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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the key anchors of the National Innovation System shaping the nature of collaboration between academic high-performance computing centres (academic HPC centres) and small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) working in the automotive and electronics sectors of the Danube region. With two main research questions, it discusses the importance of knowledge transfer and technology transfer for collaboration between University and Industry (U-I collaboration) in three groups of developmentally distinct countries: competitively advanced, competitively intermediate and competitively lagging. As main anchors of the innovation system, stable legal environment, exciting innovation policies and strong R&D funding are recognised. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative empirical study in 14 Danube region countries included 92 focus group participants, expert representatives of academic HPC centres and SMEs. The data were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed. Findings – The findings show the main prerequisites of the framework conditions for efficient U-I collaboration evolve through a goal-oriented National Innovation Policy and developed and functioning legal environment supporting labour market and intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement. Additionally, skilled people are needed to be able to operate with HPC, where it seems all the countries lack such skilled workforce. In competitively lagging countries, the high levels of brain drain exhibit strong impact to U-I collaboration. Research limitations/implications – Research into relationships between academic HPC centres and SMEs conducted was qualitative; therefore, limitations in terms of generalisation arise from it. On the other hand, the research is promising in terms of offering the guidance for policy makers who can use the findings when delivering innovation policy mix, adjusted to developmental level of own innovation ecosystem. Originality/value – The study is among the pioneering work in U-I collaboration between academic HPC centres and SMEs from automotive and electronics industries in the Danube region. The research addresses the dynamics of collaboration and offers policy implications to strengthen the particular U-I collaboration. 研究目的 – 本文旨在探究國家創新系統的主要支柱; 這些支柱決定了學術性的高速網路與計算中心 (註: 此為直譯) (以下簡稱學術高網算中心) 與於多瑙河地區的汽車製造業和電子產品行業內營運的中小型企業之間的合作性質。本文透過兩條主要的研究問題、去探討知識轉移和技術轉讓對大學與產業界之間的合作的重要性而這些產業是屬於在發展階段上三個明顯不同的國家組別裏的這三個組別是 競爭先進的、競爭性中級的和競爭落後的。穩定的法律環境、令人興奮的創新政策和強大的研究與開發資金被認為是創新系統的三個主要支柱。 研究設計 – 研究人員在14個位於多瑙河地區的國家裏進行一個質性觀察研究研究涵蓋92個焦點小組參與者、來自學術高網算中心和中小型企業的專家代表。有關的數據被錄音繼而被轉寫下來最後被分析。 研究結果 – 研究結果顯示效率高的大學產業界合作的框架條件的主要先決條件是透過一個以目標為導向的國家創新政策而逐漸形成繼而發展起來; 另外所需的條件是一個支援勞工市場、保障知識產權、並執行有關的法律的正常運作的法律環境。其次若想與學術高網算中心一起工作技術人才是必須的因學術高網算中心內的所有國家似乎欠缺技術勞動力。在落後於競爭對手的國家裏高度的人才外流對大學與產業界之間的合作會產生重大的影響。 研究的局限/啟示 – 由於研究採用的研究方法為質性研究法故研究結果、就普遍化的歸納而言是有其局限的。唯研究結果在實務方面有其作用因政策制定者在推行與科技進步與對策有關的策略時他們可把研究結果作為指引就其自身創新生態系統的發展水準而作出適當的調整。 研究的原創性/價值 – 本研究探討涉及學術高網算中心與於多瑙河地區的汽車製造業和電子產品行業內營運的中小型企業之間合作的大學產業界合作就此而言可說是開創性研究之一。本研究探究有關的大學產業界合作的變革動力並為政策制定者提供啟示以能強化有關的合作。

[Purpose/Significance] Today, the methods of global technology cooperation have become diversified, while the patterns of knowledge and resource flows have become networked. The way knowledge flows between science and technology and promotes innovation is a hot topic in informatics research. Under such circumstances, the transfer and flow of technical knowledge has become increasingly important for the creation of new technologies and the generation of new knowledge. It can provide potential solutions for solving technical problems and generating technological competitive advantages. This study reveals the structural characteristics of the knowledge flow network between science and technology from a micro perspective, and provides new ideas for discovering new knowledge flow and communication channels, understanding the links between science and technology, and exploring innovation breakthroughs. [Method/Process] This paper adopts a multi-perspective approach and exames technical knowledge citation, scientific knowledge citation, and the intersection of scientific knowledge. Specifically, the study focuses on patent-patent citation, patent-paper citation, and paper-discipline co-occurrence, and uses a multi-layer network method to develop a science-technology (S&T) knowledge flow micro-network analysis framework. Through this framework, knowledge flow patterns between science and technology can be comprehensively explored. An empirical study was conducted in the field of genetically modified corn to investigate the knowledge flow patterns between science and technology. Using a multi-layered network model, this study aims to explore the relationship between science and technology from three different perspectives. [Results/Conclusions] The results of the study suggest that technology nodes that absorb multidisciplinary knowledge are more likely to engage in knowledge diffusion or absorption. Additionally, knowledge flow is more likely to occur between the technology nodes corresponding to two interdisciplinary subjects. The analytical framework proposed in our study can reveal the characteristics of knowledge flow from a micro perspective, and can identify two types of knowledge flow structures in the empirical case of genetically modified corn, which extends and enriches existing research on knowledge flow. In the future, the S&T knowledge flow research framework proposed in this study has the potential to be further extended and widely applied by incorporating different types of knowledge subjects, enriching knowledge attribute factors, and expanding knowledge flow paths. For instance, the research framework can be extended to broader fields to explore the relationship between knowledge flow patterns and the characteristics of these fields. It can also be used to explore knowledge flow patterns and potential technological breakthroughs at different flow levels and innovation themes. Such research can serve as a basis for innovation policy and provide theoretical support for the development of strategies and technology research directions.

Abstract Decentralization is a pervasive concept found across disciplines, including Economics, Political Science, and Computer Science, where it is used in distinct yet interrelated ways. Here, we develop and publicly release a general pipeline to investigate the scholarly history of the term, analysing 425 , 144 $425{,}144$ academic publications that refer to (de)centralization. We find that the fraction of papers on the topic has been exponentially increasing since the 1950s. In 2021, 1 author in 154 mentioned (de)centralization in the title or abstract of an article. Using both semantic information and citation patterns, we cluster papers in fields and characterize the knowledge flows between them. Our analysis reveals that the topic has independently emerged in the different fields, with small cross-disciplinary contamination. Moreover, we show how Blockchain has become the most influential field about 10 years ago, while Governance dominated before the 1990s. In summary, our findings provide a quantitative assessment of the evolution of a key yet elusive concept, which has undergone cycles of rise and fall within different fields. Our pipeline offers a powerful tool to analyze the evolution of any scholarly term in the academic literature, providing insights into the interplay between collective and independent discoveries in science.

In light of the profound advancements in information and communication technologies ushering in the knowledge economy, the urban space is undergoing a transformation from the traditional “space of places” to the emerging “space of flows.” This shift poses questions about the influence of knowledge flows on urban economic centrality. This paper seeks to address this knowledge gap by introducing a theoretical framework that elucidates how knowledge contributes to urban economic centrality. Our analysis focuses on both intra-city knowledge stocks and inter-city knowledge flows. Empirical findings in China highlight that knowledge stocks based on R&D and education levels, along with knowledge flows, significantly and positively influence all four dimensions of centrality. In contrast, knowledge spatial agglomeration within the knowledge stocks exhibits a significant positive correlation solely with power centrality. Additionally, although the knowledge stock structures don't yield significant results in the diffusion centrality model, for agglomeration and power centralities, a combination of specialized knowledge and telecommunications enhances urban economic centrality, while face-to-face communication strengthens the positive impact of diverse knowledge on urban economic centrality. The results suggest implementing knowledge-based policies tailored to different nodes in the city network is expected to promote sustainable competitiveness in the urban system.

In the era of the knowledge economy, the acquisition of exogenous knowledge is understood to be an important strategy for cities in their pursuit of economic growth. The Chinese government has taken measures to foster technology transfer between cities in an effort to promote the flow of knowledge and ideas. Patent transaction data from China's State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) covering the period 2008–15 are used to visualize the technology transfer map. The maps show that the frequency of inter-city patent transfer is intensifying, and the numbers of cities and city-pairs are increasing rapidly over time. Two key features of the network emerge: first, the dominant role played in the network by several cities that results in a ‘diamond-shaped’ spatial structure that has become more geographically extensive over time; and second, the hub-and-spoke structure of the network with Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen forming first-order hubs of technology transfer.

Peripheral regions, like others, require a sustained flow of global knowledge to stimulate innovation and economic growth. Unfortunately, the dearth of innovative firms in these regions hampers foreign knowledge attraction. Nevertheless, academics are recognized as potential agents to perform such a role considering their embeddedness in diverse collaboration ties. As feasible as this may seem, prior research has not thoroughly examined this proposition. This paper, therefore, investigates how the collaboration activities of bridging academics facilitate the flow of knowledge to peripheral regions. Employing a case study of academics in a peripheral region in the Netherlands, it also identifies the mechanisms enhancing knowledge flows. The findings indicate academics tend to have more collaborations with partners in academia and industry than other sectors. Additionally, they use various pathways to establish cooperation relations. Lastly, the mobility of researchers and collaborative projects constitute the widely used channels for knowledge transfer. The implications of these findings for universities and policy-makers include the need to devote particular attention to cooperation ties of faculty; and the assessment of the knowledge needs of organizations in a region and connecting them with academics with the right expertise.

The article is devoted to a review of theoretical and empirical studies on the relationship between regional growth and innovation activity.The purpose of the review is to classify approaches to analyzing the relationship between knowledge flows and regional growth, stimulated by the diffusion of innovations.Result. The study confirms the basic premise that innovation activity, recorded in calculations through R & D costs, costs of technological innovation and knowledge transfers, are endogenous factors that can explain differences in economic growth.Conclusions are made about the ability to transfer knowledge to reduce inequality in innovation activity among innovative leaders and lagging behind in innovations. There is a connection between geographical proximity and the ability of both explicit and implicit knowledge to spread. The ability to absorb knowledge from exchange participants is damped inversely with the distance between participants, the efficiency of the flow of knowledge depends on the absorptive capacity of the regions.

Abstract Background The attention to and demand for stronger linkages between research, policy and practice are increasing, especially in fields concerned with sensitive and challenging issues such as sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). The study described in this article was conducted in the Netherlands among actors working in international development, especially the domain of SRHR. It explores the perceived flow of knowledge between research, policy and practice, the perceived impeding factors, and suggested strategies for improvement. Methods A narrative literature review was performed and 28 key informants were interviewed between May and August 2015. Most interviewees were either active or passive members of Share-Net Netherlands, an SRHR knowledge platform. All interviews, which lasted 70 minutes on average, were recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded in MAXQDA. Results Linkages between research, policy and practice are many and diffuse. The demands for and supplies of knowledge within and across the fields vary and do not always match, which is shown by participants’ research purposes and approaches. Participants identified various barriers to strengthening knowledge flows, including a lack of familiarity with practices in other fields, power relations and the undervaluation of tacit knowledge. They suggested a more visible and concrete demand for and supply of knowledge, the development of a joint knowledge agenda, more opportunities for the interdisciplinary creation of knowledge, and the development of a system for learning and sharing knowledge. Conclusion This study shows the willingness to undertake, and the perceived advantages of, interdisciplinary dialogues and joint creation of knowledge to advance SRHR research, policies and practices. Whereas barriers to the flow of knowledge may maintain present understandings of knowledge and of whose knowledge is valid, enabling factors, such as interactions between research, policy and practice in knowledge-sharing activities, may challenge such perceptions and create an enabling environment for generating innovative knowledge and increasing knowledge use. Knowledge platforms are recommended to place more emphasis on sharing and documenting tacit knowledge through interdisciplinary dialogues, to address power relations and to set criteria for interdisciplinary funding.

Strengthening innovation capacity of European small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by means of their participation in the Sixth (FP6-SME) and Seventh (FP7-SME) Framework Programmes was an important objective of the European Union policies. Since SMEs form the backbone of the Italian economy, their strong presence in an international network such as the one fostered by the European Union represent a great opportunity, particularly for firms located in southern Italy – the marginal macro-area of the country in terms of innovation – to increase their competitiveness. Based on the major literature on topics such as knowledge exchange, innovation networks and disparities, and on descriptive statistics and a cluster analysis in a dynamic perspective, our study aimed to assess the actual intra-regional, extra-regional and transnational links established by the Italian SMEs and public research establishments (PREs). In a next step we aim at assessing if knowledge flows fostered by the FP6-SME and FP7-SME were mainly concentrated in the traditionally winning macro-regional areas (North and Centre) or led to more widespread benefits in favour of SMEs located in the marginal South. The findings of our study revealed a very limited number of connections - with a related weak knowledge exchange - involving the southern regions, implying a reinforcement of innovation activities in the traditionally most dynamic industrial areas of the country.

Knowledge flows are widely believed to be a phenomenon of clusters, and inducing them is one of the chief objectives in establishing and promoting cluster initiatives (CI). However, not many studies discuss how these flows and their effects may differ depending on the mode of CI creation and on the role of public authorities in this process. The main aim of this article is to compare mechanisms of knowledge flows in bottom-up and top-down cluster initiatives. The results of an empirical research involving two case studies in western Poland, obtained through the use of Social Network Analysis (SNA), allowed stating that in bottom-up cluster initiatives firms which were innovation leaders played a prime role in disseminating technological and business knowledge, while in the top-down initiatives the most important were representatives of universities and research centres as well as formal coordinators of cooperation. Policy implications stemming from these results were identified.

This study aims to assess the importance of clients in multi-scalar networks leading to learning competence and knowledge exchange. Furthermore, the difficulties encountered by firms located in a peripheral and marginally innovative area in signing commercial agreements with partners located in distant regions are tackled. Our findings, based on qualitative interviews, reveal that clients are considered to be the most important partners by the founders, owners and professionals of software firms located in the marginally innovative province of Lecce (southeastern Italy). Furthermore, being located in a peripheral area is not seen as a limitation from the technical–infrastructural viewpoint thanks to the opportunity offered by new technologies (e.g. the Internet) and computer-mediated communications. Conversely, the contracting of business agreements with partners located in distant markets is negatively influenced by the geographical distance from potential clients due to the need for previous acquaintance or face-to-face contact engendering trust.

Powszechnie uważa się, że do zjawisk zachodzących w klastrach gospodarczych należą współpraca i przepływy wiedzy. Ich generowanie stało się w ostatnim czasie jednym z głównych celów zakładania i promowania sformalizowanych inicjatyw i organizacji klastrowych (które można określić wspólnym mianem porozumień klastrowych). Poprzez politykę klastrową UE (która stanowi jedno z międzynarodowych uwarunkowań kształtowania innowacyjności i rozwoju polskiego przemysłu) tematyka ta stała się aktualna również w Polsce. W publikacjach podejmujących to zagadnienie nie podejmowano dotychczas próby analizy mechanizmów powiązań pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami tworzącymi porozumienia klastrowe. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie przykładowego sposobu badania relacji współpracy i przepływów wiedzy pomiędzy przedsiębiorstwami w porozumieniach klastrowych. Badaniem empirycznym objęto przedsiębiorstwa Swarzędzkiego Klastra Producentów Mebli oraz Klastra Spożywczego Leszczyńskie Smaki, w których przeprowadzono wywiady z właścicielami lub osobami na kierowniczych stanowiskach. Do przeanalizowania odpowiedzi wykorzystano ostatnio coraz popularniejszą w badaniach metodę analizy sieciowej, zwaną też analizą sieci społecznych (ang. Social Network Analysis, SNA). Wyniki badania prowadzą do kilku wniosków. Po pierwsze, firmy chętniej współpracowały ze sobą niż dzieliły się wiedzą przydatną w działalności gospodarczej. Po drugie, jakkolwiek w badanych porozumieniach istniał związek pomiędzy intensywnością współpracy i dzieleniem się wiedzą w parach przedsiębiorstw, nie zachodził związek pomiędzy tymi wielkościami a bliskością geograficzną między firmami (gdyż wpływ na badane procesy miały również czynniki pozageograficzne). Wreszcie wykazano, że im bardziej centralna była pozycja przedsiębiorstw w sieciach współpracy i dzielenia się wiedzą (tzn. im bardziej aktywne były przedsiębiorstwa w nawiązywaniu relacji wewnątrz porozumień klastrowych), tym większa była ich innowacyjność. Na podstawie udowodnionych zależności sformułowane zostały rekomendacje dla koordynatorów porozumień klastrowych. Wskazano także propozycje dalszych badań empirycznych procesów zachodzących w klastrach, obejmujące również inne funkcjonalności analiz sieciowyc

One of an important factor in the success of organizations is the efficiency of knowledge flow. The knowledge flow is a comprehensive concept and in recent studies of organizational analysis broadly considered in the areas of strategic management, organizational analysis and economics. In this paper, we consider knowledge flows from an Information Technology (IT) viewpoint. We usually have two sets of technological challenges that prevent the knowledge flow efficiency in the organizations: the passive kind of present knowledge management technologies and the information excess problem. To get the efficient flow of knowledge, we need high exactness recommender systems and dynamic knowledge management technologies that automate knowledge transportation and permit the management and control of knowledge flow . In this paper, we combine and make upon the information management systems and workflows presented in literature to generate technologies that address the serious gap between current knowledge management systems. Also, we propose a knowledge management framework for educational organizations and use this framework in a real situation and analyze the results. The weakness of knowledge flow infrastructure is one of the most important barriers to knowledge sharing through an organization. The proposed technology in this paper provides a new generation of knowledge management systems that will permit the efficient flow of knowledge and conquest to the technological constraints in knowledge sharing across an organization .

Mobilizing distributed Organizational Intelligence involves managerial efforts whereby the generation of new tacit knowledge requires dissemination of newly codified externalized knowledge. The managerial role in the early stage of knowledge creation is to support and stimulate the process of knowledge generation and to aid the diffusion of knowledge across organizational boundaries. In contrast, the subsequent 'harvesting' and goal-oriented application of knowledge requires convergence of human actors (H) as carriers of distributed intelligence (DI). Optimization of the organizational performance and improved workflow efficiency is best effectuated by applying insights from fluid mechanical analogs. Several such analogs are introduced here and these provide insight that helps to funnel tacit and explicit knowledge into tangible asset value. Three sets of managerial lessons are inferred from the analogs: (1) Social bonding between professionals needs to be stimulated because professionals with strong social bonds (S) can sustain effective workflows under relatively high pressures, while weak social bonds lead to turbulence and disruption; (2) Effective vision sharing is essential for goal-oriented and accelerated knowledge development in DI systems, and; (3) Managerial pressure may not overheat the critical limit that can be handled by resilient and strongly bonded DI networks, as this would result in disruptive turbulence even in experienced neural networks.

В статье рассматриваются принципы управления знаниями, согласно которым распространение знаний является двунаправленным процессом, обеспечивающим формализацию знаний и опыта и увеличение количества неформального знания. Этот процесс особенно эффективно происходит в среде небольших организаций (малый бизнес). Согласно исследованиям кластеры как сосредоточение инноваций являются позитивной средой для развития мелких и средних предприятий. Совместные действия, направленные на кооперацию сопровождаются потоками различных форм знания: явного и неявного, каждое из которых является взаимодополняющим и свидетельствующим об их эффективности. Процесс управления знаниями в кластерах приобретает особую важность. Выделяются основные модели распространения знаний (двумерная, трёхмерная SECI), а также вырабатываются принципы распространения знаний для организаций малого бизнеса в кластерах.