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Blue mussels of the genus Mytilus are important ecosystem engineers in intertidal and subtidal communities. The distribution of Mytilus mussels is influenced by a number of benthic and pelagic environmental variables (e.g., substratum type and availability, water movement, phytoplankton production, physical disturbance) as well as interactions between these variables. Because of its broad tolerance of environmental variation the Mediterranean species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, has the greatest ability of all blue mussels to colonise new geographic regions. Understanding how population genetic variation is related to, or caused by, environmental variation is important but has long been a challenge. The present study examined the genetic differentiation of native populations of M. galloprovincialis throughout its entire geographic range in the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov using 53 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP loci). Mussels, in total 1004 individuals collected from 36 locations, were genotyped and combined with existing SNP data for mussels from 11 reference sites. Pairwise comparisons of FST values, correspondence analysis (CA) and STRUCTURE analysis all revealed four groups of populations: the Atlantic Ocean; the western Mediterranean; the Aegean Sea; and the Azov, Black and Marmara Seas. One population – from Algeria (Oran West) – was intermediate between the two main groups of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. Seascape genetic analyses using GLM and DistLM analyses were employed to test site-specific genetic variation as a function of 13 environmental variables. The GLM identified five environmental variables that explained variation in site-specific FST values, whilst in the DistLM best-fit model only four were significant. These analyses suggest that a complex mix of environmental variables contribute to explaining genetic variation of M. galloprovincialis populations within the Mediterranean Sea, which most likely reflects the complex geological history of formation, isolation and reconnection among the regional sub-basins of the Sea.

[Objective] The relationship between soil erosion of each formation unit and ecological geological characteristics was analyzed in order to provide a reference for soil erosion prevention and for control planning and restoration in Luoshan County, He'nan Province. [Methods] Based on the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), soil erosion of main formation units in Luoshan County was calculated and counted by means of remote sensing and GIS, and the intensity and the area of soil erosion was determined. The influencing factors of soil erosion in a typical formation were then discussed from the perspectives of geological formation and characteristics. [Results] ① Due to differences in formation times, material compositions, and geological backgrounds, the eco-geological characteristics of each formation unit were different; ② The distribution of soil erosion in Luoshan County had obvious spatial differences. The soil erosion rate of the cretaceous acid magmatic rock formation unit was as high as 50.1%, while the soil erosion rate of the devonian metamorphic flysch formation unit was only 13.5%. [Conclusion] Soil structure, vegetation factors, and terrain slopes were important factors affecting the differences in soil erosion distribution, which should be considered in the planning of soil erosion prevention and rehabilitation.

This study evaluated the quality of groundwater resources in the Abdullah Gio area, southwest of Quchan, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran in 2020. According to the type of geological formations, discharge, and location of water resources in the region, 10 groundwater sources were analyzed for qualitative analysis and evaluation. Physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured at the sampling site with a multimeter. Hydrogeochemical analysis of data in the laboratory was performed by induction plasma method and statistical analysis and modeling were performed in SPSS, Chemistry, and AqQA software. Findings showed that most of the sources are suitable in terms of drinking quality, and GQI quality index was acceptable in these sources. In terms of exploitation in the agricultural sector, the alkalinity of all water resources was based on the Wilcox classification in S2 and S4 classes and in terms of salinity in C2 and C3 classes and showed that most of the resources are not suitable in terms of agriculture. In all resources, the amount of bicarbonate was higher and the amount of nitrate was lower than the world standard. Finally, the study of geological formations showed their effect on water quality, and nitrate concentration was detected due to human activities.

Introduction. In semi- arid and arid countries in which groundwaters are the main supplier of water, monitoring of water quality is of vital significance. To better manage water resources, therefore, investigation of water quality utilized for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes sounds compulsory. The purpose of article. The aim of this study was to investigation the factors in fluencing the evolutionary process of groundwater resources and hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater resources in the northeast of Sabzevar. The research methods. Given the geological formation, water yield and condition of the region’s water resources, a total of 10 underground water resources were surveyed in respect of quality. In this regard, physical parameters e.g. PH, Electric Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured in the sampled solution by multimeter. The hydrochemical analysis of data was implemented in laboratory and by inductive Plasma method and by statistical analysis and the modeling process were conducted by the SPSS, Chemistry and AqQA suites. The results of research. According to Scholler diagram, that most of water samples are categorized in good and acceptable class. According to the drawn Wilcox diagram, the samples are in C2S2, C2S4, C3S2 and C3S4 classes. Most samples agriculturally unsuitable with high salinity. According to the water quality index (GQI)), the water resources of the study area are in poor to acceptable category. Spatial study showed that the catchment area of water resources located in volcanic rocks, conglomerates and gravels, due to the lower impact of these rocks on water salinity, has caused the outflow of water of appropriate quality from these areas. In the western part of the region, due to the presence of marl and evaporation -detrital deposits, the value of this index is low and water is of poor quality. In other parts of the region, the water quality index (GQI), increases and water has a better quality. The type of geological formation around the basin is one of the important factors in the evolution of water resources. Chemical weathering of different rocks with natural waters produces different cations and anions. The water-rock reaction and weathering of minerals, is the main factor in changing the quality of groundwater chemistry in the region. Chemical analysis of water entering the aquifer of region showed that the sources of ions entering the region were affected by the lithology of rocks and sediments that were exposed to weathering for a long time, hence, as the region water, due to the passage of the detrital evaporation formation of the third period and marl, have dissolved them and increased the ratio of Cl+SO4>HCO3. The results showed that the presence of rocks and minerals of carbonate such as limestone, dolomite and calcite, sandstone and silicate such as volcanic rocks in the water passage has caused the scenarios of Ca>CO3 and Ca + Mg>CO3. Conclusions. Results revealed that drinking water resources are decent in most of the sites, exclusive of the resources that place in detrital-evaporate deposits. Meanwhile, the water is hypersaline and indecent for agricultural purpose. To the east, however, salinity plummets and is decent for agricultural purpose. The concentration of bicarbonate as the most abundant onion in the entire resources is higher than the global health standard and dissolution of carbonate rocks like limestones and dolomites play a role in this manner. The concentration of nitrate in the entire resources is lower than the global standard. Their concentration in the area is owing to agricultural activities and circulated water. Water resources emplaced in volcanics, conglomerate and gravels are of less concentration in respect of salts content and quality of water is higher. The young detrital-evaporate deposits in the west have augmented the concentration of ions as per the Ground Quality Index (GQI) and zonation maps, and where upon, water quality in this portion is poor.

To the south of the city of Cluj, in the perimeter called “Făget”, there are numerous springs often frequented by locals. From a geological point of view, there is a great variety of rocks of different ages and characteristics. The waters cantoned in these geological structures appear on the surface along the valleys, on the slopes or even in the unevenness of the interfluves. Their existence was facilitated by vertical erosion processes and mass movements of the material. Through the inventory of the area, 28 sources were identified and located. They can be divided into several categories: with drain, wells, inactive, dried, captured. Spatial coordinates were determined for each source. Where possible, the flow rate, temperature and concentration of dissolved in water substances were measured. There is a large gap in flow variation, relatively constant temperatures and wide limits of TDS values. The expansion of the urban area involves potential risks of a quantitative and qualitative nature.

Erosion is one of the major causes of waste of water and soil. Perhaps the main reason for failure to control erosion is the weakness of knowledge and recognition of this phenomenon. Due to the great value of soil and the subsequent problems arising from the movement of its constituents, the erosion problem must be understood and controlled. Therefore, one needs to determine the susceptibility of geologic formations to erosion, in order to determine its mitigation. This research has been carried out in order to investigate the erodibility potential of the Khanghah-Sorkh (Urmia) watershed using the BSTF rainfall simulator. The simulation was performed at two intensities of 40 and 50 mm/hr on two slopes of 0-13 and 13-25% on each geologic formation. The results showed that the highest and lowest sediments were collected from OML (the calcic-reefy of Qom) (107.4 g) and the CM Formation (tectonic mix) (4 g). Thus, the OML formation which contains marl layers, is more susceptible to erosion and produce a larger amount of sediment relative to that of the CM formation which highly resistant to erosion. Therefore, it yields a larger amount of sediment.

This study was conducted by using the chemical analysis of soluble ions data from nine ground water wells of Nineveh Provence to study their tendency for precipitation and dissolution of associated minerals by using Geo-Chemo equilibrium program Visual MinteqA2 to calculate the saturation index values for predicted associated minerals. The results of the output of geo – chemo program showed a different tendency of these water in dissolution / precipitation of salts minerals with location, also the sulfate water at Hamam Al-Alil has a high quality in these different minerals like (calcite, order and disorder dolomite, aragonite, vaterite, and gypsum). While the well waters at shykan and fadlia were less ability to precipitate only (order dolomite). The results were correlated with the geological formation at these locations , the results show that was high content of salt minerals as calcite and gypsum within fatha formation at Hamam Al-Alil, while there are increasing in clastic and carbonate minerals inconstract the salts minerals at shykan and kadia locations.

Abstract The merits of CO2 capture and storage to the environmental stability of our world should not be underestimated as emissions of greenhouse gases cause serious problems. It represents the only technology that might rid our atmosphere of the main anthropogenic gas while allowing for the continuous use of the fossil fuels which still power today’s world. Underground storage of CO2 involves the injection of CO2 into suitable geological formations and the monitoring of the injected plume over time, to ensure containment. Over the last two or three decades, attention has been paid to technology developments of carbon capture and sequestration. Therefore, it is high time to look at the research done so far. In this regard, a high-level review article is required to provide an overview of the status of carbon capture and sequestration research. This article presents a review of CO2 storage technologies which includes a background of essential concepts in storage, the physical processes involved, modeling procedures and simulators used, capacity estimation, measuring monitoring and verification techniques, risks and challenges involved and field-/pilot-scale projects. It is expected that the present review paper will help the researchers to gain a quick knowledge of CO2 sequestration for future research in this field.

Soil water balance is describes the condition of the water in an area. The difference of climatic conditions and land characteristic denotes the effect of the soil water balance. The objective of this study is to determine soil water balance on the type of soil that developed at parent material karts. Village Parigi district Muna has an area of 16245.88 ha consists of Inceptisol, Mollisol, and Andosol and developing in Qal and Qpw geological formation. The results of research showed that surplus on rainwater occurred in February, March, and April. While the water deficit occurred in January, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December. Soil water balance in the research site was affected by climate, soil condition, and soil characteristic. Soil was formed above the karst rock showing little effect on the soil water balance. ABSTRAK Neraca air lahan menggambarkan kondisi air pada suatu wilayah. Perbedaan kondisi iklim dan karateristik lahan memberikan pengaruh terhadap nerca air lahan. Tujuan penelitiaan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui neraca air lahan pada jenis tanah yang berkembang pada bahan induk karts. Kecamatan Parigi Kabupaten Muna memiliki luas 16.245,88 ha terdiri dari jenis tanah Iceptisol, Mollisol, dan Andisol dan berkembang pada formasi geologi Qal dan Qpw. Hasil penelitiaan menunjukan bahwa surpulus air hujan terjadi pada bulan Februari, Maret dan April, sedangkan divisit air terjadi pada bulan Januari, Mei, Juni, Juli, Agustus, September, Oktober, November, dan Desember. Neraca air lahan dilokasi penelitian dipengaruhi oleh iklim, kondisi lahan, dan karateristik tanah. Tanah yang terbentuk diatas batuan karts memberikan pengaruh yang kecil terhadap neraca air lahan.

In order to solve problem of less information and complex detection work existed in conventional radio wave penetration method, the paper proposed a radio wave penetration method with time-domain pulsed based on impulse. It analyzed the frequency response of ideal electromagnetic pulse through a certain thickness of different media within a limited band by simulation, and draw a conclusion as follow: the radio wave penetration method with time-domain pulsed based on impulse has wider frequency range, which can increase amount of extracted information and improve detection accuracy; the electrical parameters and absorption coefficient of different medium are different, and the medium on the absorption of electromagnetic waves are different, can accordingly distinguish the different geological formations.