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Abstract Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist, in obesity-induced kidney damage (lipotoxicity) in mice with uninephrectomy. Methods: C57BL/6 mice underwent uninephrectomy and sham surgeries and were fed normocaloric or high-fat diets. After 10 weeks, obese mice were administered 0.02% fenofibrate for 10 weeks. Kidney function and morphology were evaluated, as well as levels of inflammatory and fibrotic mediators and lipid metabolism markers. Results: High-fat diet-fed mice developed characteristic obesity and hyperlipidemia, with subsequent renal lipid accumulation and damage, including mesangial expansion, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, and proteinuria. These changes were greater in obese uninephrectomy mice than in obese sham mice. Fenofibrate treatment prevented hyperlipidemia and glomerular lesions, lowered lipid accumulation, ameliorated renal dysfunction, and attenuated inflammation and renal fibrosis. Furthermore, fenofibrate treatment downregulated renal tissue expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and local expression of fibroblast growth factor-21. Conclusion: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation by fenofibrate, with subsequent lipolysis, attenuated glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions induced by renal lipotoxicity, thus protecting the kidneys of uninephrectomy mice from obesity-induced lesions. The study findings suggest a pathway in the pharmacological action of fenofibrate, providing insight into the mechanisms involved in kidney damage caused by obesity in kidney donors.

Resumo Fundamento O uso de marca-passos cardíacos artificiais tem crescido constantemente, acompanhando o envelhecimento populacional. Objetivos Determinar as taxas de readmissões hospitalares e complicações após implante de marca-passo ou troca de gerador de pulsos e avaliar o impacto desses eventos nos custos anuais do tratamento sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos Registro prospectivo, com dados derivados da prática clínica assistencial, coletados na hospitalização índice e durante os primeiros 12 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. O custo da hospitalização índice, do procedimento e do seguimento clínico foram estimados de acordo com os valores reembolsados pelo SUS e analisados ao nível do paciente. Modelos lineares generalizados foram utilizados para estudar fatores associados ao custo total anual do tratamento, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados No total, 1.223 pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos a implante inicial (n= 634) ou troca do gerador de pulsos (n= 589). Foram observados 70 episódios de complicação em 63 pacientes (5,1%). A incidência de readmissões hospitalares em um ano foi de 16,4% (IC 95% 13,7% - 19,6%) após implantes iniciais e 10,6% (IC 95% 8,3% - 13,4%) após trocas de geradores. Doença renal crônica, histórico de acidente vascular encefálico, tempo de permanência hospitalar, necessidade de cuidados intensivos pós-operatórios, complicações e readmissões hospitalares mostraram um impacto significativo sobre o custo anual total do tratamento. Conclusões Os resultados confirmam a influência da idade, comorbidades, complicações pós-operatórias e readmissões hospitalares como fatores associados ao incremento do custo total anual do tratamento de pacientes com marca-passo.

IntroductionChronic kidney disease (CDK) progression studies increasingly use surrogate endpoints based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate. The clinical characteristics of these endpoints bring new challenges in comparing groups of patients, as traditional Cox models may lead to biased estimates mainly because they do not assume a hazard function.ObjectiveThis study proposes the use of parametric survival analysis models with the three most commonly used endpoints in nephrology based on a case study. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decay > 5 mL/year, eGFR decline > 30%, and change in CKD stage were evaluated.MethodThe case study is a 5-year retrospective cohort study that enrolled 778 patients in the predialysis stage. Exponential, Weibull, Gompertz, lognormal, and logistic models were compared, and proportional hazard and accelerated failure time (AFT) models were evaluated.ResultsThe endpoints had quite different hazard functions, demonstrating the importance of choosing appropriate models for each. AFT models were more suitable for the clinical interpretation of the effects of covariates on these endpoints.ConclusionSurrogate endpoints have different hazard distributions over time, which is already recognized by nephrologists. More flexible analysis techniques that capture these relevant clinical characteristics in decision-making should be encouraged and disseminated in nephrology research.

Abstract Introduction: Multidisciplinary clinics are the best approach towards Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients in pre-dialysis phases. The few studies regarding kidney transplant recipients (KTR) compare multidisciplinary and non-multidisciplinary clinics. Methods: In this study, we compared the quality of multidisciplinary CKD care between 101 KTR and 101 propensity score-matched non-transplant pre-dialysis patients (PDP). Prevalence of patients without specific treatment at any time and percent time without specific treatment for CKD complications were the main outcomes and patient and kidney function survival, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline, prevalence of CKD-related complications, and percent time within therapeutic goals were the exploratory ones. Results: Time within most goals was similar between the groups, except for diastolic blood pressure (83.4 vs. 77.3%, RR 0.92, CI 0.88-0.97, p = 0.002) and hypertriglyceridemia (67.7 vs. 58.2%, OR 0.85, CI 0.78-0.93, p < 0.001), better in non-transplant PDP, and for proteinuria (92.7 vs. 83.5%, RR 1.1, CI 1.05-1.16, p < 0.001), better in KTR. Patient survival and GFR decline were similar between the groups, although non-transplant PDP tended to progress earlier to dialysis (9.9% vs. 6.9%, HR 0.39, p = 0.07, CI 0.14-1.08). Discussion: The similar findings between non-transplant PDP and KTR suggests that good and comparable quality of multidisciplinary is a valid strategy for promoting optimal clinical management of CKD-related complications in KTR.

Background: People with mental disorders use tobacco as a strategy for coping with various symptoms and the side effects of prescribed medications. In addition to being harmful to their health, tobacco use also interferes with their treatment process. Objective: To examine tobacco use among patients being treated for mental disorders in a public health system in a Brazilian the city. Methods: were interviewed 362 patients being treated by the specialized services for mental health. The participants included persons who met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders, mood (affective) disorders, or neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders. Results: The median age of participants was 46.4 years, of which 73.5% were women and 42.5% were unmarried, 37.8% smokers. Among the smokers, 82% claimed they wanted to quit smoking, and 49% made daily visits to the health center. 79.6% of the participants had tried to quit smoking previously, and of these, 84.3% had tried to do so on their own. Conclusion: Tobacco use is an important factor to be considered in developing treatment plans for people with mental disorders. It is necessary to develop strategies to help people quit smoking and train health professionals to incorporate these strategies into the treatment process.

Abstract Background The quality of patient medical records is intrinsically related to patient safety, clinical decision-making, communication between health providers, and continuity of care. Additionally, its data are widely used in observational studies. However, the reliability of the information extracted from the records is a matter of concern in audit processes to ensure inter-rater agreement (IRA). Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the IRA among members of the Patient Health Record Review Board (PHRRB) in routine auditing of medical records, and the impact of periodic discussions of results with raters. Methods A prospective longitudinal study was conducted between July of 2015 and April of 2016 at Hospital Municipal Dr. Moysés Deutsch, a large public hospital in São Paulo. The PHRRB was composed of 12 physicians, 9 nurses, and 3 physiotherapists who audited medical records monthly, with the number of raters changing throughout the study. PHRRB meetings were held to reach a consensus on rating criteria that the members use in the auditing process. A review chart was created for raters to verify the registry of the patient’s secondary diagnosis, chief complaint, history of presenting complaint, past medical history, medication history, physical exam, and diagnostic testing. The IRA was obtained every three months. The Gwet’s AC1 coefficient and Proportion of Agreement (PA) were calculated to evaluate the IRA for each item over time. Results The study included 1884 items from 239 records with an overall full agreement among raters of 71.2%. A significant IRA increase of 16.5% (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.03—1.32; p = 0.014) was found in the routine PHRRB auditing, with no significant differences between the PA and the Gwet’s AC1, which showed a similar evolution over time. The PA decreased by 27.1% when at least one of the raters was absent from the review meeting (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.53—1.00; p = 0.048). Conclusions Medical record quality has been associated with the quality of care and could be optimized and improved by targeted interventions. The PA and the Gwet’s AC1 are suitable agreement coefficients that are feasible to be incorporated in the routine PHRRB evaluation process.

ABSTRACT Background: Social conditions are related to the impact of epidemics on human populations. This study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths from COVID-19 and its association with social vulnerability. Methods: An ecological study was conducted in 81 urban regions (UR) of Juiz de Fora from March to November 2020. Exposure was measured using the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI), a synthetic indicator that combines socioeconomic and environmental variables from the Demographic Census 2010. Regression models were estimated for counting data with overdispersion (negative binomial generalized linear model) using Bayesian methods, with observed frequencies as the outcome, expected frequencies as the offset variable, and HVI as the explanatory variable. Unstructured random-effects (to capture the effect of unmeasured factors) and spatially structured effects (to capture the spatial correlation between observations) were included in the models. The models were estimated for the entire period and quarter. Results: There were 30,071 suspected cases, 8,063 confirmed cases, 1,186 hospitalizations, and 376 COVID-19 deaths. In the second quarter of the epidemic, compared to the low vulnerability URs, the high vulnerability URs had a lower risk of confirmed cases (RR=0.61; CI95% 0.49-0.76) and a higher risk of hospitalizations (RR=1.65; CI95% 1.23-2.22) and deaths (RR=1.73; CI95% 1.08-2.75). Conclusions: The lower risk of confirmed cases in the most vulnerable UR probably reflected lower access to confirmatory tests, while the higher risk of hospitalizations and deaths must have been related to the greater severity of the epidemic in the city’s poorest regions.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the mental health and alcohol consumption of individuals. Videoconferencing psychotherapy has become a fundamental mode of treatment for people with alcohol use disorders. However, there are still doubts about its effectiveness and the therapeutic relationship. The working alliance is considered a foundation of effective practice in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Observer measurements of the working alliance have demonstrated reliability and meaningful associations with the reduction of symptoms. However, translations of instruments to evaluate the working alliance and examine its construct have not previously been conducted for online psychotherapy for alcohol addiction. This study aimed for the cross-cultural adaptation of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form-Observer (WAI-SR-O) for Brazil and the evaluation of its reliability and evidence of its validity in videoconferencing psychotherapy for alcoholism. The WAI-SR-O was applied by pairs of observers for the evaluation of the working alliance in 19 recorded sessions of videoconferencing psychotherapy of 10 clients with a diagnosis of alcohol addiction. The sessions were also evaluated by the therapist (WAI-T) and client (WAI-C). The WAI-SR-O shows a moderate inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.67) for the general scale, higher ICC for the goals and bond subscales, and a moderate value for the task subscale. The internal consistency was good (a = 0.86). The results show low but significant correlations among the goals and bond subscales of the WAI-SR-O and the general, goals, and bond scales of the WAI-T. No correlations were found with the WAI-C. As the literature points out, the client, therapist, and observer versions of the WAI evaluated the alliance differently, requiring further study. The WAI-SR-O proved to be a reliable and valid measurement for the evaluation of the working alliance in videoconferencing psychotherapy for alcohol addiction, becoming an important tool for the study of the working alliance in telepsychotherapy.

Context: dynamic and productive linkages between research organizations (ROs) and industry are actively spurred in advanced nations. Conversely, Latin American countries face significant challenges in fostering research-industry interactions. Solid models of research-industry cooperation are of particular interest to emerging economies such as Brazil. Objective: this article aims at presenting a comprehensive study of the Brazilian Agency for Industrial Research and Innovation — Embrapii, an entity focused on addressing barriers to cooperation between research ROs and companies. Methods: data from 63 projects supported by Embrapii involving three ROs and 44 companies was collected employing four sources of primary data: two web questionnaires, interviews and technical visits. The scope of the study is based on Embrapii’s initial phase carried out during 2012-2016. Results: findings revealed that specificities of the model allow the emergence of conditions for effective research-industry cooperation. Conclusion: The Embrapii’s model contributed to overcoming both orientation-related and transaction-related barriers, resulting in positive outcomes. Expected technological results such as new products, processes, and methodologies, were achieved in the majority of projects.

Objective To assess the feasibility of Pare de fumar conosco, a web-based smoking cessation decision-making tool, among patients with chronic conditions in Brazil.Methods We recruited 85 Brazilian smokers in two clinical centres for chronic conditions to complete Pare de fumar conosco. Outcome measures included interest in using smoking cessation resources and self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence 12 weeks following the intervention.Results The average age of participants was 54.2 years old (SD=10.5) and 77.9% had not completed high school. All participants were daily smokers and the majority smoked ≥11 cigarettes per day (63.5%). Pre–post intervention interest in using pharmacotherapy and group counselling significantly increased (82.4% vs 22.4%, p≤0.0001; and 85.9% vs 21.2%, p≤0.0001, respectively). At 12 weeks, eight participants (9.4%) reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence using intention-to-treat analysis (35.2% follow-up rate).Conclusion The Pare de fumar conosco smoking cessation web-based tool significantly increased interest in pharmacotherapy and behavioural counselling. Additional testing as a formal randomised clinical trial appears warranted.

Introdução: A perda auditiva (PA) é uma condição cada vez mais observada na população. É encontrada com maior frequência em alguns grupos específicos como em idosos, portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus. Evidências sugerem aumento da prevalência de PA em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC), entretanto estudos na população brasileira com DRC pré-dialítica são escassos. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de perda auditiva em uma população de pacientes com doença renal crônica não dialítica e fatores associados. Material e métodos: Foi utilizada uma amostra por conveniência de pacientes com DRC não dialítica (n=159), com idade de 18 a 65 anos, em tratamento ambulatorial multidisciplinar. A acuidade auditiva foi avaliada pela audiometria tonal limiar e pelo questionário da WHO (Ear and Hearing Disorders Survey Protocol for a Population-Based Survey of Prevalence and Causes of Deafness and Hearing Impairment and other Ear Diseases) traduzido e validado para o português. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, realizada ainda otoscopia, e dosagem de marcadores bioquímicos e citocinas inflamatórias TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17. Resultados: Nas análises, verificou-se a prevalência de 25,16% de perda auditiva neurossensorial entre os participantes. No estudo, não foi encontrada nenhuma associação entre a progressão dos estágios da DRC e o aumento de prevalência da PA, tampouco com a sua gravidade. Os marcadores sanguíneos avaliados, isoladamente ou associados à progressão do estágio da DRC, não se relacionaram à perda auditiva neurossensorial. Conclusões: Verifica-se que a prevalência de déficit auditivo na população estudada foi de 25,16%. Aconselha-se que estratégias sejam implementadas para prevenção e reversão dessa situação nesta população.

Purpose - This paper aims to understand, in the state of São Paulo academic environment, the differences between the profiles of academic entrepreneurs, nonacademic entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach - The authors collected data from a more comprehensive research, whose objective was to evaluate the scholarship programmes of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). For data collection, the authors used an online questionnaire, pre-filled with information from the Lattes Curriculum of the sample individuals, as well as information obtained from FAPESP and from coordination for the improvement of higher education personnel. The response rate of the questionnaires was 21 per cent. The authors sought to explore the variables regarding entrepreneurial activities carried out by former scholarship holders, by relating them to other key variables identified in the literature review and explained in the hypotheses. Findings - The results indicate that entrepreneurship rates decrease with the higher academic level of the researcher; in general, academic entrepreneurs come from families with a good financial situation, and applied sciences are the areas of knowledge with more entrepreneurs. Originality/value - Despite the great number of theoretical and empirical studies found in the literature on entrepreneurship and academic entrepreneurship, there is still a shortage of practical studies on this latter topic in Brazil. This gap is even more evident when the authors consider the significant growth of entrepreneurial activity in the country in the past years. This paper contributes to fill this gap, and it aims to understand, in the state of São Paulo academic environment, the differences between the profiles of academic entrepreneurs, nonacademic entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs.

Abstract Background Non-adherence to immunosuppressive therapy is a prevalent risk factor for poor clinical and after kidney transplantation (KT), and has contributed to the lack of improvement in long-term graft survival over the past decade. Understanding the multilevel correlates and risk factors of non-adherence is crucial to determine the optimal level for planning interventions, namely at the patient, health care provider, KT centre, and health care system level. Brazil, having the largest public transplantation program in the world and with regional differences regarding access to health services and service implementation, is in a unique position to study this multilevel approach. Therefore, the Adhere Brazil Study (ADHERE BRAZIL) was designed to assess the prevalence and variability of non-adherence to immunosuppressants and to health behaviours among adult KT recipients in Brazil, and to assess the multilevel correlates of non-adherence to immunosuppressive medication. We describe the rationale, design, and methodology of the ADHERE BRAZIL study. Methods/Design This is an observational, cross-sectional, multicentre study that includes 20 Brazilian KT centres. A stratified sampling approach is used, based on strata, with the following characteristics considered: geographical region and transplant activity (number of KTs per year). A random sample of patients (proportional to the size of the centre within each stratum) is selected from each centre. The prevalence of different health behaviours is assessed through self-report. The assessment of multilevel correlates of non-adherence is guided by the ecological model that considers factors at the level of the patient, health-care professional, and transplant centre, using established instruments or instruments developed for this study. Data will be collected over an 18-month period, with information obtained during the regular follow-up visits to the transplant outpatient clinic and directly entered into the Research Electronic Data Capture (RedCap) system. Data entry is performed by a trained professional who is part of the transplant team. The data collection began in December 2015. Discussion This multicentre study is the first to evaluate multilevel correlates of non-adherence in KT patients and will provide a reliable estimate of non-adherence in Brazilian KT patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov on 10/10/2013, NCT02066935.

Abstract Objective: to verify the association between frailty and the occurrence of falls, hospitalization and death among Brazilian elderly persons. Methods: a representative sample of elderly persons from the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, who had been evaluated with regard to frailty, socio-demographic conditions and health in 2009, were reevaluated in terms of negative health outcomes between 2014 and 2015 (n=304). Results: The results revealed a greater incidence of falls, hospitalization, and death among frail elderly persons. The frail group also had an increased risk (1.5, crude estimate) of death during the follow-up period than the robust individuals. The pre-frail elderly had a 55% (crude) and 58% (adjusted) greater risk of falls, and an 89% (crude) greater risk of death than robust individuals. Conclusion: frailty, as well as pre-frailty, can increase the risk of adverse events in the health of the elderly.

Background: Low health literacy (LHL) is common among patients with chronic diseases. Studies on the association between LHL and uncontrolled blood pressure are limited to primary and tertiary levels of healthcare. Objective: We evaluated the prevalence and association between LHL and uncontrolled blood pressure in hypertensive patients in a secondary healthcare in Brazil. Material and methods: Our study had a cross-sectional design and included 485 patients, between August/2014 to March/2016. We evaluated health literacy, by Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-Speaking Adults (SAHLPA-18), and the blood pressure control. Individuals with a score ≤14 in SAHLPA-18 were considered as LHL, and individuals with blood pressure ≥140/90 (or ≥130/80 in diabetic patients) were considered as having uncontrolled blood pressure. Results: A total of 56.0% female, with mean age 62.0±12.6 years. Illiterate participants were 61.6%, and 65.4% earned up to one reference wage. Both uncontrolled blood pressure and LHL were highly prevalent (75.1% and 70.9%, respectively), but there was no association between these two parameters. In multivariate analysis, uncontrolled blood pressure was associated with age (OR:0.96, CI:0.94-0.98, p

Introdução: Altas prevalências de sobrepeso e obesidade são descritas em diferentes populações. No entanto, grande parcela da população tem percepções imprecisas sobre seu peso corporal e, consequentemente, sobre a classificação nutricional. Objetivo: Comparar a percepção autorreferida do peso corporal frente à classificação nutricional baseada na aferição realizada por profissional de saúde em amostra representativa da população de cidade de grande porte do sudeste brasileiro. Material e métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal por inquérito populacional em cidade de médio porte do sudeste brasileiro, sendo a coleta de dados realizada de junho/2014 a abril/2016. Utilizou-se amostragem domiciliar em três estágios e aproximadamente 4.800 domicílios foram visitados, a partir dos quais, 1.032 participantes foram aleatoriamente selecionados e incluídos na pesquisa. Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 44±13,2 anos, sendo 53,2% indivíduos do sexo feminino. Com base no autorrelato de peso e altura e cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC), observou-se que 58,7% da população se encontravam com excesso de peso. Dos 521 indivíduos que foi possível realizar a avaliação do peso e altura por profissionais de saúde vimos que ao se comparar a classificação nutricional baseada no autorrelato com aquela obtida a partir de dados mensurados pelos profissionais, observou-se que o número de casos de obesidade foi 7,1% maior. Conclusão: Diante dos dados do presente estudo, a autopercepção do excesso de peso pode não ser adequada como ferramenta para avaliação de populações em risco para obesidade/sobrepeso, além disso, os resultados reforçam a necessidade de educação sobre o uso do IMC assim como da importância das orientações por profissionais de saúde.

Resumo Introdução: O uso do ultrassonografia (US) por não radiologista tem aumentado e decorre da necessidade de o médico integrar "novas" informações clínicas ao processo diagnóstico. Na Nefrologia, ainda não foi estabelecido um currículo de treinamento em US definido e que tenha sido validado. O objetivo do estudo é apresentar os resultados do desenvolvimento de competências para o uso do ultrassom point-of-care (POCUS) em Nefrologia. Métodos: Nove residentes, quatro de Nefrologia e cinco de clínica médica, frequentaram um curso de ultrassom teórico-prático de 16 horas. Foram abordados temas de ultrassom relacionados ao trato urinário, pulmão, coração, vasos sanguíneos, biópsia renal e inserção de cateter venoso central. A avaliação constou de testes cognitivos (TC) de múltipla escolha e associação de imagens antes e após o curso e de avaliação prática de competências na geração de imagens ultrassonográficas e realização de procedimentos pelo Exame Estruturado de Habilidades Clínicas (OSCE). Resultados: Todos os residentes concluíram o curso. Observou-se melhora significativa dos conhecimentos quando se compararam as notas obtidas pelos residentes antes e após o TC de múltipla escolha (p < 0,004) e de associação de imagens (p < 0,02). A avaliação de competência dos residentes pelo OSCE, com exceção da estação sobre pulmão, foi considerada muito boa. Conclusão: Um curso de POCUS em Nefrologia de apenas 16 horas, não limitado aos temas do trato urinário, possibilita o desenvolvimento de competências na obtenção de imagens e a realização de procedimentos nefrológicos. O currículo desenvolvido pode servir de modelo para o aprendizado do POCUS em Nefrologia.

Considerando que o diagnóstico precoce da doença renal crônica (DRC) e o sucesso terapêutico da doença primária são fundamentais para a diminuição ou reversão da progressão da DRC, são necessárias intervenções que irão impactar positivamente conforme a precocidade de sua aplicação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver uma ferramenta didático pedagógica de intervenção em DRC. A criação da Ferramenta obedeceu a cinco etapas iniciais: sistematização do conteúdo; criação das imagens por um designer especializado; diagramação e edição do conteúdo; submissão a um Comitê de Especialistas e criação de um Manual do Mediador. A Ferramenta Didática de Intervenção em DRC foi concluída, dando origem a um instrumento capaz de abordar 11 itens de extrema importância para o tratamento da DRC: (1) Você sabe o que é Doença Renal Crônica?; (2) Acolhimento; (3) Sentimentos mediante o diagnóstico; (4) Definição de DRC; (5) Caminho do sangue; (6) Mitos e verdades; (7) Sinais e sintomas; (8) Fatores de risco; (9) Alimentação; (10) Atividade física; e (11) Tratamento. A Ferramenta Didático-Pedagógica de Intervenção em DRC é um instrumento facilitador da aprendizagem, por ter uma estrutura lúdica, dialógica e dinâmica, cujo intuito é impactar nos desfechos de forma positiva.

ABSTRACT Chronic kidney disease has high morbidity and mortality. In order to track the disease, we conducted a population-based study in a medium-sized city in Southeastern Brazil. Based on instrument SCreening for Occult REnal Disease (SCORED), we evaluated 1,016 individuals with mean age of 44 (SD = 13.2) years. High blood pressure and diabetes mellitus, major causes of chronic kidney disease, were reported by 34.7% and 10.5% of the individuals, respectively. In addition, 31.3% of the sample presented increased risk for the disease, thus leading to a prevalence estimate of 5.4%. A simple screening method allowed the early detection of a population at risk for chronic kidney disease.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic diseases account for the majority of deaths in Brazil. These include hypertension (SAH) and diabetes mellitus (DM), which are the main causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Objective: This study aimed to validate the data of an electronic health record and to point out characteristics of the profile of these users in relation to clinical quality indicators for a pre-dialytic CKD. Methods: Retrospective cohort, August/2010 to December/2014. Included users > 18 years, with at least two queries. Variables analyzed: sociodemographic, underlying disease, main medications and main clinical indicators of control. A descriptive analysis was performed and the percentage of users was evaluated in the goals at admission and at the end of the study. Results: Exported, converted and validated data of 1,977 users with average follow-up time of 21 months. Of these, 51.4% were men, 58% were > 64 years of age and 81.6% were overweight. The main medications in use were diuretics (82.9%), BRAT (62%), Statin (60.7%) and ACE inhibitors (49.9%). The percentage of users with a decline in the glomerular filtration rate was 33.7%. Regarding glycated hemoglobin, users with CKD and DM, 36% were within the initial goal and 52.1% of the final. Blood pressure was at the target for admission at 34.3% and 49.8% at the end of follow-up. Conclusion: Validated data are of vital importance for health managers to monitor users. The population of this study is predominantly elderly, obese, requiring multi-professional care to slow the progression of the disease and decrease morbidity and mortality.

Resumo O presente artigo analisou o sistema de referência e de contrarreferência de uma rede de atenção aos usuários de drogas a partir da Análise de Redes Sociais (ARS). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de corte transversal realizada no município de Juiz de Fora, em Minas Gerais, com profissionais dos serviços de tratamento aos usuários de drogas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário sobre as relações de referenciamento e de contrarreferenciamento de usuários entre os serviços da rede. Para a análise dos dados a partir da ARS, utilizou-se o software Gephi, extraindo as seguintes métricas: centralidade de grau e centralidade de intermediação. Os resultados indicaram uma maior prevalência de referenciamento em detrimento da contrarreferência, com uma centralização nos serviços especializados, de média e alta complexidade, e nos de urgência/emergência. Espera-se demonstrar as potencialidades da ARS na compreensão de redes organizacionais e influenciar a realização de novas pesquisas que visem compreender as diferentes realidades assistenciais aos usuários de drogas no contexto nacional e internacional.

Objetivo Desenvolver e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão brasileira reduzida do Addiction Severity Index 6 Light (ASI-6 Light) previamente proposta com base em um estudo de validação dos construtos do instrumento e desenvolver os novos escores de cada área do instrumento baseados na Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Métodos Foram entrevistados 200 sujeitos, 100 com uso problemático de álcool e outras drogas e 100 sem uso problemático. Foram calculados os escores dos indivíduos com base na TRI. As propriedades psicométricas foram avaliadas pela correlação entre os escores do ASI-6 Light e do Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), padrão-ouro do estudo. Foram avaliados os índices de sensibilidade e especificidade. Resultados Foi encontrada alta correlação entre os escores da área “álcool” do ASI-6 Light e os escores do ASSIST em relação ao álcool (r = 0,79), correlações moderadas em relação ao tabaco (r = 0,47) e cocaína/crack (r = 0,44) e baixa (r = 0,39) em relação à maconha. Ao correlacionarem-se os escores do ASSIST e os escores da área “drogas” do ASI-6 Light, obteve-se alta correlação em relação à cocaína/crack (r = 0,85), correlações moderadas em relação ao tabaco (r = 0,57) e maconha (r = 0,68) e baixa (r = 0,29) em relação ao álcool. A área sob a curva ROC da área “álcool” foi de 0,93 e a da área “drogas” foi de 0,88. Conclusão Boas evidências de validade das áreas “álcool” e “drogas” foram apresentadas. Essa nova versão tornou-se um instrumento de fácil manejo e de rápida aplicação, contendo os itens que melhor avaliam a gravidade de problemas.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um método de georreferenciamento e análise de sistemas de cuidado aos usuários de drogas baseado em tecnologias e processos de acesso livre que podem ser utilizados em diferentes cenários. O método é constituído de três etapas: 1) definição conceitual dos sistemas e das redes de atenção aos usuários de drogas; 2) levantamento dos serviços e o seu mapeamento por georreferenciamento; e 3) caracterização dos relacionamentos entre os serviços da rede a partir da análise de redes sociais (ARS). De modo a demonstrar suas potencialidades e revelar outras possibilidades, o presente método foi utilizado em um município brasileiro de médio/grande porte. Foram identificados e georreferenciados 187 serviços, e suas interações caracterizadas pela ARS. Concluiu-se que merecem destaque três potencialidades do método proposto: 1) o caráter ampliado proporcionado pela abordagem de redes; 2) o baixo custo e a utilização de ferramentas inovadoras e acessíveis; e 3) auxílio para a visualização e o gerenciamento da rede.

Introdução: Há grande interesse na utilização de modelos animais na pesquisa da fisiopatologia renal, que requer padronização dos parâmetros analisados. Objetivo: Padronizar avaliação da função renal de ratos da colônia do biotério do Centro de Biologia da Reprodução da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Métodos: Foram utilizados 30 ratos Wistar e realizadas dosagens de creatinina (sérica e urinária), ureia sérica e proteinúria. Foram avaliados: o intervalo de coleta de urina nas gaiolas metabólicas (24 horas ou 12 horas); a necessidade de jejum de 12 horas; a necessidade de desproteinização das amostras de urina e soro para dosagens de creatinina; necessidade de desproteinização do soro de animais com injúria renal aguda (IRA) para leitura em espectrofotômetro e ELISA, além da comparação da proteinúria de 24 horas (PT 24 horas) com a relação proteína/creatinina (rP/C). Os resultados foram comparados pelos teste t de Student, correlação de Pearson, gráfico de Bland-Altman para concordância e modelo de regressão linear para estimar a PT 24 horas a partir da rP/C. Resultados: A diurese de 24 horas foi maior do que a de 12 horas, interferindo na depuração da creatinina. No grupo em jejum, houve menor ingestão hídrica e menor creatinina urinária. Houve grande variabilidade para o soro desproteinizado e as leituras realizadas nos dois equipamentos foram semelhantes. Houve forte correlação entre PT 24 horas e rP/C e foi gerada a equação: PT 24 horas = (8,6113 x rP/C) + 1,0869. Conclusão: Foi padronizada: coleta de urina em 24 horas sem jejum. A desproteinização não mostrou benefício. As dosagens foram realizadas com confiabilidade em espectrofotômetro. Foi gerada uma fórmula prática para estimar PT 24 horas por meio da rP/C.

Introdução: Interações medicamentosas (IMs) são frequentes na prática clínica e estão diretamente relacionadas a fatores como polifarmácia, idade avançada e deficiência na metabolização e excreção de fármacos. Indivíduos com doença renal crônica (DRC) comumente utilizam diversas classes de medicamentos, constituindo um importante grupo de risco para IMs. Objetivo: Identificar potenciais interações entre medicamentos prescritos a renais crônicos em tratamento conservador, e fatores associados a sua ocorrência. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal, com análise de 558 prescrições. O potencial interativo dos medicamentos foi traçado tendo como suporte a base de dados MICROMEDEX®, software que disponibiliza farmacopeias conhecidas internacionalmente. Resultados: Houve predomínio de indivíduos do sexo masculino (54,7%), idosos (69,4%), no estágio 3 da DRC (47,5%), com sobrepeso e obesos (66,7%). As comorbidades mais prevalentes foram a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (68,5%) e o diabetes mellitus (31,9%). IMs potenciais foram detectadas em 74,9% das prescrições. De um total de 1.364 IMs detectadas, 229 (16,8%) foram de gravidade maior e 5 (0,4%) contraindicadas, com necessidade de intervenção imediata. Interações de gravidade moderada ou menor foram identificadas respectivamente em 1.049 (76,9%) e 81 (5,9%) das prescrições. Observou-se que a probabilidade de ocorrência de uma IM aumentou em 2,5 vezes para cada medicamento adicional (IC = 2,18-3,03). Obesidade, diabetes, hipertensão e estágio avançado da DRC foram fatores de risco fortemente associados para ocorrência de IM. Conclusão: A associação de medicamentos em indivíduos com DRC relacionou-se com alta prevalência de IMs potencialmente graves, especialmente nos estágios mais avançados da doença.

OBJECTIVE: to assess cardiovascular risk by means of the traditional Framingham score and the version modified through the incorporation of emerging risk factors, such as family history of acute myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. METHOD: participants were 50 hypertensive patients under outpatient treatment. The clinical data were collected through a semi-structured interview and the laboratory data from patients' histories. RESULTS: it was verified that the traditional Framingham score was predominantly low (74%), with 14% showing medium risk and 12% high risk. After the inclusion of emerging risk factors, the chance of a coronary event was low in 22% of the cases, medium in 56% and high in 22%. CONCLUSIONS: the comparison between the traditional Framingham risk score and the modified version demonstrated a significant difference in the cardiovascular risk classification, whose correlation shows discreet agreement between the two scales. Lifestyle elements seem to play a determinant role in the increase in cardiovascular risk levels.

OBJECTIVE: to assess cardiovascular risk by means of the traditional Framingham score and the version modified through the incorporation of emerging risk factors, such as family history of acute myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. METHOD: participants were 50 hypertensive patients under outpatient treatment. The clinical data were collected through a semi-structured interview and the laboratory data from patients' histories. RESULTS: it was verified that the traditional Framingham score was predominantly low (74%), with 14% showing medium risk and 12% high risk. After the inclusion of emerging risk factors, the chance of a coronary event was low in 22% of the cases, medium in 56% and high in 22%. CONCLUSIONS: the comparison between the traditional Framingham risk score and the modified version demonstrated a significant difference in the cardiovascular risk classification, whose correlation shows discreet agreement between the two scales. Lifestyle elements seem to play a determinant role in the increase in cardiovascular risk levels. OBJETIVO: evaluar el riesgo cardiovascular utilizando el puntaje de Framingham tradicional y el modificado por la incorporación de factores de riesgo emergentes como historia familiar de infarto agudo del miocardio, síndrome metabólico y enfermedad renal crónica. MÉTODO: participaron 50 hipertensos que hacen tratamiento en ambulatorio. Los datos clínicos fueron obtenidos por medio de entrevista semiestructurada y los de laboratorio fueron obtenidos de fichas. RESULTADOS: se verificó que el puntaje de Framingham tradicional fue predominantemente bajo (74%), 14% presentó riesgo medio y 12% riesgo alto. Tras la inclusión de factores de riesgo emergentes, la probabilidad de ocurrir un evento coronario fue baja en 22% de los casos, media en 56% y alta en 22% de los casos. CONCLUSIONES: la comparación entre el puntaje de riesgo de Framingham tradicional y el modificado demostró diferencia significativa entre la clasificación del riesgo cardiovascular, cuya correlación muestra discreta concordancia entre las dos escalas. Los elementos relacionados al estilo de vida parecen ser determinantes en el aumento del riesgo cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: avaliar o risco cardiovascular, utilizando o escore de Framingham tradicional e o modificado pela incorporação de fatores de risco emergentes, como história familiar de infarto agudo do miocárdio, síndrome metabólica e doença renal crônica. MÉTODO: participaram 50 hipertensos que faziam tratamento ambulatorial. Os dados clínicos foram obtidos por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e os laboratoriais, coletados em prontuários. RESULTADOS: verificou-se que o escore de Framingham tradicional foi predominantemente baixo (74%), 14% apresentou médio risco e 12% alto risco. Após a inclusão de fatores de risco emergentes, a chance de ocorrer um evento coronariano foi baixa em 22% dos casos, média em 56% e alta em 22% dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: a comparação entre o escore de risco de Framingham tradicional e o modificado demonstrou diferença significativa entre a classificação do risco cardiovascular, cuja correlação mostra discreta concordância entre as duas escalas. Os elementos relacionados ao estilo de vida parecem ser determinantes do aumento de risco cardiovascular.

INTRODUÇÃO A concomitância de periodontite crônica (PC) em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a desfechos adversos. A deficiência de vitamina D (25(OH)D) parece desempenhar papel importante na PC e níveis inadequados de vitamina D têm sido descritos em pacientes com DRC. OBJETIVO: Examinar a relação entre níveis séricos de vitamina D e PC em pacientes com DRC pré-dialítica. MÉTODO: Estudo de caso-controle, definidos, respectivamente, como pacientes com DRC e PC e DRC sem PC. Os dados demográficos, de exame físico e laboratoriais foram obtidos no dia da consulta. A DRC foi definida e estagiada segundo a NKF QDOKI TM. Os níveis séricos de 25(OH) D foram dosados por quimioluminescência quando da avaliação da PC, a qual foi caracterizada segundo os critérios de Academia Americana de Periodontologia (1999). Os resultados de 25(OH)D foram estratificados em deficiência (< 14 ηg/mL), insuficiência (15-29 ηg/mL) e suficiência (> 30 ηg/mL). RESULTADOS: Um total de 29 pacientes foram estudados, 15 no grupo caso e 14 no grupo controle. Os pacientes casos apresentaram mediana de 25(OH) D inferior a dos pacientes controles (22,6 vs. 28,6 ηg/mL; p < 0,01). A frequência de pacientes casos com insuficiência/deficiência de vitamina D foi maior do que entre os pacientes controles (93,3% vs. 57,1%, p < 0,004). Por outro lado, o percentual de pacientes com suficiência de vitamina D foi maior entre os controles se comparados aos integrantes do grupo casos (42,9% vs. 6,7%, p < 0,004). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com DRC, a deficiência de vitamina D se associa com PC.INTRODUCTION: Concomitance of chronic periodontitis (CP) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been associated with adverse outcomes. Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency my play a role in CP and inadequate vitamin D status is common among patients with CKD. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between vitamin 25(OH)D and CP in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis. METHOD: A case-control study was conducted. Cases and controls were defined as patients with CKD with and without CP, respectively. The demographic, clinical and laboratory data were obtained when the patient was attended in the outpatient clinic. CKD was defined and staged according to the NKF QDOKI TM. Serum 25(OH) D levels were measured by chemiluminescence when assessing the CP, which was definined according to the American Academy of Periodontoly (1999). Serum 25(OH)D levels were stratified into deficient (< 14 ηg/mL), insufficient (15-29 ηg/mL) and sufficiency (> 30 ηg/ mL). RESULTS: A total of 15 cases were compared with 14 controls. Cases had lower median 25(OH)D levels than controls (22.6 versus 28.6 ηg/mL, p < 0.01) and were more likely to be categorized as vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (93,3% versus 57,1%, p < 0,004). On the other hand, the percentage of controls with vitamin D sufficiency was higher then cases (42,9% versus 6,7%, p < 0,004). CONCLUSION: In patients with CKD not yet on dialysis, vitamin D deficiency is associated with CP.

INTRODUÇÃO A concomitância de periodontite crônica (PC) em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) tem sido associada a desfechos adversos. A deficiência de vitamina D (25(OH)D) parece desempenhar papel importante na PC e níveis inadequados de vitamina D têm sido descritos em pacientes com DRC. OBJETIVO: Examinar a relação entre níveis séricos de vitamina D e PC em pacientes com DRC pré-dialítica. MÉTODO: Estudo de caso-controle, definidos, respectivamente, como pacientes com DRC e PC e DRC sem PC. Os dados demográficos, de exame físico e laboratoriais foram obtidos no dia da consulta. A DRC foi definida e estagiada segundo a NKF QDOKI TM. Os níveis séricos de 25(OH) D foram dosados por quimioluminescência quando da avaliação da PC, a qual foi caracterizada segundo os critérios de Academia Americana de Periodontologia (1999). Os resultados de 25(OH)D foram estratificados em deficiência (< 14 ηg/mL), insuficiência (15-29 ηg/mL) e suficiência (> 30 ηg/mL). RESULTADOS: Um total de 29 pacientes foram estudados, 15 no grupo caso e 14 no grupo controle. Os pacientes casos apresentaram mediana de 25(OH) D inferior a dos pacientes controles (22,6 vs. 28,6 ηg/mL; p < 0,01). A frequência de pacientes casos com insuficiência/deficiência de vitamina D foi maior do que entre os pacientes controles (93,3% vs. 57,1%, p < 0,004). Por outro lado, o percentual de pacientes com suficiência de vitamina D foi maior entre os controles se comparados aos integrantes do grupo casos (42,9% vs. 6,7%, p < 0,004). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com DRC, a deficiência de vitamina D se associa com PC.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o diagnóstico nutricional, o perfil lipídico, os níveis pressóricos e a medida de cintura em pré-escolares. Pretende-se ainda verificar se a medida de cintura está associada com índices antropométricos usuais no diagnóstico nutricional, perfil lipídico e pressão arterial em crianças obesas e eutróficas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 65 pré-escolares de baixo estrato socioeconômico, em escola municipal de Santo André. As avaliações clínico-laboratoriais consistiram em: medida de PA (Task Force, 1996), peso (P) e estatura (E) expressos como escore z (OMS, 1995) e IMC (índice de massa corpórea); níveis séricos de triglicérides, colesterol total e frações (VLDL-c, HDL-c, LDL-c) (Kwiterowich e AHA). Análise estatística: Teste exato de Fisher e correlação. RESULTADOS: Observamos alto porcentual de inadequação da PA e lipídios séricos, independentemente da condição nutricional. A medida de cintura mostrou correlação positiva e significante com IMC e ZPE (r = 0,87 e r = 0,83; p < 0,001, respectivamente). Visando ao estudo do poder diagnóstico da cintura, utilizando-se como ponto de corte o percentil 75 da amostra dessa medida, tendo como padrão o ZPE, observou-se acurácia de 89,1%, especificidade de 87,2%, sensibilidade de 70,6%, e valores preditivos (+) 66,7% e (-) 66,7%. Não houve correlação significativa entre a cintura e o perfil lipídico e níveis pressóricos. CONCLUSÕES: A medida de cintura mostrou relação direta com os índices antropométricos habitualmente usados e não funcionou na faixa etária pré-escolar como preditor de risco cardiovascular.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anthropometric data, blood lipid levels, blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC) in preschool children. To relate WC with blood lipid levels and BP in obese and non-obese children. METHODS: In a transversal study we investigated 65 preschool children of low socioeconomic level in Santo André, São Paulo. The evaluation consisted of BP measurement (Task Force, 1996), weight (W), height (H) expressed as z score (WHO,1995) and body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total and fractions of cholesterol blood levels (Kwiterovich and AHA). Statistical analysis: Fisher test and correlations. RESULTS: We observed high BP and lipid levels unrelated to nutritional status. WC was significantly and positively correlated to BMI and ZWH (r = 0,87 and r = 0,83, respectively). Using as a cut-off 75 percentile of WC we found an accuracy of 89,1% with 87,2% specificity and 70,6% sensitivity and predictive value (+) 66,7% and (-) 66,7%. There was no relationship between WC and lipid and BP levels. CONCLUSIONS: WC showed direct correlation with anthropometric indexes commonly used and in preschool children wasn’t predictor of cardiovascular risk.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre os valores de macronutrientes e energia de alimentos analisados em laboratório com os dados apresentados em tabelas e softwares de composição de alimentos em uso no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 11 alimentos totalizando 701 amostras. Foram selecionadas para comparação três tabelas e dois softwares de composição de alimentos. Foi aplicado o teste t de Student univariado, que consistiu na comparação entre a média dos valores obtidos em laboratório e o valor único e constante de cada tabela ou software, com significância no nível de 5%. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que dependendo do alimento, do nutriente estudado e da tabela ou software escolhido para a comparação, ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dados analisados em laboratório e os dados de tabelas e softwares. Para os alimentos estudados, foi observado: duas tabelas mostraram tendência à superestimação dos teores de proteína e HCT, enquanto uma outra superestima os teores de HCT; um dos softwares tendeu a superestimar os teores de lipídios e, consequentemente, o valor energético total, e em um outro software todos os nutrientes foram subestimados em relação aos valores obtidos em laboratório. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que é fundamental a elaboração de uma tabela brasileira de composição de alimentos, a partir de dados obtidos em laboratório, para garantir melhor exatidão das informações.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between macronutrients and food energy values analyzed in laboratory and data of food composition tables and software available in Brazil. METHODS: Eleven types of food were analyzed totaling 701 samples. Student's t-test was performed consisting of the comparison between the mean values obtained in laboratory and the unique constant value of each table or software at 5% confidence level. RESULTS: It was noted that depending on the type of food, nutrient and table or software selected for comparison, there were significant statistically differences between laboratory and tables and software data. Concerning the studied types of food it was observed a trend of overestimating protein and carbohydrate content in two tables while carbohydrate content was overestimated in a third table. One of the software programs showed overestimated lipid content and, consequently, the total energetic values while a second software program underestimated all nutrients when compared to laboratory results. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed it is essential to create a Brazilian food composition table from laboratory data to assure more accurate data.

OBJECTIVE: to assess cardiovascular risk by means of the traditional Framingham score and the version modified through the incorporation of emerging risk factors, such as family history of acute myocardial infarction, metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. METHOD: participants were 50 hypertensive patients under outpatient treatment. The clinical data were collected through a semi-structured interview and the laboratory data from patients' histories. RESULTS: it was verified that the traditional Framingham score was predominantly low (74%), with 14% showing medium risk and 12% high risk. After the inclusion of emerging risk factors, the chance of a coronary event was low in 22% of the cases, medium in 56% and high in 22%. CONCLUSIONS: the comparison between the traditional Framingham risk score and the modified version demonstrated a significant difference in the cardiovascular risk classification, whose correlation shows discreet agreement between the two scales. Lifestyle elements seem to play a determinant role in the increase in cardiovascular risk levels.

Abstract Introduction: Data on impact of high body mass index (BMI) on mortality of patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), especially among elderly, are inconsistent. Objective: To evaluate impact of BMI on cohort of incident elderly PD patients over time. Methods: Prospective multicenter cohort study (December / 2004-October/2007) with 674 patients. Socio-demographic and clinical data evaluated with patients followed until death, transfer to hemodialysis (HD), recovery of renal function, loss of follow-up or transplant. Patients were divided into incident on renal replacement therapy (RRT) for PD (PD first: 230) and transferred from hemodialysis (HD first: 444). Analysis was performed comparing these two groups using chi-square or Kruskal Wallis. Similar analysis was used to compare patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) vs. continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Data were compared between patients according to BMI by ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis or chi-square. For analysis of survival, Kaplan Meier method was used and to adjust confounding variables, Cox regression proportional hazard. Joint model for longitudinal and time-dependent data was conducted, assessing impact that a longitudinal variable displays on time of survival. Results: Malnourished patients (76.79 ± 7.53 years) were older (p < 0.0001) with higher percentage of death (44.6%, p = 0.001); diabetes mellitus showed high prevalence in obese patients (68%, p < 0.0001); higher blood pressure levels (p = 0.002) were present in obese and overweight patients. Conclusions: Increased BMI variation over time proved to be a protective factor, with a decrease of about 1% in risk of death for every BMI unit earned.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre os valores de macronutrientes e energia de alimentos analisados em laboratório com os dados apresentados em tabelas e softwares de composição de alimentos em uso no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 11 alimentos totalizando 701 amostras. Foram selecionadas para comparação três tabelas e dois softwares de composição de alimentos. Foi aplicado o teste t de Student univariado, que consistiu na comparação entre a média dos valores obtidos em laboratório e o valor único e constante de cada tabela ou software, com significância no nível de 5%. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que dependendo do alimento, do nutriente estudado e da tabela ou software escolhido para a comparação, ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dados analisados em laboratório e os dados de tabelas e softwares. Para os alimentos estudados, foi observado: duas tabelas mostraram tendência à superestimação dos teores de proteína e HCT, enquanto uma outra superestima os teores de HCT; um dos softwares tendeu a superestimar os teores de lipídios e, consequentemente, o valor energético total, e em um outro software todos os nutrientes foram subestimados em relação aos valores obtidos em laboratório. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que é fundamental a elaboração de uma tabela brasileira de composição de alimentos, a partir de dados obtidos em laboratório, para garantir melhor exatidão das informações.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou compreender como as redes de atenção aos usuários de drogas são apresentadas nas atuais políticas brasileiras sobre o tema. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental com abordagem qualitativa, tendo sido os resultados agrupados em três categorias: caracterizações gerais sobre as redes de atenção aos usuários de drogas; componentes da rede; e modelo de atenção. De maneira geral, os documentos analisados expressam que as redes devem ser constituídas por diferentes níveis e dispositivos, diversificando as estratégias e modalidades de cuidado, e buscando o estabelecimento da integralidade de acordo com as características socioculturais e dos sujeitos. Contudo, contradições foram constatadas no que se refere aos modelos assistenciais, intersetorialidade, relação entre Estado, terceiro setor e iniciativa privada, e concepção sobre determinados dispositivos. Neste sentido, há que se pensar em empregar tais documentos de maneira crítica com o intuito de absorver as dificuldades ainda existentes para sua efetiva concretização, o que significa um constante exercício de ação e reflexão, repensando, inclusive, as inter-relações entre papel e prática.

Monitoring and assessing dietary intake may favor the promotion of healthy choices and the indexes that assess the quality of the diet contribute to this purpose. The Diet Quality Index associated with the Digital Food Guide (DQI-DFG) was developed from guidelines of the School of Public Health at Harvard University, adjusted for the Brazilian food habits. Based on new studies on prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, the objective of this study was to improve and validate the DQI-DFG for a second version. The following psychometric properties were used: (a) content validation: consensus on healthy eating and DQI among experts; (b) construct validation: enhancement of a reference diet to determine recommended serving sizes and consumption ranges; correlation between each group score and energy value; comparative analyses between menu assessment by experts and DQI-DGF results to confirm the score criterion; (c) reliability: agreement between the result shown by the evaluators and the result presented by DQI-DFG; correlation between each food group score and total DQI score to understand the relationship between these variables. The energetic values do not influence the DQI score. There is a high correlation between the score attributed by experts and the result of DQI-DFG (r = 0.78 until r = 0.97). The Index components have a balanced score of influence in its final result (r = 0.49 until r = 0.10). Consensus result performed among experts legitimates the concepts that justify DQI-DFG. There was an agreement between menu quality evaluation by experts and the results shown by DQI-DFG.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects that a hand hygiene education program has on the compliance of health professionals in an ICU. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with an interrupted time-series design, conducted over a 12-month period: the 5 months preceding the implementation of a hand hygiene education program (baseline period); the 2 months of the intensive (intervention) phase of the program; and the first 5 months thereafter (post-intervention phase). Hand hygiene compliance was monitored by one of the researchers, unbeknownst to the ICU team. The primary outcome measure was the variation in the rate of hand hygiene compliance. We also evaluated the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), as well as the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) at 28 days and 60 days, together with mortality at 28 days and 60 days. Results: On the basis of 959 observations, we found a significant increase in hand hygiene compliance rates-from 31.5% at baseline to 65.8% during the intervention phase and 83.8% during the post-intervention phase, corresponding to prevalence ratios of 2.09 and 2.66, respectively, in comparison with the baseline rate (p < 0.001). Despite that improvement, there were no significant changes in duration of MV, VAP incidence (at 28 or 60 days), or mortality (at 28 or 60 days). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a hand hygiene education program can increase hand hygiene compliance among ICU professionals, although it appears to have no impact on VAP incidence, duration of MV, or mortality.

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the structure and results obtained by the "Chronic Renal Patients Care Program" in a Brazilian city. Method: epidemiological, cross-sectional study conducted in 14 PHC units and a secondary center from 2010 to 2013. The Donabedian Model was the methodological framework used. A total of 14 physicians, 13 supervisors, and 11 community health agents from primary healthcare were interviewed for the assessment of structure and process and 1,534 medical files from primary healthcare and 282 from secondary care were consulted to assess outcomes. Results: most units lacked sufficient offices for physicians and nurses to provide consultations, had incomplete staffing, and most professionals had not received proper qualification to provide care for chronic renal disease. Physicians from PHC units classified as capable more frequently referred patients to the secondary care service in the early stages of chronic renal disease (stage 3B) when compared to physicians of units considered not capable (58% vs. 36%) (p=0.049). Capable PHC units also more frequently presented stabilized glomerular filtration rates (51%) when compared to partially capable units (36%) and not capable units (44%) (p=0.046). Conclusion: patients cared for by primary healthcare units that scored higher in structure and process criteria presented better clinical outcomes. Objective: to identify the coping strategies of family members of patients with mental disorders and relate them to family member sociodemographic variables and to the patient's clinical variables. Method: this was a descriptive study conducted at a psychiatric hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, with 40 family members of hospitalized patients over the age of 18, and who followed the patient before and during hospitalization. We used tools to characterize the subjects and the Folkman and Lazarus Inventory of Coping Strategies. Results: the coping strategies most often used by family members were social support and problem solving. Mothers and fathers used more functional strategies (self-control p=0.037, positive reappraisal p=0.037, and social support p=0,021). We found no significant differences between the strategies and other variables examined. Conclusion: despite the suffering resulting from the illness of a dear one, family members make more use of functional strategies, allowing them to cope with adversities in a more well-adjusted way.

Introduction: Body weight increase is a contemporary trend that leads to health issues in the world’s population. Social stigma associated with this patient profile has negative repercussions, mainly in physician-patient interactions, which can result in weight gain and in increased mortality rates. Thus, the management of this worldwide disease requires a better understanding of its multiple aspects, as recommended by international guidelines. Purpose: The aim of the current study was to analyze some aspects of the therapeutic approach adopted by Endocrinology and Metabology-expert physicians to treat patients living with excess weight, based on information available in current guidelines. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional study conducted with convenience sample deriving from the scientific update group “EndoNews”, which is hosted in online platform. Data were collected through structured questionnaire completed by 246 participants. Similar responses were grouped and subjected to Chi-square tests, at 5% Alpha. Results: 72% of physicians reported to have additional difficulties to treat this patient profile (PWD). PWD reports were mostly associated with work environments described as ill-equipped (p-value = 0.009), with the Northern and Northeastern macroregions (p-Value = 0.012), with weak belief in long-term therapeutic success (p-value = 0.004) and with approach self-reported as less encouraging (p-value = 0.001). Other variables presenting statistical significance were also reported. Conclusion: It was possible drawing different profiles for physicians with (PWD) and without difficulty (PND) to treat patients living with excess weight. Factors, such as region of practice and ill-equipped infrastructure, were predictive of such a difficulty. Moreover, certain factors used to analyze participants’ agreement with guidelines have shown that PWD diverged more often from the recommended information. Therefore, reflections on language, strategies and infrastructural preparedness to serve these patients were suggested, aiming at subsequent changes in physicians’ attitude towards their treatment.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and clinical studies show that this progression can be slowed. The objective of this study was to estimate the costs to Brazil’s public health system (SUS) throughout the course of CKD in the pre-dialysis stage compared to the costs to the SUS of dialysis treatment (DT). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze clinical and laboratory variables; the outcome analyzed was need for DT. To assess cost, a microcosting survey was conducted according to the Methodological Guidelines for Economic Evaluations in Healthcare and the National Program for Cost Management, both recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health for economic studies. Results: A total of 5,689 patients were followed between 2011 and 2014, and 537 met the inclusion criteria. Average costs increased substantially as the disease progressed. The average cost incurred in stage G1 in Brazilian reals was R$ 7,110.78, (US$1,832.06) and in stage G5, it was R$ 26,814.08 (US$6,908.53), accumulated over the four years. Conclusion: A pre-dialysis care program may reduce by R$ 33,023.12 ± 1,676.80 (US$ 8,508.26 ± 432.02) the average cost for each year of DT avoided, which is sufficient to cover the program’s operation, minimizing cost. These results signal to public health policy makers the real possibility of achieving significant cost reduction in the medium term for CKD care (4 years), to a program that disbursed R$ 24 billion (US$ 6.8 billion) for DT in Brazil between 2009 and 2018.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fabry disease is a chronic, progressive, and multi-system hereditary condition, related to an Xq22 mutation in X chromosome, which results in deficiency of alpha-galactosidase enzyme, hence reduced capacity of globotriaosylceramide degradation. Objectives: to evaluate the prevalence of Fabry disease (FD) mutations, as well as its signs and symptoms, among relatives of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients diagnosed with FD during a previously conducted study, named “Clinical and epidemiological analysis of Fabry disease in dialysis centers in Brazil”. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out, and data was collected by interviewing the relatives of patients enrolled in the Brazil Fabry Kidney Project and blood tests for both Gb3 dosage and genetic testing. Results: Among 1214 interviewed relatives, 115 (9.47%) were diagnosed with FD, with a predominance of women (66.10%). The most prevalent comorbidities were rheumatologic conditions and systemic hypertension (1.7% each), followed by heart, neurological, cerebrovascular diseases, and depression in 0.9% of individuals. Intolerance to physical exercise and tiredness were the most observed symptoms (1.7%), followed by periodic fever, intolerance to heat or cold, diffuse pain, burn sensation or numbness in hands and feet, reduced or absent sweating, as well as abdominal pain after meals in 0.9%. Conclusion: We found a prevalence of Fabry disease in 9.47% of relatives of CKD patients with this condition, remarkably with a 66.1% predominance of women, which contrasts with previous reports. The screening of family members of FD patients is important, since it can lead to early diagnosis and treatment, thus allowing better quality of life and improved clinical outcomes for these individuals.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies involving large samples usually face financial and operational challenges. OBJECTIVES: To describe the planning and execution of ADHERE Brazil, an epidemiological study on 1,105 kidney transplant patients, and report on how the study was structured, difficulties faced and solutions found. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional multicenter study in 20 Brazilian kidney transplantation centers. METHODS: Actions developed in each phase of implementation were described, with emphasis on innovations used within the logistics of this study, aimed at estimating the prevalence of nonadherence to treatment. RESULTS: Coordination of activities was divided into four areas: general, regulatory, data collection and statistics. Weekly meetings were held for action planning. The general coordination team was in charge of project elaboration, choice of participating centers, definition of publication policy and monitoring other coordination teams. The regulatory team provided support to centers for submitting the project to ethics committees. The data collection team prepared a manual on the electronic collection system, scheduled web meetings and was available to respond to queries. It also monitored the data quality and reported any inadequacies found. Communication with the centers was through monthly reports via e-mail and distribution of exclusive material. The statistical team acted in all phases of the study, especially in creating the data analysis plan and data bank, generation of randomization lists and data extraction. CONCLUSIONS: Through these logistics, we collected high-quality data and built a local research infrastructure for further studies. We present supporting alternatives for conducting similar studies. CLINICAL TRIAL ANNOTATION: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ on October 10, 2013; NCT02066935.

Background/Aims: Evaluate the prevalence of Fabry disease in men and women with kidney disease; and observe the presence and importance of the main signs and symptoms in patients with kidney disease. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of secondary data from a multicenter project of Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Fabry Disease in 854 Dialysis Centers. A total of 36,442 patients underwent the questionnaire and algorithm; of them, 28,284 were discarded for not presenting signs and symptoms of Fabry disease, while the other 8,087 submitted to blood collection and analysis. All participants signed a Free and Informed Consent Form and a questionnaire was applied. The questionnaire data were analyzed using a computerized algorithm. This program/algorithm analyzes and separates patients into: discarded, patients unlikely to have Fabry disease; suspect, patients who submitted to blood collection. The blood of suspect patients was collected on filter paper for enzyme measurement and genetic testing. A descriptive data analysis was performed and the likelihood ratio was determined. Results: The general prevalence was 0.19% and after use of algorithm was 0.87%. Although more men were screened (59.3%), the prevalence was higher in women (65.1%). The most prevalent signs and symptoms were: heart disease (60.6%), decreased or lack of sweating (42.3%), heat and cold intolerance (28.2%), and pain crises spreading throughout the body (26.8%). Conclusion: The prevalence was higher in women, and the most prevalent symptom was heart diseases.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the validity and reliability of ultrasonography measurement of rectus femoris cross-sectional area compared to computed tomography in patients in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease and analyzed the association between these measurements and the diagnosis of sarcopenia. METHODS: One hundred patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease were evaluated. Sarcopenia was defined using the criteria of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project (FNIH). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area was evaluated using ultrasonography and computed tomography. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 29% according to the FNIH criteria. The difference in mean rectus femoris cross-sectional area by ultrasonography and computed tomography was 3.97 mm, with a strong correlation between the two methods (p

ABSTRACT Introduction: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is considered the gold standard vascular access for chronic hemodialysis, and its failure predicts higher morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: 1) To evaluate the success rate of AVF created by a nephrologist and 2) to identify clinical, laboratory, and demographic variables that influence AVF patency. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 101 patients with chronic kidney disease for a total of 159 AVF created by a nephrologist between June 2010 and June 2013. Results: Of the AVFs created, 124 (78%) displayed immediate patency and 110 (62.9%) displayed late patency. Hemoglobin (10-12 g/dL) was the only variable related to late AVF patency (p = 0.05). An elevated blood pressure at time of surgery was associated with a lower number of procedures per patient (p = 0.001). Proximal AVF occurred more frequently in patients with dual access (p = 0.03). The AVF success rate was similar to those previously reported in the literature. Conclusion: Hemoglobin level in the recommended range has a favorable impact on late AVF patency and elevated blood pressure during surgery on the lower number of vascular accesses per patient. The high success rate indicates that it can be placed by trained nephrologists.

Introdução: São escassos estudos dos custos dos insumos consumidos em hemodiálise e, dentre estes gastos, os compostos que compõem o dialisato estão entre os valores considerados como representativos nessa terapia. Contudo, não foram encontrados estudos que orientem sobre o comportamento de custos dessas soluções. Objetivo: O objetivo do artigo é avaliar se há desperdício no consumo de soluções alcalinas em hemodiálise ambulatorial e, consequentemente, a possibilidade de redução no custo a partir da simulação de padronização no processo de estabelecimento do fluxo do dialisato nos períodos entre turnos em sessões de hemodiálise ambulatorial. Métodos: Partindo de um estudo observacional analítico, foi realizada uma simulação de 20 cenários, sendo 10 estabelecidos pela padronização dos processos de controle no fluxo do dialisato nos intervalos das sessões. A combinação dos dados foi realizada tomando por base os preços de três fornecedores de soluções alcalinas líquidas ou em pó. Resultados: Observou-se, dentre os cenários com processos padronizados, uma variação entre 7,7% e 33,3% de economia no custo da solução alcalina (em pó ou líquida), pela redução do desperdício. Conclusão: É possível refrear o desperdício no uso de soluções alcalinas, tanto em pó quanto líquidas e, consequentemente, seus custos, a partir da padronização na redução do fluxo de dialisato durante os intervalos verificados entre os turnos na hemodiálise ambulatorial. Todavia, estes resultados estão condicionados ao comprometimento de profissionais de saúde, principalmente no que tange ao exercício da supervisão e controle das atividades no desdobramento da função qualidade.

INTRODUCTION:Sarcopenia is a chronic condition that is associated with aging and characterized by a reduction of muscle mass, strength, and function. Sarcopenia is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated with increased morbidity and mortality, as well as cardiovascular complications. OBJECTIVES:To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis and its correlation with clinical and laboratory variables and inflammatory markers. METHODS:A total of 100 patients of both sexes aged over 18 were evaluated. Sarcopenia was defined using the criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project. Sociodemographic and clinical data, activities of daily living, functional capacity, and physical activity were also evaluated. Inflammation was assessed by the serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin (IL) 4 and 6. RESULTS:The prevalence of sarcopenia was 11.9% and 28.7% using the EWGSOP and FNIH criteria, respectively. Sarcopenia was more prevalent in the more advanced stages of CKD (34.5% in stages 2 and 3A; and 65.5% in stages 3B, 4, and 5) and associated with worse performance in activities of daily living (p = 0.049), lower walking speeds (p < 0.001), and higher body mass indexes (BMIs) (p = 0.001) in the non-adjusted model. In addition, patients with sarcopenia had lower functional capacity (p = 0.012) and higher prevalence of physical inactivity (p = 0.041) compared with patients without sarcopenia. After adjustment for confounding variables, sarcopenia was still significantly correlated with walking speed (p = 0.004) and BMI (p = 0.002). HsCRP levels were inversely correlated with appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI (p = 0.007) and were also positively associated with BMI (p = 0.001). IL4 levels were positively correlated with walking speed (p = 0.007) and lean mass in the lower limbs (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS:Sarcopenia is common in patients with CKD, particularly in the most advanced stages of the disease. We observed an association between the levels of inflammatory markers and peripheral lean body mass, physical performance, and BMI. This association between sarcopenia and modifiable factors highlights the importance of early diagnosis and the implementation of therapeutic measures to minimize adverse outcomes in patients with CKD not yet on dialysis.

BackgroundAdherence is the result of the interaction of the macro, meso, micro, and patient level factors. The macro level includes full coverage of immunosuppressive medications as is the case in Brazil. We studied the correlates of immunosuppressive non-adherence in post kidney transplant patients in the Brazilian health care system.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional design, adherence to immunosuppressives was assessed in a sample of 100 kidney transplant patients using a composite non-adherence score consisting of three methods (self-report [i.e., The Basel Adherence Scale for Assessment of Immunossupressives-BAASIS], collateral report, and immunosuppressive blood levels). Multilevel correlations of non-adherence were assessed (macro, meso, micro and patient level). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess the correlates of non-adherence.ResultsOur sample consisted primarily of male (65%), Caucasians (72%) with a mean age of 45.0 ± 13.5 years old, who received grafts from a living donor (89%), with a mean time after transplantation of 72.3 ± 44.4 months. Prevalence of non-adherence was 51%. Family income higher than five reference wages (21.6 vs. 4%; OR 6.46 [1.35-30.89], p = 0.009; patient level), and having access to private health insurance (35.3% vs. 18.4%; OR 2.42 [0.96-6.10], p = 0.04; meso level) were associated with non-adherence in univariate analysis. Only the higher family income variable was retained in the multiple logistic regression model (OR 5.0; IC: 1.01-25.14; p = 0.04).ConclusionsHigher family income was the only factor that was associated with immunosuppressive non-adherence. In Brazil, lower income recipients benefit from better access to care and coverage of health care costs after transplantation. This is supposed to result in a better immunosuppressive adherence compared to high-income patients who have experienced these benefits continuously.

Objetivo: Este estudo propõe-se a avaliar o conhecimento sobre nutrição de mães de baixo nível socioeconômico participantes de um curso de capacitação profissional e educação nutricional. Material e método: A amostra estudada envolveu 19 mães de baixo nível socioeconômico residentes na cidade de São Paulo, matriculadas em um curso profissionalizante de Culinária e Confeitaria com duração de 4 meses (150 horas), com inserção de conteúdo de educação nutricional. Outras 10 mães compreenderam o grupo controle, que participouigualmente do curso de Culinária e Confeitaria, porém sem os componentes de educação nutricional. A avaliação do conhecimento das alunas foi realizada a partir de uma prova escrita sobre nutrição e saúde e pelo preenchimento escrito dos níveis da Pirâmide Alimentar adaptada para a população brasileira (Philipi et al., 1999). As respostas foram pontuadas por meio da presença de palavras-chave que envolvessem a resposta correta. Foram consideradas significantes diferenças com valores de p menores que 0,05 (5%). Resultados: Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre os conhecimentos prévios sobre nutrição nos dois grupos. Após a intervenção, o grupo que recebeu o conteúdo de educação nutricional apresentou melhora significante do conhecimento nutricional nas questões gerais sobre nutrição e distribuição da alimentação. Conclusão: Tais diferenças sugerem que esta é uma estratégia eficiente no incremento de conhecimento nutricional de mães de baixa renda.