Search

İstanbul; üç büyük imparatorluğa başkentlik yapan şehir. Genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne başkentlik yapamasada, Cumhuriyete sayısız ilkler kazandırmıştır. Cumhuriyet dönemine yön veren pek çok alanda olduğu gibi spor kurumunun ve politikasının temelleri I. Meşrutiyet döneminde atılır, II.Meşrutiyet ile birlikte hız kazanır ve Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde vücut bulmaya kadar uzanır. Osmanlıda savaş eğitiminin bir parçası olarak görülen ve bugünkü spor dallarının kökenlerini oluşturan faaliyetler, modernleşme süreci içinde herkesin sağlık ve bedensel disiplin adına yapması gereken spor faaliyetlerine dönüşür. Cumhuriyetin kurucusu, Ulu önder Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ise Türkiye Cumhuriyet’ini kurmak için sadece cephelerde savaşmadı. Toplumun sosyal, kültürel ve sportif açıdan kalkınması için hayata geçirdiği önemli projeleriyle, Türk sporuna ve Türk halkına şüphesiz en büyük katkıyı sağladı. Özellikle ulus-devletin kuruluşuyla beraber, spor vatandaşların katılımı için ulusal bir alan olarak yeniden düzenlenir. İstanbul bu hedeflerin başlangıç noktası olması nedeniyle Türk spor tarihine damga vurmuş bir şehirdir. Yabancı antrenör, spor kampları, yurt dışında yapılan müsabakalar sporda modernleşmede ilk adımlar olmuştur. İlk kurulan kulüpler, dernekler ve onların vasıtasıyla tanışılan spor branşları sonrasında resmi olarak olimpiyat oyunlarına ilk katılım bu dönemin önemli gelişimleridir. Çalışmada nitel yöntem benimsenmiş olup lüteratür incelemesi tekniği uygulanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 100.Yılında, II.Meşrutiyet’ten Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemine spor yönetimi kavramı üzerinden İstanbul’un önemi amaçlanmaktadır.

The purpose of this study is to compile, evaluate, and compare Iraq's athletic performances in the 6th Pan Arab Games of 1985 and the 10th Pan Arab Games of 2004, in order to present it to future generations and document part of our history in this field. The specific objectives of this research are to identify the results of Iraq in athletics in the 6th Pan Arab Games of 1985 and to identify the results of Iraq in athletics in the 10th Pan Arab Games of 2004. Finally, the results of these two events will be compared and discussed.

The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the historiographical significance of the period of the first Soviet decades as a time when social and cultural practices were largely formed, which maintain their continuity, despite significant political and social changes in society. The purpose of this research is to analyze the process of integration of physical culture and sport in the Soviet higher education system in the 1920s and 1930s. It was aimed at identifying the main features of this process, including the specifics of the government's policy towards students as a special social group, determining the influence of state ideology on the decisions of the government in physical education and sports, and the role of physical education in the education of young people. Special historical methods were used in the preparation of the research: chronological, retrospective, com-parative-historical, narrative, historical-genetic, and typological. In accordance with the general principles of the methodology of historical sources studies, a systematization and selection of sources was carried out for the reconstruction of various aspects of the topic. It was important to turn to the methods of the methodology of new social history, in particular, historical anthropology, which made it possible to analyze social practices and everyday life, to conduct a multifaceted analysis of the phenomenon of mass sports. Physical culture was an integral part of the process of acculturation of the population, actively carried out by the Bolshevik government, and was intended to serve such goals as the spread of a healthy lifestyle, the militarization of society, gender equality, and the fight against “bourgeois remnants”. Physical culture was to become a truly mass daily practice for Soviet students, which required the establishment of a comprehensive propaganda work. At the same time, its full development was hindered by the lack of centralized management and insufficient funding. The turning point was in 1929, when the Council of people's Commissars issued a decree on mandatory teaching of physical culture in all universities and higher education institutions of the country. However, its implementation met with a lot of difficulties: the lack of sports facilities, organizational confusion, and lack of necessary human and financial resources. A qualitative leap in the solution of this issue, both in organizational and economic terms, was in the second half of the 1930s.

The article examines the attempt of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to organise a breakthrough of the sports sanctions imposed on the country on 30 May, 1992. As a result of these sanctions, the country’s athletes were forced to participate in sports competitions without national emblems and flags. The next step was to be a complete ban on the participation of Yugoslav sport organisations in international competitions. In order to break through the international information blockade, the leadership of the FR of Yugoslavia tried to organise a commercial match between Robert Fischer and Boris Spassky, two veteran chess players, who played in the 1972 “Match of the Century.” The conference was organised by Jezdimir Vasiljević, a businessman who combined the cigarette and oil trade with the banking business. The results of this costly adventure were dubious. With the complete domination of huge international media corporations, positive results were almost impossible. However, the episode itself remains a bright page not only in the gloomy history of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, but also in the history of chess.

This paper presents and analyzes the criticisms made by intellectuals of the nineteenth century towards sports. From different fields of knowledge (evolutionary philosophy, anthropology and economics) Herbert Spencer (1860/1904), Edward Tylor (1881/1973) and Thorstein Veblen (1899/2005) agreed to question the primacy of sports over traditional practices, rituals and folk. These authors, without reaching the ends of the luddites respect of industrial machines, extolled the unfavorable aspects of physical exercises, planting a seed of doubt that continues to this day. The importance of knowing these arguments lies in the way they faced the sporting phenomenon when it began to be institutionalized in a new set of corporal, transformative exercises and apparently a generator of fitness and health

Analisa as representações de esporte e medicina na produção do artista norte-americano Thomas Eakins, um dos mais influentes e originais dos Estados Unidos na transição dos séculos XIX e XX. Parte do pressuposto de que Eakins conseguiu traduzir esteticamente um emaranhado de representações relacionadas à modernidade, entre as quais o prelúdio da relação íntima, e na época ainda sui generis, entre prática esportiva, saúde e medicina, intermediado pela ideia de espetáculo. Espera-se que este estudo seja mais um contributo para a promoção do que temos chamado de uma arqueologia social do esporte, uma prospecção de sua presença por entre as redes e teias sociais.The article analyzes representations of sport and medicine in the output of the American artist Thomas Eakins, one of the most influential and original in the United States during the transition between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It is based on the presupposition that Eakins was able to translate esthetically a plethora of representations related to modernity, including the prelude to intimate relationships and, in an age still sui generis, the practice of sports, health and medicine, transmitted through the idea of a show. This study hopes to be one more contribution to the promotion of what we have called a social archeology of sports, a prospecting of its presence among social networks and webs.