being and externalizing problems of divorced women in Zanjan. Methods: The method in this research was descriptive correlation carried out through survey method. The statistical population was all divorced women in Zanjan that 200 people were selected through convenience sampling. Questionnaires of anxiety-depression-stress scale (DASS-21), emotional well-being (Keys and Magyar-Mae, 2003), and AGQ aggression as well as and Fisher divorce adjustment scale (1976) were applied to collect data. Structural equation modeling test and EMUs software were used to analyze the data. Results: The research findings indicated that there is a significant relationship, which is in reverse and decreasing, between emotional well-being and externalizing problems (aggression) and internalizing problems. There is a significant relationship, which is direct and increasing, between emotional well-being and externalizing problems (post-divorce adjustment) and internalizing problems (depression, anxiety and stress) with externalizing (aggression) problems of divorced women. There is also a significant relationship between internalizing problems and externalizing problems (post-divorce adjustment) in reverse and decreasing, and the variable of internalizing problems is a mediating variable in the relationship between emotional well-being and externalizing problems. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, with increase in emotional well-being, internalizing and externalizing (aggression) problems decrease and post-divorce adjustment increases in women. Accordingly, responsible institutions are required to take the needed measures in the form of training workshops and psychological services to recover and improve emotional well-being among these people.

Background: The spread and growth of divorce is in critical level in the country and health of family, as the cornerstone of future health of society, is exposed to problems. Objectives: This study tries to investigate the role of relationship beliefs and cognitive insight in quality of marital relationship of divorced women. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study and the participants chosen based on convenience sampling included 80 divorced women who referred to the Social Emergency Center of the Welfare Organization of Zanjan in the final nine months of 2017. The instruments were the Golombok Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS), the Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI) of Epstein and Eidelson and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). To analyze the data, the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used. Results: Results indicated negative and significant relation between relationship beliefs and cognitive insight and the quality of marital relationship of divorced women. The results of regression analysis also indicated that the components of relationship beliefs and cognitive insight both define 51% of the variance of the quality of marital relationship. Conclusion: Results of this research showed importance of taking preventive and medication measures within framework of the educational and counseling programs with respect to the cognitive variables, especially relationship beliefs and cognitive insight.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the effectiveness of group emotional schema therapy on reducing loneliness and rumination of divorced women. This quasi-experimental study was a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study was all the divorced women in Mashhad who were called through a consulting clinic and a health center in Mashhad to participate in the research. The sampling method was purposive and conducted on a volunteer basis. Among those who were referred, 24 women were selected based on the criteria for entering the research and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. In order to measure the variables of the research, the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults Scale and the Rominative Response Scale were used. Before the treatment and at the end of the treatment, the two groups responded to the questionnaires. Participants in the experimental group were exposed to the group emotional schema therapy during 8 sessions and the control group did not receive any treatment. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that group emotional schema therapy significantly decreased loneliness and rumination in the experimental group compared to the control group. The results of this research showed that emotional schema therapy can be an effective way to reduce the loneliness and rumination of divorced women.

Aim and Background: The Fisher Recovery Rebuilding is one of the applications for increasing the adjustment and reducing negative emotions such as depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Fisher's divorce Rebuilding model on anxiety and depression in divorced women in Neyshabur city. Methods and Materials: The present study was a pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the experimental and control group. The sample consisted of 24 divorced women in the city of Neyshabur that were randomly selected assigned into two experimental (12 people) and control groups (12 people). The experimental group received the Fisher's Divorce Rebuilding Model in 8 sessions. The control group was on the waiting list. The control group was on the waiting list. The research questionnaires were Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Findings: The analysis of ANCOVA showed that the mean scores of depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly different between two groups (p

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of human givens therapy (HGT) on reducing anxiety, depression, and irrational beliefs of divorced women. This study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with the control group and follow-up test. The statistical population of this study includes all divorced women in Shahrekord. The sample consisted of 30 divorced women who were selected by the available sampling method by referring to family courts, counseling centers, or by referring to the health center and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. HGT was performed in 7 weekly sessions. Beck Anxiety Inventory (1990), Beck Depression Inventory (1978), and Jones Irrational Belief Inventory (1967) were used to collect data. Repeated analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test was to analyze the data used. The results of repeated analysis of variance test showed that treatment of human givens (HGT) in divorced women was effective on anxiety (F = 30.87, P

Bu çalışmanın amacı ileriki yıllarda sosyal hizmet uzmanı/sosyal çalışmacı olarak görev yapacak olan Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Sosyal Hizmet Bölümü öğrencilerinin kadına karşı ön yargılarını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada “Kadın” ile ilgili Türkçe literatür taranarak “Kadın” üst başlığı altında “Boşanan Kadın”, “Hayat Kadını”, “Çalışan Kadın”, “Evlilik Dışı İlişki”, “Ev Hanımı” ve “Flört” başlıkları ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada araştırma yöntemlerinden nitel araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya 20 kız ve 20 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 40 öğrenci katılmıştır. Veriler, araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında mecazlar yolu ile veri toplama tekniğinden de yararlanılmıştır. Daha sonra elde edilen veriler bilgisayar ortamına aktarılarak içerik ve betimsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Ana temalar literatür doğrultusunda oluşturulmuştur. Ancak alt temalar verilerden elde edilmiştir.

Introduction: Considering that divorced women are exposed to a variety of psychological injuries because of the suffering of loneliness and lack of solid support. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Self-Compassion Training on the Loneliness and resilience Destitute women. Method: The statistical population consisted of all divorced women protected by the Welfare Organization of Khorramabad in 2017. The 30 of patients were selected by random sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. At first, loneliness and resiliency questionnaires were implemented as a pretest, and the training focused on compassion for the experimental group was performed in 8 sessions, but the control group did not receive any training. In the final stage, all subjects responded to the questionnaires as a post-test. Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that after moderating the pre-test scores, the mean scores of loneliness and its sub-components of loneliness and family loneliness were significantly lower in the burnout-focused group than the control group (p

Background and Objective: Divorce as a life crisis can lead to emotional and behavioral problems. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory on the general health and obsessive beliefs of divorced women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 30 divorced women were non-randomly divided into the two interventions and control groups (15 participants in each group). Perior of the study the general health questionnaire (GHQ) (anxiety, social function, somatic symptoms and depression) and obsessive thoughts questionnaire (OBQ-44) (responsibility, perfectionisn and importance of thoughts) were completed by subjects in both groups. Counselling with Glasser approach was performed for intervention group through 8 group sessions once a week and lasted for 120 minutes. Control group received no intervention. At the end of the study, Post-test was performed from both groups. Results: Group training based on reality therapy in intervention group's participants caused a significant reduction in all items of the two variables, general health and obsessive thoughts in compared to the control group (P

Background: Domestic violence is a social problem that can lead to many physical and mental consequences. Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of supportive group reality therapy on the hope and responsibility of divorced women of victim of domestic violence. Method: The research method is semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control group. The sample consists of 30 divorced women who have been subjected to domestic violence. The instruments used were two questionnaires: Schneider's Hope Questionnaire, and California's Personality Questionnaire's Responsibility Scale. After selecting the groups, the pre-test was used for the primary control, after which the experimental group was exposed to education (training sessions were based on Glaser's theory of supportive group therapy), the independent variable in 10 sessions of 80 minutes to the group The test was presented, but no training was provided for the control group. To analyze the results of this research, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. At the inferential level of the research data, the covariance analysis test was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: The results of the data analysis indicated that support for group therapy therapy with a reality therapy approach is effective in increasing the hope of future and accountability of the divorced women victims of domestic violence(p

The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of forgiveness training on increasing positive emotions and empathy of divorced women in Dezful’s welfare program in 2013. Thirty divorced women were randomly selected from the 67 women in Dezful’s welfare program. They were divided into control and experiment groups. Each group was given a pre-test, consisting of the Transgression- Related Interpersonal Motivations (1998) Questionnaires, Positive and Negative Emotions (1988) Questionnaires, Trait Empathy Batson (1997) Questionnaires. The experiment group participated in six sessions of training (90 minutes per week), and the control group did not receive any intervention. The post and follow-up tests were performed and data were analyzed using covariance analysis and t-test, using the SPSS 22 software. The results show difference between pre- and post-test data in the experiment group. The forgiveness training has the ability to positively impact interpersonal motivations related to emotional damages (such as avoidance, revenge), positive emotions, negative­ emotions and empathy, So, forgiveness training is a useful and effective approach to reduce the emotional suffering and problems arising from divorce in women.

Introduction:One of the important and negative effects of divorce is its psychological effects on divorced women and mothers. It is necessary to pay attention to the mental health of these people. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction, anxiety, cognitive flexibility and resilience in divorced women and mothers. Materials and Methods:The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all divorced mothers who live in Mashhad, 27 of whom were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The protocol MBSR were applied in 8 sessions which lasts 120-minute and performed for the experimental group only and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data which collected through the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, the cognitive flexibility inventory, and the Connor and Davidson resilience Questionnaire, were assessed by Spss25 and using univariate analysis of covariance. Findings:The results showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction leading to reduced manifest anxiety and on the other hand, it improved cognitive flexibility and resiliency. But it was not effective in reducing latent anxiety people. Conclusion:Therefore, according to the results of the study, it can be stated that attention to psychological problems of divorced women is necessary and mindfulness-based stress reduction can be used as an effective intervention in improving the problems of divorced women and mothers.

Background: Divorce is a complex, multidimensional concept and its direct and indirect impacts affects thousands of people in Iran each year. However, the concept of post-divorce adjustment in Iranian women has not been studied in detail. The aim of the present qualitative study was to determine the factors contributing to post-divorce adjustment in divorced women. Methods: A qualitative research was carried out using grounded theory approach, followed by three phases of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The participants consisted of 21 divorced women who were selected using purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and then interviews were recorded and transcribed for further analysis. Results: A total of 21 divorced women participated in the current study. The majority of the participants were between 20-30 years old; they were between 17 to 30 years when they married. Also, most of the participants had bachelor’s degree (11) and most of them had a job (16). In the primary data coding, 35 open concepts were extracted. These concepts were then reduced into 32 secondary concepts. At the final stage, 6 main categories contributing to post-divorce adjustment were extracted including: (a) demographics, (b) interpersonal, (c) attitudinal, (d) relational, (e) supportive, and (f) coping strategies. Conclusion: The present study emphasizes the value of lived experiences of divorced women. Based on the findings of our study, it is important to develop a solid support network and provide interventions targeting the quality of life in divorced women.

Background & Aim: The health of women, as half of the world’s population and the foundation of families and societies, has played a significant role in securing and stabilizing of the health of families and societies. The increasing rate of divorce in Iran caused us to perform this study aimed to explore the challenges of divorced women. Methods & Materials: This was a qualitative study which was carried out through in-depth semistructured interviews with 12 divorced women whose divorce decree was issued in the Family Court of Shahrood, Iran, at least one year ago. Participants were selected purposefully and the data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The results of the study revealed the 4 following themes of health meaning from divorced women's experiences, causes of divorce, divorced women's problems, and divorced women's expectations from the society and authorities. Conclusion: Adverse consequences of divorce on women's health including physical, mental and venereal diseases, and other serious social problems should be considered as the main and most important priority of the country by the authorities. Paying attention to the major and underlying grounds of divorce, also the most important problems of youth of the country, including addiction, superficiality, negligence of basic criteria in marriage, and infidelity, can be helpful in solving the problem of divorce.