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Background: The analysis of defensive game variables in handball is essential to increase the performance of a team. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse defensive success based on the game variables and situational variables that predict defensive efficiency in elite handball. Methods: The sample was composed of 1925 competition units in the defensive phase. Data from 16 matches of the XXIII Men's Handball World Championship of 2013 were analysed. The dependent variable was the defensive efficiency in each unit, and the independent variables were defensive actions, zones of field, location of the shot, numerical situation, and duration of the defense. Data were obtained from the HandballTAS tool (Handball Tactic Analysis System). The collected data were analysed quantitatively through inferential statistics (independent sample t-test) with the assistance of SPSS 22.0. Results: The defenses analysed in which an offensive foul, a ball recovery or steal, a throw block and a passive play action were recorded, achieved defensive success. In the analysis of field areas, the greatest defensive efficiency was obtained in shots from zone 1, with 60%, and from zone 2, with 54%. The highest percentages of goalkeeper effectiveness correspond to the middle zone, and the central zone. The greatest defensive efficiency was obtained in a warning of passive play situation with 70% and in numerical superiority situation with 67%. Finally, in the analysis of the duration, the greatest defensive efficiency was obtained in the half defenses (26 ≤ 50 seconds) with 60%. Conclusion: This study serves to demonstrate which defensive game variables have the greatest influence on defensive efficiency. This aspect will serve to help the coach make decisions during a handball match and increase the probability of success in each defense.

The analysis of special game situations in modern handball, such as numerical inequalities, use of a false goalkeeper and late-game situations are aspects to which the teams turn increasingly more attention. In these situations, the tactical use of the free-throw is an element of the game used to achieve success in specific game situations. Therefore, such use should be further exploited in attacking play as it is one of the few occasions in which attackers can build the offensive played from a stable situation. The aim of the work is to carry out a descriptive analysis and tactical use the shoot of free-throw, and propose practical models for success in this type of situation. The training will enable their use in specific situations during a match so that the opposing team has to adapt to the new situation presented.

The analysis of special game situations in modern handball, such as numerical inequalities, use of a false goalkeeper and late-game situations are aspects to which the teams turn increasingly more attention. In these situations, the tactical use of the free-throw is an element of the game used to achieve success in specific game situations. Therefore, such use should be further exploited in attacking play as it is one of the few occasions in which attackers can build the offensive played from a stable situation. The aim of the work is to carry out a descriptive analysis and tactical use the shoot of free-throw, and propose practical models for success in this type of situation. The training will enable their use in specific situations during a match so that the opposing team has to adapt to the new situation presented.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las diferencias entre jugadoras y jugadores de balonmano en la respuesta de reacción visual de estímulos situados dentro del campo visual. La muestra (N = 35) está formada por 20 mujeres y 15 hombres. Las variables independientes son el género y la amplitud del campo visual, bajo tres condiciones experimentales (160º, 170º y 180º dentro del campo visual). La variable dependiente es la respuesta de reacción visual. Como variable control se estableció la tasa de error en una tarea de doble atención. Se utilizó el procedimiento de tarea dual para el registro de errores de la tarea de atención y de la tarea de campo visual. Se aplicó un ANOVA para comprobar las diferencias en la respuesta de reacción visual. Los resultados mostraron que los jugadores obtuvieron valores similares en la tasa de error de la tarea dual que las jugadoras. No se mostraron diferencias de género, aunque sí hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < .01) en las respuestas de reacción visual según la condición experimental. Los resultados afirman que el género es una variable que no influye en las respuestas de reacción visual, pero sí influye el grado de amplitud de los estímulos situados dentro del campo visual del jugador.

ResumenEn los deportes de equipo, el jugador debe de ser capaz de observar lo que ocurre en su entorno a través de un óptimo campo visual para mantener un nivel de atención en todas sus acciones. El objetivo de la presente investigación es comparar la atención visual y campo visual entre deportistas expertos y deportistas amateur. La muestra (N = 60) está formada por 36 deportistas con experiencia y 24 deportistas sin experiencia. El procedimiento utilizado para evaluar el campo visual es la técnica de tarea dual. las variables independientes son el nivel de pericia y la amplitud del campo visual. Las variables dependientes son el éxito (tasa de acierto) en una tarea de doble atención y el tiempo de reacción de los estímulos periféricos. Los resultados afirman que los deportistas expertos obtienen menores errores en la tarea atencional que los deportistas no expertos y menor tiempo de reacción visual (p < .05). Consideramos que la experiencia deportiva es un factor determinante para la obtención de una mayor capacidad en tareas de atención y un mayor dominio en el reconocimiento de estímulos dentro del campo visual.AbstractIn team sports, the player must be able to observe what is happening in his environment, through an optimal visual field, to maintain a level of care in all actions. The aim of this research is to compare the visual attention and the degree of the visual field between experienced athletes and amateur athletes. The sample (N = 60) is composed of 36 experienced athletes and 24 amateur atheletes. The procedure used to evaluate the visual field is the dual task technique. The independent variables are the type of sport and the amplitude of the visual field. The dependent variables are the number of successful (i.e., success rate) in a dual attention task and the reaction time of peripheral stimuli. Our data show that, to stimuli located in their visual field, the experienced atheletes get both fewer errors in the attentional task and a shorter visual reaction time than novice athletes (p < .05). Present results suggest that the experience is a determining factor in obtaining a greater capacity in attentional tasks and proficiency in the recognition of stimuli in the visual field.doi:10.5232/ricyde2011.02305