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Abstract The judiciary is a foundation of democracy, upholding the rule of law and protecting rights. Efficient court administration is vital for public trust, justice, and timely proceedings. Currently, courts face challenges such as inconsistencies, adjournments, and absence of transparency, undermining the justice system. Traditional manual processes and paper-based documentation cause significant backlogs, slow resolutions, and limited public access. As case volumes and complexities rise, modernizing court administration through digital transformation is progressively critical. Currently, many countries are integrating technologies in the courts for its administration and other activities. In recent years, courts and judges have been subjected to pressure to improve performance, uplifting judicial effectiveness to a top priority. Subsequently, several countries have integrated simplification and digitization strategies in judicial initiatives to enhance court efficiency. Switzerland’s Justitia 4.0 and Brazil’s PJE are notable initiatives that focused to strengthen court administration through digitalization. These aspects motivated this study to examine the detailed integration of industry 4.0 technologies such as the Internet of things, cloud computing, blockchain, big data analytics, robotics, drones, Metaverse, digital twins, and artificial intelligence for court administration with digitalized infrastructure. According to the study, integrating these technologies in less complex cases helps minimize expenditures and save time, making to resolve cases conveniently, efficiently, and superiorly. The study also identified the challenges and issues associated with industry 4.0 technologies such as evidence gathering, evidence preservation, robot judges for pre-judgment analysis, and judgment delivery, which future studies need to be explored.

The legal ecosystem is continuously confronted with new challenges and disruptions as a result of the technological invasion initiated by cutting-edge technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics, which have taken over the world. The amalgamation of AI-enabled mechanisms and robotics into human life has elevated significant issues. This digital juggernaut cannot stay constant by the legal landscape, and some degree of assimilation is permitted to pave the way for the efficient administration of justice. The current study is significant since there is a substantial absence of legal research into the implications of AI and robotics on legal rights, which undoubtedly impacts the legal ecosystem. In this study, we have examined the significance, progress, and challenges of integrating Robotics and AI into the legal ecosystem, as they pave way for resilient legal infrastructure. Issues such as privacy, ethical grievances, data protection, confidentiality, and integrity issues are evaluated in this study. The study reviewed existing research into AI and robotics intervention in the legal ecosystem to propose a framework for addressing the increased concerns about the implications of technological apparatus in the legal ecosystem. Finally, the study concludes with recommendations that can be adopted for future work.

Background: Providing safe blood for transfusion is a responsibility of every blood bank. Screening for transfusion-transmissible infections (TTI) is one of the ways to ensure safety of blood and its products. Prevalence of TTI varies in different countries. It is low in developed countries whereas it is higher in developing countries. Aims And Objectives: This study was carried out to access percentage of blood collected from the first-time voluntary blood donors (VBD) and family/replacement donors (RD) and to access safety of RD by comparing seroprevalence of TTI among voluntary and RD. Materials And Methods: Over 1 year, donors were studied for the type of donation (voluntary or replacement) made at our blood bank. All donors were screened for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis, and malaria. Comparison of the prevalence of TTI among voluntary and RD was done by entering data into Microsoft Excel 2007 software and using Chi-square tests. Results: Out of total 850 first-time donors, voluntary donors were 109 (12.82%) and RD were 741 (87.18%). Overall seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis, and malaria was 0, 23 (2.70%), 12 (1.41%), 7 (0.82%), and 0, respectively. Prevalence of TTI among voluntary donors was very low. All donors were seronegative HIV and malaria. Prevalence of HBV, HCV, and syphilis was higher in RD. Conclusion: Data highlight that RD contributed major source of blood supply in hospital-based blood transfusion services and the prevalence of TTI was higher among them in comparison to first-time voluntary donors. Thus, efforts should be made to increase the number of VBD.

Introduction Linked datasets are important resources for research, but linkage errors can lead to incorrect results. For data security and privacy concerns, when linkage of personal identifiers is performed anonymously, it is difficult to assess the quality of the linked dataset. We describe the method used to perform linkage quality. Objectives and Approach We explored how to check the quality of linkages while preserving the privacy of individuals. We also adopted an approach that minimized time and burden on data providers involved in physical verification using randomly-generated appropriate sample sizes. To validate these linkages, data providers were given random samples of 50 unique records from both linked and unlinked individuals across two other Government programs. Data providers were asked to look at the records associated with those individuals in their original datasets. Three types of linkage results were validated: cross-program linkages, cross-program non-linkages, and within-program linkages. Proportions of false-matches and missed-matches were estimated. Results Twenty data providers checked their samples with two other programs which gave us a sample of 2000 individuals. The linkage process, based on anonymized personal identifiers, resulted in high true positive and high true negative rates. Agreement between human judges and the linkage software was strong. Results of this exercise and other linkage validation examinations provided confidence in the accuracy of the linkage process. With false matches occurring approximately only 3% of the time and virtually no missed-matches occurring, no adjustments were deemed necessary. Although linkage rates were reassuring, the sample sizes used for comparison were small, so it is expected that there would be significant variation associated with this 3% estimate; caution is advised in its use. Conclusion/Implications Proportions of false-matches and missed-matches determine linkage quality which is the base for research when linkages are performed anonymously. A low proportion of false-matches and an absence of missed-matches was an indication of robust linkages.

Introduction Linking administrative data provides valuable information about individuals using government services and can be very useful for policy-makers in improving and developing services and policies. The Child and Youth Data Laboratory (CYDL) links and analyses administrative data from Alberta Government ministries to provide evidence for policy and program development. Objectives and Approach Data from 20 programs of six Government of Alberta ministries (Advanced Education, Education, Health, Children’s Services, Community and Social Services, and Justice and Solicitor General) were linked anonymously. The data spans six years from 2005/06 to 2010/11 and consists of almost 50 million records corresponding to over 2 million unique Albertans aged 0 to 25 years. A data visualization tool called the Program Overlap Matrix summarises the overlap rates among the programs. It is comprised of a matrix of squares, where each cell represents the overlap between two programs. Results The Program Overlap Matrix is publically available at https://visualization.policywise.com/P2matrix/. It consists of overlap rates between programs in any study year (2005/06 to 2010/11), individual years, the first year vs. future years, and the last year vs. previous years which can be used to answer many policy-related questions such as: other service use (e.g., what other services do ESL students use?), over-represented programs (e.g., in what programs are Child Care Subsidy clients over-represented?), resilience (e.g., what is the proportion of Child Intervention clients in post-secondary institutions?), transitions (e.g., what types of services do students with special needs receive as they transition to adulthood?), and time trend (e.g., what types of services did Income Support clients receive in the past?) Conclusion/Implications The program overlap matrix is a powerful tool to discover relationships between programs. It is a useful instrument to inform public and policy-makers about the overlap rates between government programs. It can be used to answer a variety of policy-related questions.

Introduction A main goal of policy makers is to understand various transition pathways between services to optimize program design and to achieve successful outcomes, for example, securing stable income or having access to disability supports. Objectives and Approach Using linked administrative data (between 2006 and 2011), this study examines two types of program transition pathways: 1) Toward understanding who may be at risk for relying on income support, we profile Albertans transitioning from an income support training program to a program providing income support but no training, and 2) Toward understanding service delivery from child/youth to adult disability programs, we profile students receiving child/youth disability services, but who did not transition into an adult disabilities program. The socio-demographic characteristics and government service use of these students, including health and education-related services, were examined. Results First, among Albertans who transitioned from an income support training program to one in which only income support was provided: 57% were female; 72% were living in low socio-economic neighbourhoods; 14% were high cost health service users; 20% received mental health services; 30% received an injury/harm diagnosis; and 12% were involved in corrections. Second, among children/youth who received child disability services but did not transition to an adult disability program, lower than expected proportions received Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (45%) and Income Support (14%), while higher than expected proportions had criminal offences (17%). Conclusion/Implications Profiles produced from linked data helps Alberta government to understand clients’ program transitions which allows for: 1) the identification of Albertans requiring supports for securing employment that reduce or eliminate the need for income support, and 2) improvements in service delivery to individuals transitioning from child/youth to adult disability programs.

Objective: There is an increased prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) worldwide including India, which is a major concern for the clinicians, especially in intensive care units and pediatric patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence of ESBL-KP and antimicrobial sensitivity profile to plan a proper hospital infection control program to prevent the spread of resistant strains. Methods: KP isolates obtained from various clinical samples were evaluated to detect the production of ESBL by phenotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile was also determined of all the isolates. Findings: Of 223 nonduplicate isolates of K. pneumoniae, 114 (51.1%) were ESBL producer and antimicrobial susceptibility profile showed the isolates were uniformly sensitive to imipenem and highly susceptible to beta-lactamase inhibitor combination drugs (67–81%) and aminoglycosides (62–76%), but less susceptible to third generation cephalosporins (14–24%) and non-β-lactam antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin (57%), fluoroquinolones (29–57%), piperacillin (19–23%), and aztreonam (15–24%). Conclusion: This study found that beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations are effective in treatment of such infections due to ESBL-KP thus these drugs should be a part of the empirical therapy and carbapenems should be used when the antimicrobial susceptibility tests report resistance against inhibitors combinations.

Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis (IGF) is a rare hereditary condition characterized by slowly progressive, nonhemorrhagic, fibrous enlargement of maxillary and mandibular keratinized gingiva caused by increase in submucosal connective tissue elements, mostly associated with some syndrome. This case report describes a case of nonsyndromic generalized IGF in an 18-year-old male patient who presented with generalized gingival enlargement. The enlarged tissue was surgically removed by internal bevel gingivectomy and ledge and wedge procedure. The patient was regularly monitored clinically for improvement in his periodontal condition as well as for any recurrence of gingival overgrowth.