Search

The crucial role of information technology (IT) in operating and managing industrial systems is widely recognized, and Iraq's IT capabilities hold great promise for its industrial and other economic sectors. The demand for IT services has risen considerably, particularly for oil and gas companies, which face the challenge of boosting capital asset returns while ensuring safety and sustainability. They need to manage rising demands as well as competition for access to oil reserves while driving improved asset reliability, productivity, and performance. This application show how information technology is used in the petroleum industry. It specifically examines information technology applications in the upstream, midstream, and downstream important segments of the petroleum industry during the drilling process. The increased price volatility's noteworthy effect on the profitability of the energy industry is just one of the current supply chain management challenges. Better supply chain management aids in lowering operational costs, a challenge that many businesses are under demand to address right away. The study's theoretical and practical value is in exposing the characteristics and issues with the infrastructure supporting the Iraqi oil industry and in creating a control algorithm for the evolution of its Regular visual inspections of pipelines, offshore oil rigs, and other infrastructure may be carried out swiftly and safely thanks to technology. Light devices that enable temperature checks using infrared scanning are available in modern applications. Hazards like poisonous substances can be identified by other sensors from a safe distance. Enhancing oil and gas safety with artificial intelligence technologies protects the environment and ensures worker safety

Assessment of the current state of the near-surface part of the geological environment and understanding of its layered structure play an important role in various scientific and applied fields. The presented work is devoted to the application of phasometric modifications of geoelectric control methods to solve the problem of the detailed complex study of the underground layers of the environment in the process of drilling operations with the use of special equipment. These studies are based on the analysis of variations in phase parameters and characteristics of an artificially excited multiphase electric field to assess poorly distinguishable details and changes in the layered structure of the medium. The proposed method has increased accuracy, sensitivity and noise proofness of measurements, which allows for extracting detailed information about the heterogeneity, composition and stratification of underground geological formations not only in the zone where the drill makes contact with the medium, but also in the entire control zone. This paper considers practical mathematical models of phase images for basic scenarios of drill penetration between the layers of the near-surface part of the geological medium with different characteristics, obtained by means of approximation apparatus based on continuous piecewise linear functions, and also suggests the use of modern machine learning methods for intelligent analysis of its structure. Studying the phase shifts in electrical signals during drilling highlights their value for understanding the dynamics of soil response to the process. The observed signal changes during the drilling cycle reveal in detail the heterogeneity in soil structure and its response to changes caused by drilling. The stability of phase shifts at the last stages of the process indicates a quasi-equilibrium state. The results make a significant contribution to geotechnical science by offering an improved approach to monitoring a layered structure without the need for deep drilling.

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are becoming more attractive in modern engineering fields due to their outstanding mechanical/physical properties. However, a thorough understanding of their drilling machinability is seriously lacking in the research community. The present work aims to address the drilling behavior of woven GFRP composites under varying cutting speeds and feed rates. Machining studies were conducted using two different diamond-coated special tools involving a double point angle drill and a dagger drill. The drilling machinability of GFRPs was comprehensively analyzed in terms of cutting forces, machining temperatures, drilling-induced damages, dimensional accuracy, and hole wall morphologies. Theoretical analyses and experimental characterizations of delamination damage were conducted for both special drills. A special attempt was made to clarify the impact of different drill shapes on the damage formation and extension of cut GFRP materials. The results obtained can supplement the expertise of composites machining and guide the damage-free drilling of GFRP laminates for academia and industry.

The effectiveness of horizontal well drilling in improving the gas recovery efficiency of hydrate production makes it a promising technology for commercial exploitation. However, during horizontal well drilling in hydrate reservoirs, it is crucial to control hydrate dissociation to ensure the reservoir stability and drilling safety. In this work, a two-dimensional model using polar coordinates was built to study the influences of hydrate reservoir characteristics and drilling fluid salinity on gas production. The simulation applies to the hydrate reservoir of the second natural gas hydrate (NGH) production test in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea. The characteristics of hydrate dissociation and secondary formation and the drilling invasion behavior in the NGH layer and the mixing layer (free gas + hydrate) during horizontal well drilling were analyzed and compared. The simulation results indicated that the pressure and temperature transmission rates in the mixing layer (free gas + hydrate) are higher than those in the NGH layer. The invasion amount of drilling fluid in the mixing layer is 18.8 times more than that in the NGH layer. Under the high invasion of the drilling fluid, the hydrate dissociation amount in the mixing layer is similar to that of the NGH layer even though the initial hydrate saturation of the NGH layer was 2.65 times that of the mixing layer. The area of the hydrate dissociation in the mixing layer is much larger than that in the NGH layer, which may lead to the increase in risk of wellbore instability. The secondary hydrate formation is only observed in the NGH layer, which inhibits the drilling fluid invasion. The salinity of the drilling fluid has a more significant impact on the hydrate dissociation near the wellbore in the mixing layer compared to the NGH layer. With the increase in salinity from 3.05 wt% to 20 wt%, the hydrate dissociation range in the mixing layer increases from 0.16 m to 0.23 m, while the hydrate dissociation range in the NGH layer does not significantly change.

Camellia Sinensis/Ananas Comosus/GFRP/Epoxy Polymer composites are widely accepted to be a better material for indoor sound damping. It has a series of challenges, like force cuts on the drilling of these composites. The focus is to drill on hybrid laminates by changing the cutting conditions like the speed and feed and the selection of optimum machining process parameters. Nine experimental cycles have been performed, and five various attributes were analyzed, for example, torque, tangential force, thrust force, and also the factor of delamination (Enter & Exit). This study shows a sequential parameter selection for the drilling machining process. Using Multi-attribute optimization, order preference and optimum drilling machining process parameters are selected by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). From the TOPSIS analysis, the best suitable optimum drilling conditions for hybrid laminates are chosen as 600 rpm and 0.02 m/min for cutting speed and feed rate, respectively.

Abstract In this paper, a connection between vibration amplitude and tool wear when drilling of IS3048 steel utilizing different dimensioned tools is dissected through tests. Discriminant features, which are sensitive to drill wear and breakage, were developed. These were discovered to be somewhat impervious toward sensor location and cutting conditions. In the process, the vibration amplitude features a checking highlight dependent on ascertaining both the tools and their performance over vibrations, which was discovered to be somewhat powerful for on-line identification of drill tool breakage in both frequency and time domains. These vibrational amplitude signal features are directly affected, related to the tool geometry, which give higher chances of tool selection criteria during the drilling process. The experiments were carried out using solid carbide tool with change in tool geometry under dry conditions where the vibration amplitude for both is evaluated. The results revealed that cutting tool vibrational amplitude and tool wear were relatively dependent showing the tool selection of suitable tool geometry.

For minimally invasive drilling processes, the temperature development in the drilling ground is of crucial importance for patient safety. To monitor the temperature during drilling, a drill prototype was developed by BREDEMANN ET AL. which can record the drill temperature in parallel to the process and in real time. The measurement principle of the thermistor (temperature sensor) integrated in the drill could be validated. [1] The prototype must be refined for use in the operating room, as the drill does not yet meet all the medical requirements that need to be fulfilled. In further development, the recorded temperature data in particular must be processed and communicated to the surgeon in order to provide added value for the surgical procedure.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates are featured by superior mechanical properties and excellent structural functions, which have been a promising alternative to conventional alloys and steels in diverse industrial fields. Mechanical drilling is a compulsory operation to shape fibrous composites to desired workpiece quality and target dimensional accuracy. Progressive tool wear is an extremely crucial issue when drilling CFRPs as it may result in undesired machining consequences such as increased force generation, elevated temperatures, and deteriorated surface quality. Despite great endeavors already made to address the wear issues, a complete review of the wear phenomena for CFRP drilling is still significantly lacking. The present paper aims to report the key research advances in tool wear aspects when drilling CFRPs. The wear phenomena, wear modes, and tool failure mechanisms are carefully reviewed. The effects of wear progression on various drilling outputs of CFRP laminates, such as drilling forces, cutting temperatures, and surface quality attributes, are discussed. A particular focus is placed on the quantification and assessment of tool wear during drilling CFRPs. Some research prospects for both academia and industry are outlined. The paper intends to offer a comprehensive understanding of wear mechanisms controlling the drilling of CFRP laminates.

Losses of drilling mud and other fluids is the one of the major types of drilling troubles. Annual time losses for their elimination by oil and gas companies are huge. The factors, influencing the mud losses and regulating the direction of the further works, can be divided into two groups: geological and technological. Conducted studies on the use of an insulating composition based on chromium acetate made it possible to identify: the use of the insulation composition on the chrome acetate base allows considerable reduction of time required to eliminate disastrous circulation loss without installation of cement plugs; avoiding BHA replacement; avoiding drilling-in after bullheading and overlapping of lost-circulation layer; low cost, possibility of fast preparation, as it does not entail the delivery of additional chemicals, which also contributes to reduction of time required to eliminate disastrous circulation loss; the use with every type of drilling mud. Basing on the positive experience of the use of this composition in the neighboring regions and considering its economic side, the technique can be used in regions of the Udmurt Republic.

Despite the growth of composites and other lightweight materials, aluminium alloys remain an attractive choice of the aerospace industry due to their mature manufacturing processes, good resistance to fatigue crack growth and superior damage tolerance. In the aerospace industry, the drilling process is the most challenging among all the other machining process as millions of holes are required for producing riveted and bolted joints in the assembly operation of the aircraft's structures. The major challenges which arise from the drilling of these alloys are characterized by the poor hole quality which might initiate cracks within the airframe structure and reduces their reliability. This results in the rejection of parts at the assembly stage which directly impacts the manufacturing cost. Hence, appropriate selection of tool geometry, tool material and coatings, optimal cutting speed and feed rate, as well as drilling machines, is required to meet the requirement of machined parts. This motivates both academia and industries to further research on the application of drilling operations in the aircraft industry. This review aims to document details on drilling forces, drilling parameters, drill tool geometry, drill materials and coatings, chips formation, analysis of tool wear and hole metrics such as the hole size and circularity error, surface roughness, and burrs formation during the drilling of different aluminium alloys used in the aerospace industry. The focus will be mainly on Al2024 and Al7075 alloys since they are most commonly used and reported in the open literature.

An integrated approach has been applied to predict and optimize multi-performance-characteristics, being optimum thrust force (FTh), torque (M), hole entry delamination (FDen) and hole exit delamination (FDex), in the drilling process of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). The drilling operation was performed by using a full factorial design of experiments with two different drill geometry (DG), three diverse levels of spindle speed (n), and feeding speed (Vf). The quality characteristics of FTh, M, FDen, and FDex were smaller the better. Back propagation neural network (BPNN) was first performed to model the drilling process and to predict the optimum drilling responses. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was executed to attain the best combination of drilling parameters levels that would give optimum performance. The influences of drill geometry, speeds of spindle, and feeding speed on the responses were examined by using the response graphs. In addition, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos of the drilled hole are also provided to show the difference of the hole quality before and after optimization. The outcome of the confirmation experiment disclosed that the integration of BPNN and PSO managed to substantially predicted and enhanced the multi-performance characteristics accurately.

Ground grouting technology is effective method to prevent and control coal mine water hazard, and grouting multi-branch horizontal well is the foundation of ground grouting technology. Combined the characteristics of geological conditions, drilling techniques and grouting techniques, the truck-mounted drilling rig, rare-earth permanent magnet direct drive mud pump, EMWD and solid control system were selected, which were suitable for grouting well. The key technologies such as drilling structure, trajectory control, casing construction were studied. A set of drilling equipment and key technologies for grouting multi-branches horizontal well was formed, it had great significance to prevent and control water hazard in coal mines.

The aim of this paper is to investigate and optimize surface quality and geometrical characteristics in drilling process of AISI H13 steel, because they are critical items for precision manufacturing. After conducting the experiments, two regression models are developed to extensively evaluate the effect of drilling parameters on process outputs. After that, evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm is employed to find the optimal drilling conditions. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-ІІ) is developed and regression functions are taken into account as objective functions of algorithm to simultaneously optimize the surface roughness and deviation of circularity. The optimization results are successfully in agreement with experimental findings and finally the set of optimal drilling conditions is reported that can be selected by process engineer according to the priority and application. It is shown that, an increase in Cutting speed and liquid coolant intensity decreases the surface quality, while higher depth of cut, tool diameter and reed rate improve it. It is also found that tool diameter and depth of cut are the most effective input parameters on deviation of circularity. Finally, it can be concluded that, the implemented approach in this research provides an efficient method for other manufacturing processes to increase the performance and reduction of production costs.

In view of the problems that tap fishing is not easy to make buckles, and sleeve milling fishing in the fishing of deep hole, complex track hole and down hole cannot stick the broken drill pipe in the hole, etc., two kinds of claw-clamping type fishing bits are designed. In this paper, the structure and characteristics of claw-clamping type fishing bit are introduced, claw-clamping type fishing process is described in detail, and the conditions of the claw-clamping type fishing bit to clamp the drill pipe are given.

This paper presents a model for on-line prediction of a drill flank wear using changes in vibration amplitude in the drilling process. Prediction of wear-time and wear-amplitude ratio relationships during the drilling process is enabled by this mathematical model through variations in vibration amplitude signals. An empirical method for an in-process approach for quantifying tool wear, and failure following it, is the outcome of the measurement of variations in the ratio of amplitude between torsional-axial dominant first mode (TP1) and the second mode (TP2) frequency. Performance of a series of cutting tests has been undertaken to study the effect of drill flank wear and other independent cutting parameters on the vibration amplitude signals. The objective is extended to finding the relationship between amplitude signals, drill flank wear and various other independent parameters. Details of the flank wear of drill and the ratio of amplitudes seen at various working conditions were determined and collected through experimental procedures. Verification of the model was done through comparison of the experimental values with the predicted values.

The process of drilling in natural gas hydrate reservoirs in sea areas involves problems such as hydrate decomposition and wellbore instability. To study the response behaviors of a reservoir during the drilling process, a two-dimensional numerical model of drilling fluid invading a hydrate reservoir in a cylindrical coordinate system was established to simulate the processes of heat and mass transfer, gas–liquid two-phase flow, and hydrate formation and decomposition in the hydrate reservoir during the drilling process. Based on the hydrate reservoir at station W17, Shenhu area of the South China Sea, the physical property response of the hydrate reservoir under different drilling fluid temperatures and salinity values was studied. The simulation results showed that during the drilling process, the temperature and pressure of the reservoir respond rapidly in a large area, further promoting the hydrate decomposition in the reservoir around the wellbore and leading to secondary hydrate formation. Moreover, a high hydrate saturation zone appears near the decomposed hydrate area in the layer without free gas, which corresponds to the low water saturation and high salinity zone. The hydrate decomposition area in the layer with free gas is larger than that without free gas. The increase in the drilling fluid temperature significantly enhances the hydrate decomposition in both layers of the reservoir. The hydrate decomposition near the wellbore under the high drilling fluid temperature will cause a sharp increase in the pressure in the reservoir, leading to the flow of pore fluid into the wellbore. The increase in drilling fluid salinity has little effect on the range of the hydrate decomposition in the reservoir but significantly increases the salinity of the pore water in the layer with free gas. As the drilling fluid temperature increases, the possibility of the gas invasion from the reservoir into the wellbore will be greatly increased at the early stage.

This article addresses the influence of cutting parameters on drilling-induced delamination of woven glass fiber-epoxy composites reinforced with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The input parameters include feed rate, cutting speed, drill size, and wt. % carbon nanotubes present in nanocomposite laminates. Experiments were conducted based on Taguchi L16 orthogonal array and analysis of variance was conducted to determine the significance of each parameter. The results indicate that the main effects of nano content, feed rate, and spindle speed are significant, while the effect of drill diameter is negligible. Furthermore, the optimum drilling conditions for minimum delamination were determined according to the Taguchi’s S/N ratio analysis.

The paper considers simulation of well test processes with application of packers. Based on well parameters at different times (before a well is closed and the point in time under consideration) a mathematical model is compiled. Superposition principles are used for constructing points of pressure recovery curve. Based on that, four cases of using packers are considered according to actual pressure diagrams. Processing of build-up curves helps to determine other characteristics of a formation as well. Since a bottom hole zone is broken in a number of cases and its permeability is reduced, an amount of reservoir contamination indicators is defined as an additional pressure drawdown that has to be created to overcome resistance of reduced permeability zone. It should be noted that existing works related to assessment of influence of after-inflow effect relate to either determination of its duration or adjustment of pressure build up curves by introducing correction factors. To overcome a challenge of pressure build-up taking into account an effect of pressure drop and after-inflow effect an approximate method to solve problems of nonstationary flow is used. The method of integral relations allows obtaining solutions in a simple analytical form. After a well is closed, conditions for redistribution of pressure in bottom hole area are changing. At remote sections of a formation the process continues to flow without changing as during the functioning of a well. Therefore, it is supposed that pressure wave continues to propagate according to the Says-Horner law. As it was determined during modeling of various penetration conditions, pressure distribution curves in bottom hole area have clear straight horizontal sections after well closure. The length of sections increases with the increase of bottom hole pressure. If the cause and nature of build-up curves are known full information about pressure change after well shut will be used. So, it will help to determine parameters of distant and bottom hole area of reservoir more accurately.

Exit burrs produced during various machining processes degrade the product quality and functionality of different parts of assembly. It is essential to select the optimum tool geometry and process parameters for minimizing the burr formation during machining. In this paper, the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, point angle of drill bits and concentration of the reinforcements on the burrs produced were investigated. Response surface methodology has been adopted to create the quadratic model for the height and thickness of the burrs produced during drilling of AlSiC composites. Analysis of means and variance were used to find the significance of the process parameters on the responses and to find the optimum combination of parameters to minimize the burr formation. Feed rate, point angle and concentration of reinforcements in the matrix are found to be the significant factors. Both the responses were found to be minimum for lower feed rate, higher point angle and higher concentration of reinforcements. Scanning electron microscopy was used to understand the mechanism of burr formation.

A study was conducted to analyze theproduction of particles during drilling processes withdual-spiralled twist drills, at different feed speeds onMDF, particleboard and multi-ply plywood. Themeasurement of wood dust particles was carried outvia a particle scan instrument which measures theconcentration of wood dust particles [milligrams percubic meter or particles/l] present in the air. A total of46 tests were performed with an average number of 8repetitions for each material.The measurement results showed thatdifferent materials provide different amounts of totaldust and size distribution during drilling processesunder the same working regime.The largest quantity of particles was producedby multi-ply, followed by MDF and particleboard. Theaverage times, in which the quantity of particlesreaches the initial state of the tests, were fast andhomogenous. Regardless the type of material, thenumber of particles produced resulted in a greateremphasis on small feed speed. Most of the particlesproduced, were recorded for small sized classes (Ø ≤ 1μm), where most of them were occupied by microfines particles with 0.3 to 0.5μm diameter.

Drilling processes, as some of the most widely used machining processes in the manufacturing industry, play an important role in manufacturing process energy-saving programs. However, research focus on energy modeling of drilling processes, especially for the modeling of material-drilling power, are really scarce. To bridge this gap, an improved material-drilling power model is proposed in this paper. The obtained material-drilling power model can improve the accuracy of the material-drilling power and lay a good foundation for energy modeling and optimization of drilling processes. Finally, experimental studies were carried out on an XHK-714F CNC machining center (Hangzhou HangJi Machine Tool Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) and a JTVM6540 CNC milling machine (Jinan Third Machine Tool Co., Ltd., Jinan, China). The results showed that predictive accuracies with the proposed model are generally higher than 96% for all the test cases.

The contribution focuses on the experimental basis of acoustic signal evaluation in a frequency domain using experimental data acquired by a sound-level meter Mediator 2238 from scanning of the acoustic signal arisen during the rock disintegration process by means of rotary drilling. The paper also focuses on the model of mathematical processing of parallel-scanned acoustic signal. The research field is complex due to properties of the process and the subsequent proper physical application of measured values and the design of a proper mathematical model of the process. The research is based on a conception that a signal of mechanical vibrations, i.e. also an accessory acoustic signal, carries an information on a stage of disintegration process, which might be used for its identification, control and optimization of rock disintegration process. As the problem is very extensive, many patterns of several science areas have to be considered and coordinated, such as rock disintegration, acoustics, scanning and processing of monitored signals, not only during the experiments but also at their evaluation and finding new relations and models.

This study presents a theoretical reliability analysis of mechanical manufacturing process of a cutting tool subject to flank wear. The process reliability is a statistical relation between cutting tool, operator and machine-tool. The cutting tool life is modeled with a probability function representing the chance that a critical wear magnitude is achieved in a given time period. Parameters for this probability function are calculated based on experimental analysis, as well as on reliability of a cutting tool.