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This narrative review delves into the intricacies of hemangiomas and vascular malformations (VMs), exploring their characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions. Hemangiomas, characterized by an abnormal growth of blood vessels, and VMs, arising from developmental abnormalities in blood vessels, present multifaceted challenges in clinical practice. The review navigates through the clinical manifestations and classifications of these vascular anomalies, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis based on clinical evaluation, imaging techniques, and histopathological assessment. Variations in presentation, ranging from asymptomatic lesions to severe complications impacting vital organs, underscore the necessity for comprehensive understanding and tailored management strategies. Moreover, this review examines current therapeutic modalities encompassing medical, interventional, and surgical interventions. It synthesizes the evolving landscape of treatment options and highlighting the benefits, limitations, and potential adverse effects associated with each approach. In addition, the review underscores the significance of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating expertise from dermatology, radiology, and surgery, to optimize patient care and outcomes. The challenges posed by these vascular anomalies necessitate ongoing research endeavors aimed at refining diagnostic criteria and advancing therapeutic innovations. This review amalgamates existing knowledge and providing clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive understanding of hemangiomas and VMs, thereby fostering continued exploration and innovation in this complex field.

These recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society focuses on the use of lasers in the treatment of vascular lesions. The principles of lasertherapy in rosacea, hemangiomas, vascular malformations and other conditions is discussed. The significance of medical history, proper diagnosis and selection of an appropriate laser device is underlined.

Background: Benign vascular tumors that can be found anywhere in the body are defined as hemangiomas The most common clinical manifestation is gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). Other possible signs and symptoms could be Iron deficiency anemia, intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain, intramural hematoma, perforation, platelet sequestration, intussusception, or perforation. The main diagnostic methods are Computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), and capsule endoscopy is helpful too. The therapeutic plan depends on the disease development and the condition of the patient, but, surgical resection is the choice for most patients. Case presentation: A 6-year-old girl with the chief complaint of acute abdominal pain that was accompanied by loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting was admitted. There was no sign of GIB. The first diagnosis of the patient was perforation of the intestinal wall. In the laparotomy operation, a perforation was seen and resection and anastomosis were done. The pathological studies revealed the signs of hemorrhage of hemangioma and so hemorrhagic necrosis and perforation due to it. Conclusion: Although small intestinal hemangiomas are rare and, in their complication, perforation is unusual, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain.

Cerebral cavernous malformations are a fairly common vascular pathology at the moment, with the number of detected cases increasing dramatically in recent years. This is because modern neuroimaging methods such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been introduced into clinical practice and are widely available. Prior to the advent of CT and MRI technologies, it was extremely difficult to diagnose this pathology, and the diagnosis was usually made intraoperatively or based on autopsy data. Further, the literature review is devoted to the radiological diagnosis of cerebral cavernous malformations (CM). The role of neuroimaging methods in the diagnosis of cavernous malformations, as well as the use of MRI for CM visualization, was analyzed. The advantages of MRI over other neuroimaging methods for this pathology have been demonstrated. Pulse sequences of MRI and signaling characteristics of various foci were characterized, depending on the morphological substrate. The significance of the susceptibility-weighted imaging sequence was also evaluated for the detection of multifocal lesions in cases of familial CM. The study of the main pulse sequences of MRI for visualization of CM will improve the protocol algorithm for the timely diagnosis of this pathology and the selection of therapeutic approach.

Abstract Primary retroperitoneal cavernous hemangioma is an extremely rare disease in clinical practice. It is classified as a vascular tumor. Only three cases have been reported in the literature. The diagnosis is uncommon due to the lack of specific radiological features. It becomes symptomatic as a consequence of its enormous size or complications like rupture or compression. We herein report a unique case of primary retroperitoneal cavernous hemangioma treated with conventional surgery in a 35‐year‐old male patient admitted to our department for chronic abdominal pain. Retroperitoneal cavernous hemangioma is an extremely rare vascular tumor in adulthood. Confirmation is made by histopathological examination after total surgical resection.

Abstract Background p53 protein is essential for the regulation of cell proliferation. Aberrant accumulation of it usually occurs in cutaneous malignancies. Mutant p53 is detected by immunohistochemistry because it is more stable than the wild-type p53. However, post-translational modifications of p53 in response to ultraviolet radiation are important mechanisms of wild-type p53 stabilization, leading to positive staining in the absence of mutation. The aims were: 1) to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392 in canine skin endothelial tumours; and 2) to determine if any relationship exists between p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392 overexpression and cell proliferation. Results p53 and phospho-p53 Serine392 immunolabeling was examined in 40 canine cutaneous endothelial tumours (13 hemangiomas and 27 hemangiosarcomas). Their expression was associated with tumour size, hemangiosarcoma stage (dermal versus hypodermal), histological diagnosis and proliferative activity (mitotic count and Ki-67 index). Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase of p53 immunoreactivity in hemangiosarcomas (median, 74.61%; interquartile range [IQR], 66.97–82.98%) versus hemangiomas (median, 0%; IQR, 0–20.91%) (p

BackgroundMaffucci’s syndrome is characterized by the coexistence of multiple enchondromas and soft-tissue hemangiomas. It has been clear that somatic mosaic isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1) or isocitrate dehydrogenase type 2 (IDH2) mutations are associated with Maffucci’s syndrome and Ollier disease, but the mechanisms underlying hemangiomas of the Maffucci’s syndrome is still obscure. This study aimed to determine the mechanism of hemangiomas in Maffucci’s syndrome.MethodsWe received a 26-year-old female patient with typical Maffucci’s syndrome, and exome sequencing was conducted using DNA from her peripheral blood and enchondroma tissues. Somatic mutations were characterized by a comparative analysis of exome sequences and further confirmed by the sequencing of PCR products derived from original blood and tissue samples. The mutations of an additional 69 patients with Ollier disease were further tested. The functional impacts of these somatic mutations on Maffucci’s syndrome, especially the development of hemangiomas, were evaluated.ResultsWe reported a typical case of Maffucci’s syndrome, which was confirmed by both imaging findings and pathology. Through exome sequencing of this patient’s DNA samples, we identified an R132C mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1) gene and an L309I mutation in the ELKS/RAB6-interacting/CAST family member 2 (ERC2) gene in this patient. Approximately 33.3% of the clones were positive for the IDH1 R132C mutation, and 19.0% of the clones were positive for the ECR2 L309I mutation. The IDH1 R132C mutation was detected in most of the patients with Ollier disease (51/69 patients), and the mean frequency of this mutation was 63.3% in total sequence readouts, but the ECR2 L309I mutation was absent in all of the patients with Ollier disease. In vitro experiments confirmed that the IDH1 R132C mutation promotes chondrocyte proliferation, and the ERC2 L309I mutation enhances angiogenesis.ConclusionsOur results suggest that while IDH1 is a known pathogenic gene in enchondromatosis, ERC2 is a novel gene identified in Maffucci’s syndrome. The somatic L309I mutation of ERC2 contributes to the pathogenesis of hypervascularization to facilitate the development of hemangiomas in Maffucci’s syndrome. The combination of the IDH1 R132C and ERC2 L309I mutations contributes to the development of Maffucci’s syndrome, and these results may enable further research on the pathogenesis of Maffucci’s syndrome.

Maffucci syndrome, a congenital mesodermal dysplasia, characterized by multiple enchondromas and hemangiomas was first described in 1881, and 200 cases have been reported in the literature since then. Here, we report the case of a 30-year-old male who presented with multiple soft, compressible swellings present on the back and right feet for 15 years and swelling of the right knee joint with difficulty in walking for 2 years. Roentgenogram of the right foot and hand showed multiple, small radiolucent (osteolytic lesions) areas at 1st metatarsal, distal phalanges, cuneiforms, talus bones, and 1st metacarpal bone suggestive of enchondromas. Doppler study showed venous malformation. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the right lower limb extending up to mid abdomen was suggestive of Maffucci syndrome with soft-tissue hemangioma and intraosseous enchondromas in the tibia and femur. This case is being reported for its rarity. These patients have a possibility of malignant transformation in about 30% of cases thus requiring early detection and management if required.

Introduction: With the advent of topical timolol, there has been a tremendous change in the management of infantile hemangiomas. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the treatment response with topical 0.5% timolol drops in 20 children of infantile hemangiomas. Methods: The response to treatment was seen as regression of growth or flattening of lesion or lightening of the surface. Timolol drops 0.5% were applied over the hemangiomas and three drops were applied twice daily. Results: Head-and-neck involvement was seen in 40% of the infants, the trunk was involved in 30% of the infants, the limbs were involved in 25% of the infants, and the genitalia were involved in 5% of the infants. Response to treatment with timolol was excellent in 60% of the infants, very good in 20% of the infants, good in 15% of the infants, average in 5% of the infants, and none of the infants showed poor response. Regarding the side effects of topical timolol, sleep disturbances and poor feeding were seen in 5% of the infants. Discussion: Timolol is used for hemangiomas that do not involute spontaneously or for infected or ulcerated hemangiomas or those hemangiomas in which there is a risk of scarring, disfigurement, or impairment of vital structures.

Maffucci's syndrome is a rare nonhereditary syndrome characterized by multiple enchondromas and hemangiomas, which is commonly observed over hands and feet. We are presenting a rare case of Maffucci's syndrome in a 13-year-old female with hemangiomas situated over the presternal area, which is an unusual area of involvement.

Objective: To evaluate the results and the efficacy of oral propranolol treatment in patients with infantile hemangioma.Methods: The records of the patients, who received oral propranolol treatment in our clinic between 2009 and 2015, were retrospectively investigated. The patients were evaluated according to age, gender, lesion localization, propranolol indication, age at the beginning of treatment, complications, side effects, and treatment outcome.Results: The mean age of the 30 enrolled patients (22 females and 8 males) was 13.6 months (2 months-10 years). The indications for propranolol use were hemangiomas, presented with a life-threatening condition, local complications, or unpleasant cosmetic appearance. In 10 patients (33%), treatment was started at the age of 0-6 months, in 17 patients (57%) at the age of 6-12 months, and in 3 patients (10%) at the age of 1 year and older. Fourteen (46.7%) patients fully responded to treatment, while 11 (36.7%) showed a partial response. Five (16.7%) patients did not respond to treatment. The mean duration of the propranolol use in non-responders (n=5) was 6.4 months (2-9 months). There was a statistically significant difference between the treatment response and the duration of propanol use. There was no significant difference between the age at the beginning of the treatment and the response to the treatment.Conclusion: Propranolol treatment is a safe and effective method for the management of infantile hemangioma. It may be administered as the first-line treatment, as well as in relapsing patients.

Infantile hemangiomas are a group of vascular tumors and are considered to be one of the most common tumors in infancy. Ambiguity still prevails over its origin, etiopathogenesis, and optimal management.

Complete midline sternal cleft is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from failed midline ventral fusion of the sternal bars. Very few cases of complete sternal cleft have been described in literature. We present a case of complete sternal cleft in a 3-month-old child. The patient underwent primary closure of the defect using stainless steel wires.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of propranolol on the regression of hemangiomas. Propranolol-treated hemangioma tissues were collected and the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was examined. We also established HIF-1α overexpression and knockdown hemangioma cells, and determined the effects of HIF-1α on the hemangioma cells proliferation, apoptosis, migration and tube formation. Significantly increased HIF-1α level was found in the hemangioma tissues compared to that in normal vascular tissues, whereas propranolol treatment decreased the HIF-1α level in hemangioma tissues in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, propranolol treatment significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration and tube formation as well as promoted cell apoptosis in HIF-1α overexpression and knockdown hemangioma cells. Propranolol suppressed the cells proliferation, migration and tube formation of hemangioma cells through HIF-1α dependent mechanisms. HIF-1α could serve as a novel target in the treatment of hemangiomas.

Introduction. Hemangiomas – are tumorlike vessel changes that occur in children starting from an early age and can appear as minor cosmetic defects that sometimes spontaneously decrease, or can cause serious functional disorders or even be a threat to life. As of today the choice of treatment strategy remains controversial. All the methods for the treating of hemangiomas are divided into local (surgical treatment, laser ablation, selective endovascular embolisation) and systemic (corticosteroids, interferon α2a, cytostatics, procoagulants) treatment with a possible combination. However, these methods are not universal and can not always eliminate the threat to life or disability. In 2008, the first results were published on the use of propranolol in the treatment of hemangiomas in young children, which was the beginning of revolutionary changes in the views of the tactics of treatment of one of the most common pathologies of childhood. Aim. To find out the effectiveness of conservative treatment of hemangiomas with non-selective β-blocker (propranolol) in young children. Materials and methods. In this prospective study we have analyzed the effectiveness of treatment of hemangiomas in 43 children at the age 2–19 months with propranolol (daily dose of 1.0-4.0 mg/kg body weight, divided into three doses, with a tendency to hold the dose in the range of 2.0-3.0 mg/kg/day). 28 patients had isolated hemangiomas of the head and neck area. Treatment lasted from 2 to 14 months and is completed in 33 patients. Results. The presence of hemangiomas in early childhood in the phase of proliferation, especially complicated, leading to impairment of vital functions or to the persistent disturbances and significant negative cosmetic effects, is an indication for systemic treatment. The vast majority of patients (41 children) received a positive clinical response: tumor growth stopped, followed by a decrease of it size up to extinction of the tumor with the absence of significant complications. In the vast majority of patients, since the first days of treatment, a positive reaction of hemangiomiomas was observed as a change in color (weakening), diminishing its tension. This tendency was maintained with the highest intensity during the first months of treatment. No violations of the cardiovascular system or glycemic index were detected. In no patient, the side effects were not a reason for the discontinuation of the treatment. These results indicate the high efficiency of treatment together with its good tolerance, high availability and low risk of complications. Conclusions. An early evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of hemangiomas with non-selective β-blocker propranolol suggests its high efficacy with simultaneous good tolerance.

Se describe el caso clínico de un lactante primogénito de 3 meses de edad, que había sido evaluado por un especialista de Genética Clínica en el Hospital Infantil Norte "Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira" de Santiago de Cuba, por presentar hendidura del tercio inferior del esternón. Posteriormente aparecieron hemangiomas en el labio inferior, el lóbulo de la oreja derecha y la parte lateral derecha del cuello, así como un rafe abdominal medio desde la hendidura esternal hasta el ombligo. Se practicaron los exámenes complementarios requeridos y se interconsultó con varias especialidades, con lo cual se concluyó que el paciente presentaba una asociación de malformación esternal y displasia vascular. Se trata del primer caso notificado en Cuba

Hemangiomas are the most common tumors in infancy constituting 1 – 2.6 % of incidence. Their incidence in preterm newborns with low birth weight (less than 1000 g) can reach 30 %. Increase in the incidence is observed during the first year of life. Regressing hemangiomas undergo careful observation. Hemangiomas with a high risk of complications (destructive growth, cosmetic defects, ulceration, amblyopia, compression of vital structures) require treatment. The variety of clinical and morphological features, localization and prevalence of vascular lesions require continual search for effective methods of treatment to determine the optimal terms and methods of therapy. The objective of the research was to improvement the results of hemangiomas treatment in children. Materials and methods. The results of treatment of 146 children with voluminous, rapidly growing, and non-regressing hemangiomas, as well as children with poor results of treatment after incorrect therapy were analyzed. Methods of the research included clinical, morphological, radiation, statistical ones. Results and discussion. Effectual treatment regimen of rapidly growing and non-regressing hemangiomas with cosmetically important locations, including surgical treatment with the use of high-frequency coagulator EC-300MІ and systemic therapy with propranolol was developed and suggested. Conclusions. The proposed treatment regimen reduces the volume and intensity of hemangiomas growth. In the majority of cases it allows complete removal of the tumor with a good cosmetic result.

Hemangiomatous ameloblastoma (HA), which is a rare ameloblastic variant, is presented in a 15-year-old boy in the maxillary right molar region associated with unerupted canine and premolars. Radiologic and computed tomographic analysis was suggestive of cystic lesion. An histology picture confirmed the diagnosis of HA. There are less than eight cases documented in the literature and mostly are in the middle age with mandibular location. This is first ever reported case of HA in a 15-year-old boy with maxillary location. Due to less number of documented cases and no long-term follow-ups, clinical behavior and prognosis of this lesion are uncertain. In this case report, the clinical, histological, and radiographic features of HA are presented.

Las lesiones vasculares de la piel constituyen la anomalía congénita más frecuente. Van desde una simple mácula rosada, hasta tumores deformantes e incapacitantes. La gran mayoría desaparece en el primer año de vida. Otras involucionan espontáneamente en los primeros 6 años. Son más frecuentes en la mujer y en la raza blanca. Hay múltiples tratamientos, pero ninguno da garantías absolutas de curación. En base a las observaciones de los campesinos que notan que una lesión de este tipo, cuando es puncionada o se ulcera reduce de tamaño, Wang en China, recomendó puncionar las malformaciones venosas con agujas de cobre y aplicar sobre ellas ligeras descargas eléctricas. Nosotros modificamos el método: implantamos simples alambres de cobre usando una aguja recta larga y bajo anestesia local ambulatoriamente, creando un emparrillado de alambres en la lesión. A la semana los extraemos. La irritación que producimos estimula la coagulación intravascular y al reabsorberse los coágulos, la malformación desaparece o por lo menos reduce considerablemente de tamaño. Si es necesario, después resecamos la piel sobrante bajo anestesia local también de forma ambulatoria. Este método resulta muy efectivo, es sencillo, económico y puede ser practicado por cualquier cirujano. En 68 casos tratados en los últimos 15 años, no hemos tenido complicaciones serias, excepto dolor y edema en el postoperatorio inmediato.Vascular injuries of the skin constitute the most frequent congenital anomaly. They go from a simple pink stain, up to tumors that can cause great deformities. Most of them disappears in the first year of life. Other, suffers spontaneous involution in the first 6 years. They are more frequent in woman and in white race. There are multiple treatments, but none gives absolute guarantees. On the basis of the observations of rural people, who notice that an injury of this type, when it is punctioned or sore reduces its size, Wang in China, recommended to punction all the venous malformations with needles of copper and to apply on them light electrical unloads. We modify the method implanting simple wires of copper using a straight long needle and under local anaesthesia, ambulatory, creating a cross area of wires in the injury. After a week we extract them. The irritation that we produce stimulates the intravascular coagulation and when hematomas are solved, the malformation disappears or at least it reduces considerably of size. If it is necessary, we resect the remaining skin later under local anaesthesia also in ambulatory form. This method results very effective in our hands, is simple, economic and can be practised by any surgeon. In 68 cases treated in the last 15 years, we have not had serious complications, except pain and edema in the innmediate postoperatory.

Maffucci's syndrome is a rare congenital condition, sometimes misdiagnosed as Ollier's disease, characterized by multiple enchondromas combined with hemangiomas and phlebectasia. Coexisting primary malignancies have been described sporadically. We report two cases of Maffucci's syndrome associated with cranial base chondrosarcoma, emphasizing pathophysiological features and the challenging management of intracranial chondrosarcomas. To the best of our knowledge, only twelve similar cases have been reported in the literature.Síndrome de Maffucci é uma condição congênita rara, às vezes confundida com a doença de Ollier, caracterizada por encondromas múltiplos associados com hemangiomas e flebectasia. A concomitância com neoplasias primárias tem sido relatada esporadicamente. Nós relatamos dois casos de síndrome de Maffucci associada a condrossarcoma da base do crânio, enfatizando aspectos fisiopatológicos e o manejo desafiador dos condrossarcomas intracranianos. Em revisão da literatura, podemos encontrar o relato de apenas doze casos similares.

Las anomalías vasculares han sido tradicionalmente tratadas en conjunto aun cuando engloban patologías tan diferentes como hemangiomas y malformaciones vasculares. La clasificación dada a conocer por Mülliken y Glowacki, modificada posteriormente, no es suficientemente conocida ni usada en nuestro medio. Se revisa la clasificación actual y la correlación con imágenes de aquellas anomalías vasculares situadas en partes blandas, dada la importancia que tiene un correcto diagnóstico para la terapéutica y pronóstico de los pacientes con estas lesionesVascular anomalies include different pathologies as hemangiomas and vascular malformations, however they usually are reported together and confusion is created. Mülliken and Glowacki proposed a classification posteriorly, modificated, adapted and actually in use. Unfortunately is not sufficiently known for our radiologist. Classification and imaging correlation of soft-tissue vascular anomalies are revised, since a exact diagnosis is a great value for appropriate treatment and prognosis

Vascular lesions of the maxillofacial area are even more challenging than in other different body district, because of the high aesthetic and functional relevance of this area for the sense organs presence like eye, brain, tongue, ear and nose. For these reasons, we propose an accurate classification based on hemodynamic and histologic aspects usefulthat is for diagnostic and therapeutic planning. A female, 60 years old patient came to our observation showing a vascular lesion of the lower left lip, and complaining for aesthetical and functional impairment. To confirm the diagnosis of vascular malformation and to detect lesion flow rate or other possible localization, a Tc red blood cell scintigraphy was carried out. Result was a venous low flow lesion; hence, sclerotherapy by a 3% Polidocanol solution (Atossisclerol) followed by surgery was planned. The aim of this work was to propose a diagnostic and therapeutic scheme with an integration of ISSVA and a flow rate classifications for a three-step planning based on 1) the biological findings in an early age at the lesion discover with a pharmacological treatment; 2) Hemodynamic study of the lesions at growing age followed by sclerotherapy or embolization; 3) Imaging study of these lesions for patients candidate to surgery when after step 1 and step 2 diagnostic and therapeutic planning results were incompletely successful.

MR imaging of the liver has gained an important role in the diagnosisand characterization of the hepatic lesions due to the technologicaladvances that have diminished the acquisition time of the images,the use of new sequences and contrast media to show the paternsof vascularización. Cysts and bile duct hamartomas are hypointensein T1 and hyperintense in T2; they are differentiated by a thin ringof gadolinium enhancement, hemangiomas are more common inwomen, they are hypointense in T1 and moderately hyperintensein T2, with a centripetal enhancement in the arterial phase. Focalnodular hiperplasia is iso to slightly hypointense in T1 and iso toslightly hyperintense in T2 and enhances intensely in the arterialphase, and has a central scar that in the delayed images gets tobe isointense to slightly hyperintense. Adenomas are moderatelyhypointense in T1 and isointense to slightly hyperintense in T2, theyhave marked enhancement in the arterial phase but it disappearsin the venous and delayed images, persisting an enhancing ring.Regenerative nodules are isointense in T1 and iso to hypointensein T2, displástic nodules are hyperintense or hypointense in T1 andiso in T2, they differ from hepatocelular carcinoma because they aregenerally less than 2 cm and because carcinoma has noticeableand heterogenous enhancement in the arterial phase.

Se comunica brevemente acerca del uso del propranolol como opción terapéutica para curar o paliar los hemangiomas en niños. Aunque el mecanismo por el cual actúa el fármaco en estos tumores benignos no es bien conocido, se piensa que pueda estar relacionado con el control de la hipoxia celular, la inducción de apoptosis de las células endoteliales y la inhibición del factor de crecimiento endotelial y fibroblástico.

Hemangiomatosis is an uncommon entity in which there is diffuse infiltration of soft tissue or bone by hemangioma. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is an uncommon complication of large hemangiomas, in which there is thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. Plain radiographs, in addition to showing a soft tissue mass, also show a variety of findings in the bones. MRI is the investigation of choice. A case of a 2-year-old child suffering from hemangiomatosis and a resultant Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is presented.

Background. Hemangiomas and arterio-venous malformations are a common pathological entity in the head and neck region. Their treatment, i.e. removal is difficult, as the risk of bleeding is frequently high. The Nd:YAG laser enables in-depth photocoagulation, and that is why we tested its effectiveness in removal of head and neck hemangiomas, mostly intraorally.Methods. During a two year period, we removed 44 hemangiomas in the head and neck region in 36 patients, of which four had large hemangiomas, with the perimeter exceeding 3 cm in two dimensions. We followed the patients until healing and periodically thereafter.Results. The outcomes of treatment were excellent, complications were rare.Conclusions. Treatment utilising the Nd:YAG laser proved to be an effective, simple and fast method of removing hemangiomas in the head and neck region.

Hemangiomas are tumors of blood vessels identified by rapid endothelial cell proliferation in early infancy followed byinvolution over time. All other abnormalities are malformations resulting from anomalous development of vascularplexuses. This lesion in the oral cavity is not common. Despite its benign origin and behaviour, it is always of clinicalimportance to the dental profession and requires appropriate management. This paper reports a rare case of cavernoushemangiomaof base of tongue, buccal mucosa and floor of mouth with extensive phleboliths in a 64-year-old male.

Abstract Background Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) preferentially induces myeloid leukosis (ML) in meat-type birds. Since 2008, many clinical cases of hemangioma rather than ML have frequently been reported in association with ALV-J infection in Chinese layer flocks. Results Three ALV-J strains associated with hemangioma were isolated and their proviral genomic sequences were determined. The three isolates, JL093-1, SD09DP03 and HLJ09MDJ-1, were 7,670, 7,670, and 7,633 nt in length. Their gag and pol genes were well conserved, with identities of 94.5-98.6% and 97.1-99.5%, respectively, with other ALV-J strains at the amino acid level (aa), while the env genes of the three isolates shared a higher aa identity with the env genes of other hemangioma strains than with those of ML strains. Interestingly, two novel 19-bp insertions in the U3 region in the LTR and 5' UTR, most likely derived from other retroviruses, were found in all the three isolates, thereby separately introducing one E2BP binding site in the U3 region in the LTR and RNA polymerase II transcription factor IIB and core promoter motif ten elements in the 5' UTR. Meanwhile, two binding sites in the U3 LTRs of the three isolates for NFAP-1 and AIB REP1 were lost, and a 1-base deletion in the E element of the 3' UTR of JL093-1 and SD09DP03 introduced a binding site for c-Ets-1. In addition to the changes listed above, the rTM of the 3' UTR was deleted in each of the three isolates. Conclusion Our study is the first to discovery the coexistence of two novel insertions in the U3 region in the LTR and the 5' UTR of ALV-J associated with hemangioma symptoms, and the transcriptional regulatory elements introduced should be taken into consideration in the occurrence of hemangioma.

Introducción: los hemangiomas son el tumor cutáneo más común en la infancia. Se clasifican dentro de las anomalías vasculares congénitas. Objetivo: identificar el comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico y resultados terapéuticos de los hemangiomas en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Infantil “José Luis Miranda” de Santa Clara, Villa Clara en el período 2012-2015. Materiales y Métodos: se empleó el método bibliométrico y técnicas de visualización y representación de información. El estudio clasifica como descriptivo de tipo longitudinal retrospectivo. El universo lo constituyó todos los niños con hemangiomas cutáneos atendidos en el Hospital Infantil “José Luis Miranda”, de Villa Clara. Las variables que se analizaron fueron: edad, tipo de lesión, localización, complicaciones, afecciones por sexo, raza, antecedentes familiares del padecimiento, así como el tratamiento prescripto y su evaluación. Resultados: se determinaron las afecciones por raza, edad, sexo y antecedentes familiares de los infantes. Se estudiaron las lesiones por tipos y complicaciones. El comportamiento de las afecciones de hemangiomas cutáneos en la infancia registrada en Villa Clara, entre los años 2012 y 2015, coincide con criterios descritos por varios especialistas e investigadores de esta afección. Conclusiones: se corroboró que el sexo femenino, niños menores de 1 año y de piel blanca, fueron los pacientes afectados con mayor regularidad. Se identificó que las lesiones se localizaron con mayor frecuencia en cara, cuero cabelludo y tronco. Los tratamientos más efectivos fueron la cirugía, electrodesecación y los esteroides locales y sistémicos.

Las anomalías vasculares han sido tradicionalmente tratadas en conjunto aun cuando engloban patologías tan diferentes como hemangiomas y malformaciones vasculares. La clasificación dada a conocer por Mülliken y Glowacki, modificada posteriormente, no es suficientemente conocida ni usada en nuestro medio. Se revisa la clasificación actual y la correlación con imágenes de aquellas anomalías vasculares situadas en partes blandas, dada la importancia que tiene un correcto diagnóstico para la terapéutica y pronóstico de los pacientes con estas lesiones