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Introduzione: La determinazione dello staffing infermieristico rappresenta un problema per i manager in tutti i setting assistenziali. In più, è ampiamente dimostrata l’associazione tra uno staffing infermieristico ridotto ed incremento della frequenza di outcomes negativi sui pazienti. Una corretta valutazione del carico e della complessità assistenziale consentirebbe una giusta collocazione delle risorse ed erogazione di cure più efficienti. In area critica pediatrica, la notevole instabilità dei pazienti ricoverati, rappresenta la principale sfida alla corretta razionalizzazione delle risorse. Lo scopo dell’indagine è stato di descrivere il nursing workload in una Unità Operativa di Rianimazione Pediatrica utilizzando il Nursing Activity Score adattato. Metodo: Studio osservazionale prospettico monocentrico con campionamento di convenienza non probabilistico condotto dall’1° settembre al 31 ottobre 2015. Per la rilevazione delle informazioni è stato utilizzato il “Nursing Activities Score” (NAS). Per ogni giorno di osservazione è stata calcolata la media del NAS dei pazienti ricoverati e per ciascuna media è stato calcolato il numero di unità infermieristiche necessarie in turno utilizzando la formula: (NAS/100) * N (numero dei posti letto occupati quotidianamente). Risultati: sono stati calcolati indicatori di efficacia ed efficienza quali la degenza media, il tasso di occupazione, l’indice di rotazione dei posti letto e l’intervallo di turn-over, rispettivamente pari a 8.09, 56.42%, 0.23 e 6.25. Lo score ha permesso di valutare la variazione del nursing workload in relazione alla diagnosi di ingresso. Circa il 25% dei pazienti ha determinato un carico assistenziale “alto”, un quinto dei pazienti una “bassa” complessità assistenziale mentre il 4% – che ha incluso anche i decessi – è riconducibile alla categoria di complessità “molto alta”. Conclusioni: Un’assistenza sanitaria di qualità non può prescindere da una corretta allocazione del personale. La corretta determinazione dello staffing infermieristico permette l’erogazione di cure efficaci ed efficienti. L’area pediatrica è tutt’oggi priva di strumenti specifici validati. Individuare ed implementare l’utilizzo di strumenti in grado di determinare correttamente ilo staffing può influenzare scelte economiche senza mettere a rischio la qualità delle cure.

Gonadal development requires complex differentiation programs leading to the production offunctional female and male gametes. Upon fertilization, while the male germ cell contributes to thenewly formed zygote only its genetic material, the female germ cell also supplies its cytoplasmiccomponents, including fundamental molecular cues on which early embryonic development will rely.Unravelling the mechanisms employed by animal species for building up their eggs is therefore achallenging task in developmental biology. As demonstrated by the impressive body of data producedin recent years, Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model system for attempting a step by stepdissection of the whole oogenesis process. Remarkable opportunities for comparative analyses are inturn expected to be provided by these studies, since it is becoming evident that conserved themesunderlie oogenesis in all animal species. In this review, we focus on few key differentiation eventsoccurring during egg chamber development in Drosophila, outlining our interest in the mechanismsleading to egg polarity establishment, transfer of information between nuclear and cytoplasmic cellcompartments and germ cell apoptosis.

Gonadal development requires complex differentiation programs leading to the production of functional female and male gametes. Upon fertilization, while the male germ cell contributes to the newly formed zygote only its genetic material, the female germ cell also supplies its cytoplasmic components, including fundamental molecular cues on which early embryonic development will rely. Unravelling the mechanisms employed by animal species for building up their eggs is therefore a challenging task in developmental biology. As demonstrated by the impressive body of data produced in recent years, Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model system for attempting a step by step dissection of the whole oogenesis process. Remarkable opportunities for comparative analyses are in turn expected to be provided by these studies, since it is becoming evident that conserved themes underlie oogenesis in all animal species. In this review, we focus on few key differentiation events occurring during egg chamber development in Drosophila, outlining our interest in the mechanisms leading to egg polarity establishment, transfer of information between nuclear and cytoplasmic cell compartments and germ cell apoptosis.

The innervation pattern in the buffalo testis was determined by using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Nerves were concentrated in the tunica albuginea and septula testis, and did not show an uniform distribution. The tunica albuginea at the lateral and medial sides and at the free border of the testis is most densely innervated than at the epididymal border. At the cranial pole thick nerve bundles were observed between albugineal vessels and muscle bundles. Rare parenchymal nerves were found in perivascular position between seminiferous tubules and their occurrence is confined to lobules at the cranial and caudal testicular poles. An intense NPY immunoreactivity occurred in nerve bundles and in solitary varicose fibres. Nerves were concentrated in the tunica albuginea at the lateral and medial side and at the free border of the testis, and in the lobules at the cranial and caudal testicular poles. Sub P immunoreactivity was occasionally detected in some thicker nerve bundles and solitary fibers, in the tunica albuginea and in the wall of blood vessels, showing a similar distribution but less intensity and density than NPY immunoreactivity. TH immunoreactivity stained nerve fibers in the buffalo testis with a distribution pattern similar to that obtained with general neuronal markers. The histochemical reaction for AchE was negative, so cholinergic fibers cannot be detected in the buffalo testis. The histochemical NADPHd reaction stained rare nitrergic nerve bundles and solitary fibers. The majority of NADPHd activity was confined to the vascular endothelium, and rarely to the interstitial Leydig cells, whereas the Sertoli and germ cells did not show any reaction.