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This review focuses on the characteristic of major fish bacteria, antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic substitution in aquaculture. Nowadays aquaculture represents the fastest growing industry leading to the use of intensive and semi-intensive methods resulting in outbreaks of bacterial diseases. Antibiotics are used to treat and prevent these bacterial diseases, which can cause an increase in resistance. Many antibiotics applied in aquaculture were originally used in human medicine and many countries do not have strict limits for their application. Annually, more than 700 000 people worldwide die from bacterial infections caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics and even though European countries have strict rules for the use of antibiotics, the death rate resulting from resistance represents more than 33 000 people per year. One of the options how to resolve this problem is the replacement of antibiotics with bioactive compounds of plant origin that exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria.

The diseases of the urinary tract in small animal medicine, especially in dogs and cats, occur frequently with different etiologies. The most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacteria which enter upwards through the urethral opening. UTIs occur in hosts with compromised defence mechanisms in which the virulent microbes can adhere, multiply and persist in the urinary tract. In addition to bacteria, also viruses or fungi may infect the urinary tracts. Bacterial infection can develop in the upper (kidneys and ureters) or lower (bladder, urethra) urinary tract and are manifested by various clinical signs such as: frequent or difficult and painful urination, presence of blood in the urine, or its foul odour. The symptoms in sick animals are often accompanied by fever, discomfort, and loss of appetite. The UTIs in dogs and cats are caused by both Gram-negative (e. g. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp.) and Gram-positive (e. g. Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp.) bacteria. The properly performed aseptic sampling of the urine is one of the most important steps in bacteriological diagnostics. In this study, 105 urine samples were collected from dogs and cats. The cultivation, microscopy and biochemical examinations were used for species identification. Finally, the bacteriological examination included also determining the susceptibility of pathogens against antibiotics by the disc-diffusion method. The results were processed and expressed as a percentage according to identified pathogens, animal species, sex, breed and age. The uropathogens were diagnosed mainly in males aged 7—10 years. The most commonly identified pathogens were Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Tests of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics showed that enrofloxacin, cefotaxime, and cephazolin were the most effective against uropathogens.