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AcylCoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene has a considerable effect on milk content and yield in cattle with a substitution of lysine by alanine in the exon 8 of the gene. Moreover there are many other researches comprising the DGAT1 gene on different farm animals, such as buffalo, sheep and goat but there is no information about the DGAT1 gene in donkeys. In this study, the polymorphism of DGAT1 gene in donkey populations reared in Thrace region of Turkey has been investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) via EaeI (CfrI) restriction enzyme. EaeI restriction site was found in cattle breeds which resulted after K232A substitution, Lysine (AAG) to Alanine (GCG) variant but this restriction site was not found in donkey populations. A novel single-nucleotide polymorphism (GA substitution) in the DGAT1 gene at position 10,435 lacks this restriction site which results only Alanine variant (GCA) instead of Lysine variant. This novel single-nucleotide polymorphism in the DGAT1 gene was found in the studied donkey breeds.

In this study, to analyze the mtDNA D-loop region and the origin of the maternal lineages of 16 different donkey populations, and to assess the domestication of Turkish indigenous donkeys in seven geographical regions, we investigated the DNA sequences of the D-loop region of 315 indigenous donkeys from Turkey. A total of 54 haplotypes, resulting from 35 polymorphic regions (27 parsimoniously informative and 6 singleton sites), were defined. Twenty-eight of these haplotypes are unique (51.85%), and 26 are shared among different Turkish indigenous donkey populations. The most frequent haplotype was Hap 1 (45.71%), followed by two haplotypes (Hap 4, 15.55% and Hap 7, 5.39%). The breed genetic diversity, evaluated by the haplotype diversity (HD) and nucleotide diversity (πD), for the Turkish donkey populations ranged from 0.533 ± 0.180 (Tekirdağ–Malkara, MAL) to 0.933 ± 0.122 (Aydin, AYD), and from 0.01196 ± 0.0026 (Antalya, ANT) to 0.02101 ± 0.0041 (Aydin, AYD), respectively. We observed moderate-to-high levels of haplotype diversity and moderate nucleotide diversity, indicating plentiful genetic diversity in all of the Turkish indigenous donkey populations. Phylogenetic analysis (NJT) and median-joining network analysis established that all haplotypes were distinctly grouped into two major haplogroups. The results of AMOVA analyses, based on geographic structuring of Turkish native donkey populations, highlighted that the majority of the observed variance is due to differences among samples within populations. The observed differences between groups were found to be statistically significant. Comparison among Turkish indigenous donkey mtDNA D-loop regions and haplotypes, and different countries’ donkey breeds and wild asses, identified two clades and which is named Somali (Clade IV) and Nubian (Clade V) lineages. The results can be used to understand the origin of Turkish donkey populations clearly, and to resolve the phylogenetic relationship among all of the different regions.

This study presents the first insights to the genetic diversity and structure of the Turkish donkey populations. The primary objectives were to detect the main structural features of Turkish donkeys by microsatellite markers. A panel of 17 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 314 donkeys from 16 locations of Turkey. One hundred and forty-two alleles were identified and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12. The highest number of alleles was observed in AHT05 (12) and the lowest in ASB02 and HTG06 (4), while ASB17 was monomorphic. The mean HO in the Turkish donkey was estimated to be 0.677, while mean HE was 0.675. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated for each locus and ranged from 0.36 (locus ASB02) to 0.98 (locus AHT05), which has the highest number of alleles per locus in the present study. The average PIC in our populations was 0.696. The average coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) over the 17 loci was 0.020 ± 0.037 (p < 0.01). The GST values for single loci ranged from −0.004 for LEX54 to 0.162 for COR082. Nei’s gene diversity index (Ht) for loci ranged from 0.445 (ASB02) to 0.890 (AHT05), with an average of 0.696. A Bayesian clustering method, the Structure software, was used for clustering algorithms of multi-locus genotypes to identify the population structure and the pattern of admixture within the populations. When the number of ancestral populations varied from K = 1 to 20, the largest change in the log of the likelihood function (ΔK) was when K = 2. The results for K = 2 indicate a clear separation between Clade I (KIR, CAT, KAR, MAR, SAN) and Clade II (MAL, MER, TOK, KAS, KUT, KON, ISP, ANT, MUG, AYD and KAH) populations.

In this study, the genetic structure of Turkish honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations, mainly obtained from the Central Anatolian region, were investigated at three different mitochondrial regions. A total of 165 worker bees were collected from 15 different populations in ten different locations. Portions of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rDNA), cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) genes were amplified by PCR and then subjected to RFLP pattern analysis using 18 restriction enzymes (these having at least one recognition site in each region were used). Nucleotide polymorphisms were revealed using restriction enzymes Bsp143I, DraI and SspI in 16S rDNA and TaqI in the COI gene segment. The polymorphisms were subsequently confirmed by direct DNA sequencing with sequences thereafter deposited in Genbank. In this study, six novel composite genotypes (haplotypes) were found in Turkish honey bee populations. The most common haplotype, type 1, was found in 12 of the sampled populations and overall accounted for 85.5% of the samples. TCS spanning network of haplotypes revealed that type 1 was the basal haplotype. Genetic distance (D) values were found to be low (0.0-0.0112) within Turkish honey bee populations. The average haplotype diversity (h) within populations was 0.082. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that Konya/Sizma, Antalya/Elmali and Konya/Selçuklu populations were the most distant from all the other Turkish honey bee populations surveyed.

Bu çalışmada, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölüm İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Saanen–Kilis melezi Akkeçi’lerden ve Konya–Ermenek yöresi özel işletmelerdeki Kıl keçi’lerden temin edilen toplam 30 adet süt örneğinden genomik DNA izolasyonu yapılmıştır. Genomik DNA izolasyonu, fenol–kloroform ile Chelex® 100 ekstraksiyon yöntemleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Her iki yöntemle elde edilen genomik DNA’nın konsantrasyonu ve saflık derecesi, 260 ve 280 nm UV ışığı altında absorbans değerlerinden hesaplanmış ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Fenol–kloroform ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile elde edilen DNA konsantrasyonu ortalama, 2406±322 µg/mL ve saflık derecesi A260/A280oranında ortalama, 1.816±0.038 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu durum fenol-kloroform ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle genomik DNA’nın saf olarak elde edildiğini göstermektedir. Chelex® 100 ekstraksiyon yönteminde ise DNA konsantrasyonu ortalama, 590.0±54.9 µg/mL ve elde edilen genomik DNA’nın saflık derecesi ortalama, 1.311±0.012 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç Chelex® 100 ekstraksiyonu ile elde edilen DNA örneklerinde protein kontaminasyonu olduğunu göstermekte ve DNA’ların çok saf elde edilemediğini ifade etmektedir. Fenol–kloroform ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile elde edilen genomik DNA, % 1.0 ’lik agaroz jelinde tek bant olarak görülmüştür. Ancak Chelex® 100 ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile elde edilen DNA miktarı az olduğu için agaroz jelinde görüntü alınamamıştır

Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation can be used to infer honey bee evolutionary relationships. In this study, DNA sequence diversity in the ND5 region of the mitochondrial genome was investigated in 93 samples of Apis mellifera from 15 different populations in Turkey. Five novel haplotypes were revealed for the ND5 gene segment of Turkish honeybees. The number of variable sites found was 6 for this region while 2 were parsimony informative sites. The average pairwise genetic distances were 0.3% for ND5 gene. In this study, the NJ tree of ND5 gene segment were constructed with the published sequences of Apis mellifera haplotypes. This study expands the knowledge about the mitochondrial ND5 region in Apis mellifera and it is also the first comprehensive sequencing analysis of ND5 region in Turkish honeybees.