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Crop losses in vegetable crops due to nematodes are a concern in a country like Senegal where food demand is increasingly high. The use of chemical pesticides has made great progress in increasing harvests in Senegal. But these pesticides have negative effects on the environment and on human health. Crops are often contaminated as well as groundwater. The use of natural products to remedy this phenomenon is very important, especially in areas such as the Niayes zone where the climate and soil are very favorable for market gardening and where water contamination is very sensitive. The aim of our study is to identify the plants used to control nematodes in the Niayes area of Thiès. To this end, we conducted an ethnobotanical survey of 100 people of different ages and sexes in this area. The results showed 17 plant species used to control nematodes in 12 families. Among these species, the most cited were Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Juss, Calotropis procera (Ait.) F. and Cassia Occidentalis L. Leaves (71%) are mostly used. The sample is often dried and ground (45%) or fresh (case of hydrodistillation) (53%) before preparation. Water (92%) is the most used solvent for extraction. Maceration (85%) and infusion are the most common preparation methods. The application of these preparations by systemic action (94%) is more adopted than fumigation. Local people find these preparations rather effective (78%), which is very encouraging. The present study constitutes a database for further studies in the field of Senegalese pharmacopeia. In addition, scientific research on bionematicidal substances may be conducted in the future to evaluate the effectiveness of these plants identified in the Niayes area of Thiès for the protection of vegetable crops against nematodes.

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the dynamics of its spread is unprecedented. Therefore, the need for a vaccine against the virus is huge. Researchers worldwide are working around the clock to find a vaccine. Experts estimate that a fast-tracked vaccine development process could speed a successful candidate to market in approximately 12-18 months. The objective of this review was to describe the coronavirus vaccines candidates in development and the important considerations. The review was conducted through a thematic analysis of the literature on COVID-19 vaccines in development. It only included data until the end of June 2020, 6 months after the emergence of the COVID-19. Different approaches are currently used to develop COVID-19 vaccines from traditional live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit vaccines, to more novel technologies such as DNA or mRNA vaccines. The race is on to find both medicines and vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. As with drugs, vaccine candidates go through pre-clinical testing first before they go through the three phases of clinical trials in humans. Of the over 130 vaccine candidates, 17 are in clinical trials while others are expected to move to clinical testing after the animal studies.

Natural products of plant meet a renewed interest for a decade. However, climate change and human action have led to a degradation of the natural ecosystems and extinction for certain plant. This study contributes to a better knowledge of popular classification systems of spontaneous plants. Ethnobotanics survey based on an open semi structured interview, exchanges oral and direct observations were made in the field. They took place in 33 villages of Oussouye department which is the Diola’s bastion. They mobilized 82 informants including 30 groups and 52 individuals with male predominance. In fact, we had 80.77 % men against 19.23 % women. Our results showed that among 62 wild botanical species, only 4 were domesticated. They are for the greater part tree and bush, and are more present in the vegetable circles. The dominant families are Annonaceae and Apocynaceae and the most important use values are noted in Arecaceae with 10.52 and Anacardiaceae with 8 ; the generic diversity is mostly marked by Anacardiaceae. The population uses 17 classifications systems of nomination of plants. The classification “bu” is mostly used on localities such as : Huluf, Esulalu, Ejamat, Her and those of “ni”, “nu” in Dyiwat. In addition 7 tables reference are mentioned and order of importance are : use, animal, morphology, ecology onomatopoeia and metaphor. The results bring out different edible fruit species, the age group of people which master better the knowledge related to these plants and methods of popular classification.

La vaccination est incontestablement l'une des interventions de santé publique les plus efficaces et les plus rentables qui soient. Les vaccins continuent de révolutionner notre capacité à prévenir les maladies et à améliorer la santé. Avec toutes les avancées technologiques, nous sommes en mesure d'étendre les avantages des vaccins à plus de gens et de fournir une meilleure protection contre les maladies infectieuses mortelles. Toutefois, avec le développement incessant de nouvelles souches microbiennes à travers le monde, la recherche en vaccinologie se doit d'innover continuellement. D'énormes progrès ont été réalisés pour améliorer la couverture vaccinale et introduire de nouveaux vaccins en Afrique. De nouveaux types de vaccins associés à des outils de vectorisation, d'administration et de délivrance spécifiques mais aussi des adjuvants susceptibles de moduler finement la réponse immunitaire sont attendus dans le futur. En Afrique, il est nécessaire de développer une approche régionale afin de répondre efficacement aux nombreux défis. Une meilleure information, la formation des personnels de santé en vaccinologie et des recherches bien ciblées sont les clés des futurs accomplissements dans le domaine.

Since the initial reports of a link between Zika and microcephaly, researchers across the world began working toward understanding the virus. In a short amount of time, Zika has become a household name, prompting worldwide concern. The virus is spread rapidly by mosquito bites. We don't have yet a vaccine for it. But with the recent findings, vaccine companies are mobilizing their resources to expedite efforts to shave years off the typical decade-long process of vaccine development.

Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics of respiratory tract disease that affect all age groups. Many developing countries do not have an influenza surveillance system or adequate laboratory capacity for virus detection. The objective of this study was to describe the influenza surveillance systems in the different countries in the tropics and to identify outstanding research needs. A questionnaire was designed and sent to 52 NICs and MoHs in the different countries in tropical Asia and Africa to gather information on the surveillance systems, sentinel sites, specimen and data collection, and laboratory testing. Replies were received from 32 NICs and MoHs (61.5% response) 17 were located in tropical Asia and 15 in Africa. There are 20 WHO recognized NICs in tropical Asia and 14 in tropical Africa, all with virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing capacity. Of the Asian countries, only Hong Kong and Singapore reported that the patient population from the sites represents the broader community. In tropical Africa, only Senegal has sentinel sites distributed all over the country contributing to the geographic representativeness of the surveillance system. The rest of the countries in Africa have just established their influenza surveillance system in the past decade and are working toward geographic expansion of the ILI and SARI sites. Limited laboratory capacity or infrastructure to perform influenza surveillance makes difficult to justify the importance of influenza vaccine or other influenza control measures as a strategy for improving population health in the tropical region.

Les villes vertes, villes durables ou écologiques, sont des villes imaginées pour minimiser leur impact sur l'environnement et promouvoir une qualité de vie élevée pour leurs habitants. En Afrique Subsaharienne, nonobstant la forte urbanisation incontrôlée dans des cas, des initiatives/innovations jugées écologiques par leurs acteurs sont en train d’être mises en œuvre un peu partout. Cette étude analyse les défis auxquels certaines de ces actions se heurtent au Sénégal dans le secteur de l’éco-construction. La méthodologie est basée sur des recherches documentaires et des enquêtes de terrain. La Voûte Nubienne (VN) dans les villes du nord Sénégal (Podor, Matam et Kanel) et le Bloc de Terre Compressé (BTC) à Dakar ont été pris comme échantillons d’analyse de par les présentations théoriques, techniques, les acteurs, la méthode de diffusion et l’état d’adoption. Les résultats ont montré que les défis d’application de ces actions en ville peuvent être liés, d’une part, aux problèmes de vulgarisation et, d’autre part, aux problèmes de contenu (techniques, financiers, socio-culturels) par rapport aux réalités des espaces d’accueil. La prise en compte de ces défis peut ouvrir plusieurs perspectives d’adaptation.