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Latvia and Estonia share a common history and common inheritance of Soviet legal regime from 1940 to 1991. The period after regaining independence in 1991 signifies a radical turning point in the housing policies in all three Baltic States. More particularly, over the last 25 years, the availability of residential housing in Baltics has been influenced by general liberalization of housing market. As a result, the housing market in Baltics is commonly characterized by a high rate of private ownership of housing stock and a high rate of owner-occupancy in comparison to the rental housing, which, by estimations in Estonia and Latvia, is not higher than 15%. However, increasing migration and urbanization will lead to a greater need for rental apartments. The authors examine some aspects of the regulation of tenancy relationships where the balanced and reasonable protection of interests of both parties – tenants and landlords – seems to be missing. There are not very many studies about differences in development of Estonian and Latvian legal systems, and this analysis will contribute to filling the gaps in comparative studies of these two countries.

The concept of moral rights is as old as authors’ rights (droit d’auteur) themselves. It was intended to protect the author’s honour and reputation. The rights of attribution, integrity and disclosure constitute the core of the author’s moral rights. During the 20th century, moral rights became a universal category of copyright law. The problem is that the society and copyright system itself are not static. Copyright protection is not limited to artistic expression any more. It is extended to numerous objects including software and databases, as well as to certain type of investment. Several objects are created collectively and their utilization is enhanced by information communications technology. This raises the question whether it is time to adjust moral rights to the changed societal situation. The authors analyse copyright laws of different countries and define good practices, which are compatible with the needs of contemporary society. The results of comparative analyses can be used for international, regional (EU) and national unification in this field.

Uuring keskendub isikuandmeid sisaldavate keeleandmete jagamisele, mis kujutab endast isikuandmete töötlemist. Rahvusvahelises praktikas ei ole üheselt selge, kuidas jaguneb vastutus isikuandmete töötlemise eest konkreetse teadlase ja teadusasutuse vahel. Näiteks erineb Prantsusmaa ja Saksamaa mudel Eesti, Leedu ja Soome mudelist. Omalaadset lähenemist pakub Kreeka mudel. Üldiselt vastutab isikuandmete töötlemise eest tööandja (organisatsioon ehk juriidiline isik). Samas on teadustööl oma spetsiifika, mida iseloomustab akadeemiline vabadus ja ka teadlaste mobiilsus. Olukorra muudab keerukamaks keeleandmete jagamine läbi teadusvõrgustike nagu CLARIN. Käesolevas uuringus analüüsivad autorid kohustuste ja vastutuse jaotust teadlase ja teadusasutuse (sh teadusvõrgustike) vahel. Autorid analüüsivad samuti, kuidas peaks isikuandmete kaitse perspektiivist toimuma andmete jagamine. Oluline on selgitada, kas andmete andja ja saaja on mõlemad vastutavad töötlejad (kaasvastutavad töötlejad) ning kuidas jaguneb vastutus andmete jagamisel. Analüüsi autorid on interdistsiplinaarse ja rahvusvahelise taustaga, kattes erinevaid õigusvaldkondi (andmekaitse, tööõigus, lepinguõigus) ja jurisdiktsioone (Eesti, Itaalia, Kreeka, Leedu, Prantsusmaa, Saksamaa, Soome) ning keeletehnoloogiat. *** Legal framework for the sharing of linguistic data containing personal data: Obligations and responsibilities of the researcher and the research organization The study focuses on the sharing of linguistic data containing personal data, which is the processing of personal data. Therefore, the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) must be complied with. Compliance with these requirements is the responsibility of the controller, who may use the assistance of processors to process the data. In international practice, it is not clear how the responsibility for the processing of personal data is divided between a specific researcher and a research institution. For example, the French and German models differ from the Estonian, Lithuanian and Finnish models. The Greek model offers a unique approach. In general, the employer (organization or legal entity) is responsible for the processing of personal data. At the same time, research has its own specificity, which is characterized by academic freedom and as well as mobility of researchers. The situation is further complicated by the sharing of language data through research networks such as CLARIN. In the present study, the authors analyze the division of duties and responsibilities between the researcher and the research institution (including research networks). The authors also analyze how data sharing should take place from a personal data protection perspective. It is important to clarify whether the data provider and the data recipient are both controllers, joint controllers or the recipient is the processor and how the responsibility for data sharing is shared. The authors of the analysis have an interdisciplinary and international background, covering different areas of law (data protection, labor law, contract law) and jurisdictions (Estonia, Italy, Greece, Lithuania, France, Germany, Finland) and language technology.

Artikli eesmärgiks on selgitada, millises ulatuses mõjutab keeleandmetele kohalduv õiguslik režiim keelemudelite arendamist ja kasutamist. Autorid lähtuvad oma käsitluses protsessiskeemist, alustades algandmetest ning lõpetades keeletehnoloogiat sisaldavate valmistoodetega (nt kõneliidesega külmik). Keeletehnoloogias kasutatavad algandmed sisaldavad tihti autoriõiguslikult kaitstavaid teoseid, autoriõigusega kaasnevate õiguste objekte (esitus, salvestus) ja isikuandmeid (isiku hääl, isiku kohta käiv muu info), mida säilitatakse annoteerimata ja annoteeritud andmekogudes. Keelandmete õiguslikke küsimusi on juba varem uuritud. Õiguslikult on läbi uurimata aga keelemudelite õiguslikud aspektid. Autorid on seisukohal, et reeglina ei mõjuta keelemudelite edasist õiguslikku staatust kasutatud algandmete õiguslik režiim, sest autoriõigusega kaitstavad teosed mudelis pigem ei säili. Küll aga võib õiguslikke probleeme tekitada isiku hääle kasutamine keelemudelis. Autorid analüüsivad võimalikke lahendusvariante nende probleemide ületamiseks. Artiklis vaadeldakse ka uue autoriõiguse direktiiviga kehtestatavat andmekaeve regulatsiooni ja selle rakendamist keelemudelite loomise kontekstis. *** "Influence of legal regime of language data on language models" This article aims to explain the extent to which the legal regime applicable to language data affects the development and use of language models. In their approach, the authors follow a process chart, starting from raw data to finished products containing language technology (eg a refrigerator with a speech interface). The raw data used in language technologies often include copyrighted works, objects of related rights (performances, sound recordings) and personal data (voice, other information about the person) stored in non-annotated and annotated databases. The legal issues of language data have already been studied. However, the legal aspects of language models have not been throughly explored. The authors are of the opinion that, as a rule, the legal status of the language models is not affect by the legal status of the used raw language data, since copyrighted works usually do not remain in the model. However, the use of a person’s voice in a language model can create legal problems. The authors analyze possible solutions to overcome these problems. The article also outlines the regulation of data mining introduced by the new copyright directive and its implementation in the context of development of language models.

This article deals with the Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services. The Directive says that Member States are free regarding the question of the legal nature of contracts for the supply of digital content or digital services. The Directive must be transposed into national law by 1 July 2021 and the date of entry into force of the transposition rules shall be 1 January 2022. As contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services were not previously regulated, the major challenges for Member States are the contractual meaning of personal data and categorisation of these contracts. The article explores the link between consumer consent to process personal data and the contractual consequences of withdrawal from such consent, specifically the trader’s right to terminate the contract. The author supports the need to grant traders the right to terminate the contract in order to provide balance between the rights and obligations of the parties in accordance with the existing national law.

Language technology provides several possibilities to commercialise collected language resources (data) in the form of providing access to databases, dictionaries, translation, text analysis and localisation services, storage of documents and personal language data, software, and other types of digital content. This article focuses on the contractual relationships in selling language technology products and providing services to the customers, and explores the entrepreneurial perspective on the supply of digital content to compare its compatibility with the existing regulatory framework. For comparison, the authors have chosen Estonian companies specialising in language technology. The main conclusions concerning the entrepreneurial perspective are based on a study of homepages and personal interviews. The compatibility between the business model and the regulatory framework is analysed based on the case study and Estonian legislation. The authors aim to outline how language technology entrepreneurs in Estonia themselves conceptualise the digital content they are commercialising, the nature of their business models, and entrepreneurial practice (business model). The authors take into account the applicable regulatory framework (protection of intellectual property, contract law, proprietary relations), and also analyse the contracting method, contractual remedies, and need for an objective neutrality in legal regulation.

"Data protection issues relating to the development and utilisation of language resources" Copyright issues related to language resources have received considerable attention. Personal data protection in the field of language research is an area which is not thoroughly explored yet. This topic is very relevant since the General Data Protection Regulation is applicable from 25 May 2018. The authors analyse the issues relating to personal data protection in the context of the development and utilization of language resources. Firstly, the authors analyse the cases where there is a consent which allows processing of personal data to develop and use language resources for research purposes. Secondly, the processing of personal data without consent for language research purposes is explored. The article is meant to provide practical information to language research community and create a foundation for further discussion.

The aim of the article is to analyse issue of cross-border recognition and harmonized rules of electronic signatures under the eIDAS Regulation, which is intended to enable cross border electronic transactions. The authors reveal whether the legal order of the Estonia reflects the changes that have occurred in the field of electronic signatures since eIDAS Regulation. This article examines the legal consequences of a new distinction between the levels of electronic signature in the legal order of a Member State in private transactions and administrative procedures and the conditions under which cross-border recognition of electronic signatures in the European Union takes place.