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Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Min-Hee Kang, Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, KoreaCorrespondence: Jin-Hoi KimDepartment of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, KoreaTel +82 2 450 3687Fax +82 2 544 4645Email jhkim541@konkuk.ac.krBackground: Exosomes are endosome-derived nano-sized vesicles that have emerged as important mediators of intercellular communication and play significant roles in various diseases. However, their applications are rigorously restricted by the limited secretion competence of cells. Therefore, strategies to enhance the production and functions of exosomes are warranted. Studies have shown that nanomaterials can significantly enhance the effects of cells and exosomes in intercellular communication; however, how palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) enhance exosome release in human leukemia monocytic cells (THP-1) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to address the effect of PdNPs on exosome biogenesis and release in THP-1 cells.Methods: Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and ExoQuickTM and characterized by dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis system, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, EXOCETTM assay, and fluorescence polarization. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: PdNP treatment enhanced the biogenesis and release of exosomes by inducing oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and immunomodulation. The exosomes were spherical in shape and had an average diameter of 50– 80 nm. Exosome production was confirmed via total protein concentration, exosome counts, acetylcholinesterase activity, and neutral sphingomyelinase activity. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in PdNP-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from PdNP-treated THP-1 cells than in those isolated from control cells. THP-1 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 showed significant decreases in PdNP-induced exosome biogenesis and release.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that PdNPs stimulate exosome biogenesis and release and simultaneously increase the levels of cytokines and chemokines by modulating various physiological processes. Our findings suggest a reasonable approach to improve the production of exosomes for various therapeutic applications.Keywords: exosomes, biogenesis, human leukemia monocytic cells, palladium nanoparticles, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Min-Hee Kang, Muniyandi Jeyaraj, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaCorrespondence: Sangiliyandi Gurunathan; Jin-Hoi KimDepartment of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, KoreaTel +82 2 450 3687Fax + 82 2 544 4645Email gsangiliyandi@yahoo.com; jhkim541@konkuk.ac.krBackground: Several studies have demonstrated various molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis and release of exosomes. However, how external stimuli, such as platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), induces the biogenesis and release of exosomes remains unclear. To address this, PtNPs were synthesized using lutein to examine their effect on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cancer cells (A549).Methods: The size and concentration of isolated exosomes were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis system (NTA). Morphology and structure of exosomes were examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Quantification of exosomes were analyzed by EXOCETTM assay and fluorescence polarization (FP). The expression of typical markers of exosomes were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: A549 cells cultured with PtNPs enhance exosome secretion by altering various physiological processes. Interestingly, A549 cells treated with PtNPs increases total protein concentration, biogenesis and release of exosomes associated with PtNPs-induced oxidative stress. GW4869 inhibits PtNPs induced biogenesis and release of exosomes and also acetylcholinesterase (AChE), neutral sphingomyelinase activity (n-SMase), and exosome counts. A549 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly inhibited PtNPs induced exosome biogenesis and release. These findings confirmed that PtNPs-induced exosome release was due to the induction of oxidative stress and the ceramide pathway. These factors enhanced exosome biogenesis and release and may be useful in understanding the mechanism of exosome formation, release, and function.Conclusion: PtNPs provide a promising agent to increase exosome production in A549 cells. These findings offer novel strategies for enhancing exosome release, which can be applied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Importantly, this is the first study, to our knowledge, showing that PtNPs stimulate exosome biogenesis by inducing oxidative stress and the ceramide pathway.Keywords: exosome, platinum nanoparticle, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase activity, neutral sphingomyelinase activity

Context: Childhood obesity is a global health problem. A percentage of 2.3 of Indian boys and 2.5 of Indian girls are obese. Childhood obesity is associated with many morbidities like diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, musculoskeletal problems, and increased mortality. Aims: The aim of this study is to estimate burden of metabolic complications of obesity in child and parents of obese children and compare it with normal-weight children. Settings and Design: The study was done at a tertiary health center in northern India. It was a cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: We enrolled 60 obese children and age- and sex-matched 26 controls, based on Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) 2015 body mass index (BMI) charts. Anthropometric parameters and metabolic complications in family were compared between cases and controls. Clinical markers of metabolic derangements and laboratory metabolic profile were assessed for obese children. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics was used to describe frequencies. Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney test and Spearman correlation were used for comparison. Results: The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related complications was high in families of obese children. Ten percent of obese children had impaired fasting glucose and 30% had Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in prediabetes category. Forty percent of obese children had dyslipidemia, 45% had transaminitis, and 46.7 were vitamin D deficient. A percentage of 41.7 of obese children had fatty liver on ultrasound. Conclusions: The family health and child weight are linked through home environment and genetics. The metabolic complications of obesity prediabetes, dyslipidemia, fatty liver, and lower vitamin D level are common in childhood obesity. Regular screening and interventions of metabolic complications are essential for saving child's future health.

We investigated the biodiversity of some insect fauna in different coastal habitat of Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India and also tried to clarify the relationship between surrounding coastal environmental ecosystem of three coastal habitats (station-I estuarine complex, station-II mangrove area and station-III sandy beach), in order to, eventually, contribute to biodiversity conservation as well as to management of coastal habitat in India. Insect were collected from the three sites, from January 2008 to December 2008. Studies regarding diversity of insects available on coastal environments are very few. A total of 929 insects belong to 23 families and 6 orders were recorded from the 3 sites. Among them, 487 species are from station-II 259 species from station-I and 183 species are from station-III were recorded. Statistical tools PRIMER (Ver. 6.1.11) were employed to find the species diversity, richness and evenness were calculated.