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Germanium is an attractive element for the anodes in lithium-ion battery. The current article discusses the issue of the availability of raw material for the battery industry, particularly in relation to Russia.

Abstract The instability of the electrode/electrolyte interface and the metal-ions dissolution of high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) material lead to significant degradation of cycling performance, thereby limiting the large-scale application of LNMO-based batteries. Here, inorganic Mg/Ca/Sr-contained phosphates (MgHPO4, CaHPO4, and SrHPO4) are used individually as functional additives of standard electrolytes to enhance the cycling performance of LNMO. Combined with theoretical calculations, a series of electrochemical measurements and characteristics corroborate that the MgHPO4 is the optimal additive and can preferentially undergo oxidation and reduction decomposition over carbonate solvents. Electrochemical results reveal that the LNMO/Li half-cell containing the MgHPO4 additive shows a capacity retention of 91.9% after 500 cycles at 5 C, higher than that obtained with STD (76.5%). In addition, the LNMO/graphite (Gr) full-cell with MgHPO4 additive increases the capacity retention from 70.8 to 78.0% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. The addition of MgHPO4 allows a thin, uniform, and conductive cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) film to be formed on the LNMO cathode and graphite anodes. Furthermore, the preferential reduction of MgHPO4 inhibits the lithium dendritic growth and enables the formation of a more stable SEI on the Li anode. Besides, the MgHPO4 additive serves as a scavenger of detrimental HF, thus suppressing the Ni/Mn ions dissolution and improving the structural stability of LNMO. This study provides a cost-effective strategy involving the use of an inorganic additive for improving the electrochemical performance of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries.

TiNb2O7 has been emerged as one of the most promising electrode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, limited by the slow electron/ion transport kinetics, and insufficient active sites in the bulk structure, the TiNb2O7 electrode still suffers from unsatisfactory lithium storage performance. Herein, we demonstrate a spatially confined strategy toward a novel TiNb2O7-NMC/MXene composite through a triblock copolymer-directed one-pot solvothermal route, where TiNb2O7 quantum dots with a particle size of 2–3 nm are evenly embedded into N-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) and Ti3C2TX MXene. Impressively, the as-prepared TiNb2O7-NMC/MXene anode exhibits a high reversible capacity (486.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles) and long cycle lifespan (363.4 mAh g−1 at ss1 A g−1 after 500 cycles). Both experimental and theorical results further demonstrate that such a superior lithium storage performance is mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect among 0D TiNb2O7 quantum dots, 2D Ti3C2TX MXene nanosheets, and N-doped mesoporous carbon. The strategy presented also opens up new horizon for space-confined preparation of high-performance electrode materials.

The growing demand and rising prices of lithium have been driven by the expanding market of electrical vehicles and electronic devices. Therefore, the recovery of lithium from Li-ion batteries has gained enormous relevance. This document provides an overview of lithium’s role in the battery industry in the ongoing energy transition. It also explores the various processes used over the years to extract valuable metals from spent lithium-ion Batteries and provides an up-to-date review of the current recycling methodologies applied to batteries. This work particularly emphasizes the hydrometallurgical process involving the chemical precipitation of lithium carbonate. Indeed it is the most sought-after form in the lithium value chain. This route had demonstrated good recovery yields as well as high purity levels. This method stands out from other recycling methods since it is environmentally friendly, consumes little energy, and does not require a large number of chemical reagents. This work encourages further exploration and refinement of hydrometallurgical practices to make recycled lithium a viable source for the battery supply chain.

Timely prediction of the State of Health (SoH) of lithium-ion batteries is important for battery management and longevity. Traditional centralized deep learning models have shown promising results, but they raise concerns related to data privacy, as data needed to be collected and trained on a single node. This study addresses this challenge by utilizing both centralized (i.e., deep learning) and decentralized (i.e., federated learning) approaches for SoH prediction. The NASA battery dataset, containing charging and discharging cycles, is used for model training and evaluation. Three deep learning architectures 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), CNN plus Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and CNN plus Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) are used in the centralized approach. The 1D CNN model outperforms, demonstrating strong predictive capabilities, thus for decentralized learning (i.e., federated learning), the 1D CNN model is utilized with federated averaging technique across five clients, allowing for local training without sharing raw data. Obtained results shows that the highest testing RMSE (0.666) and MAPE (0.980) are observed during decentralized learning, while the centralized approach shows varying performance across different batteries. The decentralized approach effectively balances performance and privacy, highlighting the reliability of federated learning in SoH prediction for lithium-ion batteries.

The rapid shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) demands effective end-of-life strategies for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), necessitating examining recycling methodologies, particularly the disassembly process. This study presents a technoeconomic analysis of EV battery disassembly, focusing on incorporating robotics to address challenges and capitalize on opportunities. Based on the case study of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV battery pack, we identify the most labor and cost-intensive components and introduce a structured approach to evaluate automating disassembly tasks. Classifying tasks based on their automation potential, we find 57% of pack-to-module (P2M) tasks readily automatable, with an additional 24% requiring minimal human intervention. Incorporating this into an analysis of task feasibility, level of automation and robot time efficiency, we establish a roadmap towards robotizing the disassembly process based on human-robot colllaboration, demonstrating a 12.85% increase in net annual revenue and 43.75% reduction in disassembly cost with current level of task feasibility. Our findings indicate a long-term roadmap towards increasing level of automation, while surmounting feasibility of complex disassembly tasks remains an unsolved challenge.

Abstract A long-term recycling strategy integrated into the circular economy of materials will be the only feasible option going forward on the use of lithium-ion batteries; the development of such a technology is critical to achieving a sustainable state of energy and waste management. Supercritical fluids are great technological candidates for recycling lithium-ion batteries and recovering cobalt which can be then integrated into a circular economy through the industrialization of an efficient recycling process. Cobalt recovery is feasible using supercritical CO2, supercritical and subcritical water with organic acids with up to 99% efficiency.

The advancement and commercialization of electric vehicles due to their advantages have increased research in this field. Lithium-ion batteries are among the most important components of electric vehicles, and their performance is affected by temperature. In this study, fluid dynamics and heat transfer in a cooling system for battery cells were investigated using three-dimensional solid-fluid simulations. The thermophysical properties of the cooling fluid were considered variable with temperature and implemented using a user-defined function (UDF). Numerical simulation can effectively predict the thermal behavior of battery cells during discharge and match experimental data. This study examined the impact of different flow patterns and solid block contact surfaces on the maximum surface temperature and temperature distribution uniformity. The results show that the structure of incremental blocks can affect the temperature distribution of battery cells, such that in parallel flow, the maximum temperature of cells near the inlet increases by 0.65°C, and cells near the outlet decreases by 0.2°C. In contrast, in counter-flow, the maximum temperature of side cells is higher by 0.25°C. Additionally, the study shows the impact of increased contact surface on system weight, indicating a significant weight reduction of about 28.5% in solid blocks with increased contact surface. This research demonstrates the potential of using numerical simulations to improve the design of thermal management systems in battery cells.

The innovative design of the microstructure of silicon-based composite anodes in Li-ion batteries holds great potential for overcoming inherent limitations, such as the significant volume change experienced by silicon particles. In this study, TiFeSi2/C composites prepared using micro, nano, and porous silicon showed reversible capacities of 990.45 mAh.g−1, 1137.69 mAh.g−1, and 1045.43 mAh.g−1 at C/10. The results obtained from the electrochemical characterization show that the porous structure of the composite anode material created via acid etching reduced silicon expansion during the lithiation/delithiation processes. The void spaces formed in the inner structure of the porous silicon and the presence of carbon increased the electronic conductivity between the silicon particles and, on the other hand, lowered the overall diffusion distance of Li+. This study confirms that TiFeSi2/C prepared with porous silicon dispersed in a transition metal matrix delivers better electrochemical performance compared to micro and nano silicon with a retention of 80.16%.

Abstract To enhance the volumetric energy density and initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of titanium oxide (TiO2) as anode electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), this study employed a surface-confined in-situ inter-growth mechanism to prepare a TiO2 embedded carbon microsphere composite. The results revealed that the composite exhibited a highly integrated structure of TiO2 with oxygen vacancies and carbon, along with an exceptionally small specific surface area of 11.52 m2/g. Due to its unique microstructure, the composite demonstrated remarkable lithium storage properties, including a high ICE of 75%, a notable capacity of 426.8 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 0.2 A/g, superior rate performance of 210.1 mAh/g at 5 A/g, and an outstanding cycle life, with a capacity decay rate of only 0.003% per cycle over 2000 cycles. Furthermore, electrochemical kinetic studies further validated the advantages of this microstructure.

Highlights The succinonitrile-based deep eutectic electrolyte, characterized by strong ion–dipole interactions, can establish an anion-rich Li+ solvation structure while exhibiting high ionic conductivity and Li+ transference number. Precisely regulating multiple ion–ion, ion–dipole, and dipole–dipole interactions facilitates the transition of the Li+ solvation structure from solvent dominance to anion dominance. Optical microscopy and Micro-CT analysis can demonstrate that the anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase effectively mitigates the irreversible volume expansion of silicon oxide.

A series of flexible and self-standing coal-derived carbon fibers (CCFs) were fabricated through electrospinning coupled with carbonization using bituminous coal and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the carbon precursors. These CCFs were utilized as free-standing lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. Optimizing carbonization temperature reveals that the CCFs exhibit a one-dimensional solid linear structure with a uniform distribution of graphite-like microcrystals. These fibers possess a dense structure and smooth surface, with averaging diameter from approximately 125.0 to 210.0 nm at carbonization temperatures ranging from 600 to 900 °C. During electrospinning and carbonization, the aromatic rings enriched in bituminous coal crosslink with PAN chains, forming a robust three-dimensional (3D) framework. This 3D microstructure significantly enhances the flexibility and tensile strength of CCFs, while increasing the graphite-like sp2 microcrystalline carbon content, thus improving electrical conductivity. The CCFs carbonized at 700 °C demonstrate an optimal balance of sp3 amorphous and sp2 graphite-like carbons. The average diameter of CCFs-700 is 177 nm and the specific surface area (SSA) is 7.2 m2·g−1. Additionally, the fibers contain oxygen-containing functional groups, as well as nitrogen-containing functional groups, including pyridinic nitrogen and pyrrolic nitrogen. Owing to its characteristics, the CCFs-700 showcases remarkable electrochemical performance, delivering a high reversible capacity of 631.4 mAh·g−1. CCFs-700 also exhibit outstanding cycle stability, which retains approximately all of their first capacity (400.1 mAh·g−1) after 120 cycles. This research offers an economical yet scalable approach for producing flexible and self-supporting anodes for LIBs that do not require current collectors, binders and conductive additives, thereby simplifying the electrode fabrication process.

Battery management systems (BMSs) are essential in ensuring the safe and stable operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs). Accurate sensor signals, particularly voltage, current, and temperature sensor signals, are essential for a BMS to perform functions such as state estimation, balance control, and fault diagnosis. The smooth operation of a BMS depends primarily on sensor signals, which provide current, voltage, and temperature information to maintain the battery pack in a safe running state. However, sensor failures and inaccurate measurement data can easily occur because of external interference and complex operating conditions. Therefore, an investigation into the fault diagnosis of battery sensors and fault-tolerant control (FTC) is necessary to ensure the normal operation of a BMS. This paper analyzes the modes of sensor faults, fault diagnosis methods, and fault-tolerant control techniques. First, the different modes of sensor faults are analyzed, and mathematical expressions for these faults are provided. Second, diagnostic methods for sensor faults based on models, signal processing, and data-driven methods are analyzed in detail. Finally, FTC techniques are introduced to ensure stable sensor operation. Based on an analysis of the research status of sensor fault diagnosis, a new development direction for sensor fault diagnosis is proposed.

Abstract Electric vehicles are increasingly popular for their environmental benefits and cost savings, but the reliability and safety of their lithium-ion batteries are critical concerns. Current regression methods for battery fault detection often analyze charging and discharging as a single continuous process, missing important phase differences. This paper proposes segmented regression to better capture these distinct characteristics for accurate fault detection. The focus is on detecting voltage deviations caused by internal short circuits, external short circuits, and capacity degradation, which are primary indicators of battery faults. Firstly, data from real electric vehicles, operating under normal and faulty conditions, is collected over a period of 18 months. Secondly, the segmented regression method is utilized to segment the data based on the charging and discharging cycles and capture potential dependencies in battery behavior within each cycle. Thirdly, an optimized gated recurrent unit network is developed and integrated with the segmented regression to enable accurate cell voltage estimation. Lastly, an adaptive threshold algorithm is proposed to integrate driving behavior and environmental factors into a Gaussian process regression model. The integrated model dynamically estimates the normal fluctuation range of battery cell voltages for fault detection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on a comprehensive dataset, achieving superior accuracy with values of 99.803% and 99.507% during the charging and discharging phases, respectively.

Ultrasonic metal welding machines are suitable for various complex applications (e.g., battery tabs) through unique mechanical design, special pressure application methods and high-precision welding. This work reports the weldability, forming quality and fractographic analysis of copper multilayered welded joints which were studied by SEM-EDS characterization, micro-hardness testing and tensile testing based on ultrasonic double roller welding (UDRW). Three groups of process parameters (A, B and C) were established to investigate the performance, production quality and welded joint surface interconnections. The tensile testing results of sample under parameter 3 in group A [S-P3(A)] indicate the maximum tensile strength of 69.859 N in T-peel test while the average tensile strength has increased by 58.525 N due to rise in welding time from 2 sec to 5 sec. The results analysis indicates that welding quality features in S-P3(A) joints under 4 bar, 100 mm/s, 45 % have been exploited. The over-welded zone was transformed into good-welded zone. The micro-cracks, fatigue stations and peeling texture in multilayers were reduced. It was found that when the welding energy was 10000 J then the tearing edges and interlayers cracks were minimized while keeping the other parameters constant. Moreover, when the amplitude increased up to 50 %, then numerous micro-cracks and micro-fissure stations were created, which leads to the occurrence of fracture in multi-layer welded joint. The EDS study investigated that the complex features are formed at the interface junction of sample 3 S3(A) in multilayer welds. The complex multilayer microstructures can induce and produce unique hardness properties for battery manufacturing. It leads to high quality and durable welds. Eventually, it is experimentally demonstrated that robust 40 layer welded joints can be obtained by the UDRW process. Data availability: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Polyanion-based materials are considered one of the most attractive and promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their good stability, safety, cost-effectiveness, suitable voltages, and minimal environmental impact. However, these materials suffer from poor rate capability and low-temperature performance owing to limited electronic and ionic conductivity, which restricts their practical applicability. Recent developments, such as coating material particles with carbon or a conductive polymer, crystal deformation through the doping of foreign metal ions, and the production of nanostructured materials, have significantly enhanced the electrochemical performances of these materials. The successful applications of polyanion-based materials, especially in lithium-ion batteries, have been extensively reported. This comprehensive review discusses the current progress in crystal deformation in polyanion-based cathode materials, including phosphates, fluorophosphates, pyrophosphates, borates, silicates, sulfates, fluorosilicates, and oxalates. Therefore, this review provides detailed discussions on their synthesis strategies, electrochemical performance, and the doping of various ions.

Due to the growth of “green” energy, the need to regulate the load on large power systems, and the development of electric transport, electricity storage systems (ESS) are increasingly, being used in the world. Conceptual documents have been developed in the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation stating the need to modernize the regulatory framework for the use of ESS, create scientific support for the development of ESS technologies, centers of competence and of the implementation of pilot projects. This article provides an example of calculating the economic effect of using ESS at an industrial enterprise. A methodology is proposed that can be used to develop standardized methods for calculating the economic effect of using ESS at enterprises and in local energy systems of consumers of various types. The main functions performed by the ESS at the enterprise are characterized. The features of calculating the economic effect of performing these functions under the conditions of the statistical nature of the load regime of the enterprise are considered. Calculations of the simple payback period for investments in the installation of an ESS for an enterprise with several options for payment terms for electricity are given. It is shown that the economic result of using ESS significantly depends on both the pricing conditions and load schedules of the enterprise, as well as on specific requirements for the quality and reliability of power supply and should be evaluated individually in each case.

Silicon, which serves as the anode active material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high capacity, suffers from performance degradation during continuous cycling. In this study, we designed a high-energy density electrode using artificial graphite (AG) with a graphene-coated Si/C active material (Gr@Si/C). The Gr@Si/C composite synthesized via iterative coating processes not only ensures the electronic conductivity of adjacent silicon particles but also provides a buffering capability against volumetric expansion during repeated charge/discharge cycles at high loading and increased electrode density. Remarkably, the prepared Gr@Si/C‒AG blended electrode exhibited enhanced cycle life characteristics compared with those reported in previous studies. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the establishment of an electron conduction path and revealed the effect of impeding particle isolation from the conducting network. Furthermore, full cells incorporating the Gr@Si/C‒AG composite electrode harmonized with the cathode exhibited superior capacity retention of more than 70 % over 200 cycles. These findings suggest that graphene-coated Si/C composites are promising anode active materials for LIBs.

Although lithium-ion batteries are essential for contemporary energy storage applications, maintaining battery longevity, safety, and health frequently clashes with the requirement for quick charging. The problem of developing rapid charging protocols to strike a balance between battery protection and charging speed is addressed in this work. We create an adaptive charging strategy that dynamically modifies charging rates in response to battery conditions while respecting safety limitations including voltage and temperature limits using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In order to maximize performance metrics and avoid degradation, the RL agent is trained in a simulated environment.To examine their effects on charging time, capacity, temperature, deterioration, energy efficiency, and State of Health (SoH), five charging profiles—constant, decreasing, and alternating current techniques—are assessed. The findings show that quicker charging profiles speed up deterioration, raise temperature, and hasten the drop of SoH even though they shorten charging times. Slower profiles, on the other hand, improve long-term battery health and efficiency by controlling temperature and minimizing deterioration, even though they require longer charging times.The RL-based approach balances quick charging with battery preservation by implementing a reward system that penalizes dangerous conditions like high voltage or temperature in order to lessen these trade-offs. These results highlight the necessity of sophisticated charging processes to maximize efficiency in battery-dependent systems, such as electric cars and portable devices.

LiFePO4 cathode's low-capacity retention at high current rates is due to its low electrical conductivity. To address this, a three-dimensional cathode was fabricated using a nanosecond laser. Its performance was studied based on groove aspect ratios (0.39, 0.96) and pitch distances (112 μm, 224 μm). Groove morphology varied with laser parameters. Cathodes with higher aspect ratios exhibited lower internal resistance. However, capacity decreased as groove pitch distance narrowed. The normalized specific capacity of the 3D cathode with an aspect ratio of 0.36 and a pitch distance of 224 μm was 6% higher than that of an unstructured cathode at a 2C rate.

To maintain the safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion batteries and manage their timely replacement, accurate state of health (SOH) estimation is critically important. This paper presents a novel deep-learning framework based on multi-loss optimized dual stream fusion of attention integrated multi-Bi-LSTM networks (multi-ABi-LSTM), for generalized real-time SOH estimation of lithium-ion batteries. Battery sensor data is first preprocessed utilizing novel energy discrepancy aware variable cycle length synchronization and grid encoding schemes to achieve generalizability considering battery sets with different discharge profiles and then passed through two parallel networks: overlapped data splitting (ODS)-based attention integrated multi-Bi-LSTM network (ODS-multi-ABi-LSTM) and past cycles’ SOHs (PCSs)-based attention integrated multi-Bi-LSTM (PCS-multi-ABi-LSTM) network. The complementary features extracted from these two networks are effectively combined by a proposed fusion network to achieve high SOH estimation accuracy. Furthermore, a lithium-ion battery simulation model is employed for data augmentation during training, enhancing the generalizability of the proposed data-driven model. The suggested technique outperforms previous methods by a remarkable margin achieving 0.716% MAPE, 0.005 MAE, 0.653% RMSE, and 0.992 R2 on a combined dataset consisting of four different battery sets with varying specifications and discharge profiles, indicating its generalization capability. Appliances using lithium-ion batteries can adopt the proposed SOH prediction framework to predict battery health conditions in real-time, ensuring operational safety and reliability.

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have many excellent properties that make them ideally suited for use in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this review, the recent research on applications of CNTs in LIBs, including their usage as freestanding anodes, conductive additives, and current collectors, are discussed. Challenges, strategies, and progress are analyzed by selecting typical examples. Particularly, when CNTs are used with relatively large mass fractions, the relevant interfacial electrochemistry in such a CNT‐based electrode, which dictates the quality of the resulting solid–electrolyte interface, becomes a concern. Hence, in this review the different lithium‐ion adsorption and insertion mechanisms inside and outside of CNTs are compared; the influence of not only CNT structural features (including their length, defect density, diameter, and wall thickness) but also the electrolyte composition on the solid–electrolyte interfacial reactions is analyzed in detail. Strategies to optimize the solid–solid interface between CNTs and the other solid components in various composite electrodes are also covered. By emphasizing the importance of such a structure–performance relationship, the merits and weaknesses of various applications of CNTs in various advanced LIBs are clarified.

Safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has garnered significant attention. As an essential component of batteries, the separator plays a crucial role in separating the positive and negative electrodes, preventing short circuits, and allowing ion transport. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a high-performance separator that is both thermally stable and capable of rapid Li+ transport. Polyimide (PI) is a material with high thermal stability, but low electrolyte wettability and high interfacial resistance of PI restrict its application in high-performance LIBs batteries. MXene possesses excellent mechanical properties and good electrolyte affinity. PI/MXene nanofiber composite separator. Combines the high thermal stability of PI with the superior electrolyte wettability of MXene. It exhibits a high tensile strength of 19.6 MPa, low bulk resistance (2.5 Ω), and low interfacial resistance (174 Ω), as well as a low electrolyte contact angle of 29°, while retaining the high-temperature resistance and flame retardancy of PI. Batteries assembled with this composite separator demonstrated a specific capacity of 111.0 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention rate of 66% at 2C. In long-term cycling tests of LiFePO₄ half-cells at 1C, after 200 charge-discharge cycles, the PI/MXene battery showed a discharge specific capacity of 126.7 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention rate of 91%. Additionally, the battery operated normally at 120°C. The composite separator, by integrating the high thermal stability of PI with the excellent electrolyte wettability and conductivity of MXene, demonstrates significant advantages in enhancing battery safety and cycling performance. Through this composite structure can provide a more reliable and safe solution for high-performance LIBs.

Due to their high energy density, long life cycle, minimal self-discharge (SD), and environmental benefits, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become increasingly prevalent in electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and grid support systems. However, their usage also brings about heightened safety concerns and potential hazards. Therefore, it is crucial to promptly identify and diagnose any issues arising within these batteries to mitigate risks. Early detection and diagnosis of faults such as Battery Management Systems (BMS) malfunctions, internal short circuits (ISC), overcharging, over-discharging, aging effects, and thermal runaway (TR) are essential for mitigating these risks and preventing accidents. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of fault diagnosis by meticulously examining prior research in the field. It begins with an introduction to the significance of LIBs, followed by discussions on safety concerns, fault diagnosis, and the benefits of such diagnostic approaches. Subsequently, each fault is thoroughly examined, along with discussions on methods for detection and diagnosis, including both model-based and non-model-based approaches. Additionally, the study elevates the role of cloud-based technologies for real-time monitoring and enhancing fault mitigation strategies. The results show how well these approaches work to increase LIB systems’ safety, dependability, and economic feasibility while emphasizing the necessity for sophisticated diagnostic methods to support their growing use in a variety of applications.

Energy demand has become a persistent concern and high‐performance energy storage systems have increasingly undergone development. Supercapacitors and batteries pose great impact on energy storage and garner a great deal of attention from technologies and researchers alike. The performance of energy saving devices is primarily determined by the electrode material in terms of high specific capacitance, excellent conductivity, remarkable natural abundance, and unique electrochemical qualities, also large surface area. Cobalt (Co)‐based materials are unique electrode materials widely used in energy storage devices. Nevertheless, a combination of Co and ferrite materials such as nickel, zinc, and copper, or Co/nonferrite materials like metal–organic frameworks and layered double hydroxides has improved their ultimate efficiency. This review deals with energy storage applications of Co‐based materials, categorizing ferrites, their electrochemical characterization, performance, also design and manufacturing intended to supercapacitors and batteries applications. Summarizing the main outcomes of the literature on batteries and supercapacitors, energy storage systems comprising Co‐based materials combined with carbon nanotubes, graphene, silica, copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, ferrous, and lanthanum are reviewed and discussed. Lithium‐ion batteries are investigated specifically, and perspectives on Co‐based ferrite development for future generations of supercapacitors and batteries are outlined.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer anodes are proposed as potential reversible anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their simple thin‐film formation process and cost‐effectiveness. Nevertheless, challenges such as the use of toxic aprotic solvents and the irreversible consumption of Li ions during the initial cycle need to be addressed to improve their performance. Herein, a water‐soluble poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) polymer processed using a simple spin‐casting method as a reversible LIB anode is presented. Unlike the PMMA anode, the conjugated carbonyl groups of the crystalline PMAA polymer readily form a chain backbone during ex situ thermal annealing, demonstrating a reversible capacity. The mechanism underlying the superior electrochemical characteristics of the PMAA anode is revealed using grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction and theoretical calculations. In particular, the highly crystalline cyclic anhydride PMAA polymer induced by thermal annealing shows enhanced interactions between Li ions and CO groups during operation, resulting in improved electrochemical properties. The resulting crystalline cyclic anhydride PMAA anode achieves a capacity of ≈427.7 mAh g−1 and retains a reversible specific capacity of 156 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, indicating that it is a promising polymeric anode for next‐generation LIBs.

Abstract The development of silicon (Si) material poses a great challenge with profound technological advancements for semiconductors, photo/photoelectric systems, solar cells, and secondary batteries. Typically, Si production involves the thermochemical reduction of silicon oxides, where chloride salt additives help properly revamp the reaction mechanism. Herein, we unravel the chemical principles of molten AlCl3 salt in metallothermic reduction. Above its melting temperature (Tm ≈ 192 °C), three AlCl3 molecules coordinate with each metal (M) atom (e.g., conventional Al and Mg, or even thermodynamically unfeasible Zn) to form metal‐AlCl3 complexes, M(AlCl3)3. In the molten AlCl3 salt media, all complexes directly lead to the universal formation of AlOCl byproduct and as‐reduced Si spheres through internal Cl* transfer during the reduction reaction. Intriguingly, highly oxophilic metal (i.e., Mg) establishes additional energetic shortcuts in reaction pathways, where AlCl3 directly detaches an oxygen atom, accompanied by strong metal‐oxygen interactions and Cl* transfer within the same complex. Moreover, the thermodynamic stability of the metal‐AlCl3 complex residue (MAl2Cl8) and the microstructure of post‐treated Si do change according to the metal choice, imparting disparate physicochemical properties for Si. This work offers insights into the scalable production of tailored Si materials for industrial applications, along with cost‐effective operations at 250 °C.

The global energy landscape is currently facing an unprecedented crisis. To address these difficulties, it is vital to create efficient and reliable energy storage and converting technologies. This review discusses the two important technologies; Water Splitting and Li-ion batteries for energy storage. Lithium-ion battery revolutionised convenient devices and electric motors with their higher energy-density, prolonged efficiency, and decreasing costs. Concurrently, Water splitting offers a pathway for hydrogen generation a clean fuel with high energy density, through electrolysis process. In this analysis, we will explore at the most recent breakthroughs, as well as the latest materials and catalysts, boosting the productivity and economic viability of water splitting. Electrode materials, electrolytes, and battery architectures that enhance performance and safety for Li-ion batteries are discussed. The integration of these technologies within renewable energy systems, highlighting their complementary roles in achieving carbon neutrality are also addressed in this review. We underscore the critical importance of water splitting and lithium-ion batteries in the sustainable energy landscape, through a comprehensive analysis of current research and future directions.

Abstract The solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a key element in anode–electrolyte interactions and ultimately contributes to improving the lifespan and fast‐charging capability of lithium‐ion batteries. The conventional additive vinyl carbonate (VC) generates spatially dense and rigid poly VC species that may not ensure fast Li+ transport across the SEI on the anode. Here, a synthetic additive called isosorbide 2,5‐dimethanesulfonate (ISDMS) with a polar oxygen‐rich motif is reported that can competitively coordinate with Li+ ions and allow the entrance of PF6– anions into the core solvation structure. The existence of ISDMS and PF6− in the core solvation structure along with Li+ ions enables the movement of anions toward the anode during the first charge, leading to a significant contribution of ISDMS and LiPF6 to SEI formation. ISDMS leads to the creation of ionically conductive and electrochemically stable SEI that can elevate the fast‐charging performance and increase the lifespan of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811)/graphite full cells. Additionally, a sulfur‐rich cathode–electrolyte interface with a high stability under elevated‐temperature and high‐voltage conditions is constructed through the sacrificial oxidation of ISDMS, thus concomitantly improving the stability of the electrolyte and the NCM811 cathode in a full cell with a charge voltage cut‐off of 4.4 V.

Abstract The morphology of plated lithium (MPL) metal on graphite anodes, traditionally described as “moss‐like” and “dendrite‐like”, exert a substantial negative influence on the performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) by modulating the metal‐electrolyte interface and side reaction rates. However, a systematic and quantitative analysis of MPL is lacking, impeding effective evaluation and manipulation of this detrimental issue. In this study, we transition from a qualitative analysis to a quantitative one by conducting a detailed examination of the MPL. Our findings reveal that slender lithium dendrites reduces the lifespan and safety of LIB by increasing the side reaction rates and promoting the formation of dead lithium. To further evaluate the extent of the detrimental effect of MPL, we propose the specific surface area (SSA) as a critical metric, and develop an in situ method integrating expansion force and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to estimate SSA. Finally, we introduce a pulse current protocol to manipulate hazardous MLP. Phase field model simulations and experiments demonstrate that this protocol significantly enhances the reversibility of plated lithium. This research offers a novel morphological perspective on lithium plating, providing a more detailed fundamental understanding that facilitates effective evaluation and manipulation of plated lithium, thereby enhancing the safety and extending the cycle life of LIBs.

Recycling and second life of lithium-ion batteries are vital for lowering the growing resource demand of sectors like mobility or home energy storage. However, an often-overlooked issue is the sometimes-unknown cell chemistry of batteries entering the end-of-life. In this work, a machine learning based approach for the identification of lithium-ion battery cathode chemistries is presented. First, an initial measurement boundary determination is introduced. Using the Python Battery Mathematical Modelling (PyBaMM) framework, synthetical partial open circuit voltage (OCV) charge and discharge curves are generated with an electrochemical single particle model for three different cathode chemistries and the initial state of charge and state of health values as well as the initial capacities are varied. The dV/dQ characteristics are chosen as features and four machine learning algorithms are trained on different lengths of OCV curves. The trade-off between achievable accuracy and the number of OCV steps showed that an increasing accuracy correlates with a higher step number. While extremely small charge and discharge capacities per step did not yield sufficient testing accuracies, capacities starting from 0.2 Ah per step up to 0.6 Ah per step showed increasingly good results with an accuracy of up to 89.3 % for 0.5 Ah and 15 OCV steps. Additionally, the approach was validated by classifying experimental data. The results especially demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach to distinguish between lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) cells.

The significant demand for energy storage systems has spurred innovative designs and extensive research on lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). To that end, an in‐depth examination of utilized materials and relevant methods in conjunction with comparing electrochemical mechanisms is required. Lithium titanate (LTO) anode materials have received substantial interest in high‐performance LIBs for numerous applications. Nevertheless, LTO is limited due to capacity fading at high rates, especially in the extended potential range of 0.01–3.00 V versus Li+/Li, while delivering the theoretical capacity of 293 mAh g−1. This study demonstrates how the performance of the LTO anode can be improved by modifying the manufacturing process. Altering the dry and wet mixing duration and speeds throughout the manufacturing process leads to differences in particle sizes and homogeneity of dispersion and structure. The optimized anode at 5 A g−1 (≈17C) and 10 A g−1 (≈34C) yielded 188 and 153 mAh g−1 and retained 73% and 68% of their initial capacity after 1000 cycles, respectively. The following findings offer valuable information regarding the empirical modifications required during electrode fabrication. Additionally, it sheds light on the potential to produce efficient anodes using commercial LTO powder.

Abstract 1,3‐Dioxolane (DOL), with its broad liquid phase temperature window and low Li+‐solvent binding energy, stands out as an ideal solvent candidate for the wide‐temperature and high‐rate electrolytes. Unfortunately, DOL is susceptible to undergo ring‐opening polymerization under common lithium salts, which markedly retards the reaction kinetics. This work introduces the organic basic additive 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) to effectively suppress the polymerization, thus achieving compatibility between LiFSI, LiDFOB lithium salts, and DOL. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are utilized to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of DOL polymerization and to clarify how DBU inhibits its polymerization. The resulting electrolyte, devoid of polymer chain formation, forms a weak solvation structure rich in anions, which demonstrates rapid ion transport kinetics in the bulk electrolyte and excellent electrochemical stability at the electrolyte–electrode interfaces (EEIs) simultaneously. When applied to the LiFePO4||graphite full cell, it exhibits exceptional wide‐temperature and high‐rate performance, with specific capacities reaching 101.2 mAh g −1 at room temperature (20 C), 36.9 mAh g−1 at −40 °C (0.5 C), and 118.0 mAh g−1 at 60 °C (20 C). This study significantly guides the development of wide‐temperature, high‐rate electrolytes.

Climate change is driving new and more efficient ways of producing and storing energy. In particular, Lithium-ion batteries demonstrate to be a worthwhile storage system for their high specific power and energy density. Due to electrochemical processes inside batteries, high temperatures are achieved during fast charge and discharge. Herein, a novel jet-grid cooling technique, named ImpFilm, featuring fluid impingement and fluid film is proposed. The idea is to introduce an innovative system able to guarantee stable and uniform temperature for Lithium-ion batteries with the purpose to reduce weight and costs. Firstly, the system has been designed by means of a preliminary 0D thermodynamic analysis. Then, 3D CFD simulations have been run on a single module to test its feasibility and effectiveness by the standpoint of fluid and thermodynamics. Mass flow rate, velocity field, volume fraction and temperature distribution are analyzed in the module by focusing on the impact of the geometry grid on both flow dynamics and cell temperature evolution. Results show that a parametric study on the grid design is necessary to balance the flow rate subdivision and to uniform the temperature of all the batteries. Eventually, new grid features prove to be effective in keeping battery temperature uniform and below hazardous thresholds.

Design of cathode materials has been the central topic of Li-batteries since its invention. Beyond chemical composition, another dimension of the material design resides at crystal structures where factors like ionic size, coordination environment, and superstructure play significant roles. In this review, we shift to another focus, i.e. cation order and disorder, that has been prevailing in recent years in the field of cathode materials, to overview how this structural feature emerges to govern the cathode electrochemistry. We begin with a broad conceptualization of cation order and disorder across various scales, followed by an examination of the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that underlie their formation. We then revisit how cation order and disorder evolve along with cycling that is crucial in determining the cycle life of cathode materials. The roles of cation order and disorder on various aspects of electrochemistry, such as Li diffusion, cycling stability, anionic redox activity, voltage profile and voltage hysteresis, are subsequently summarized and discussed. We lastly extend our review to paying attention on the experimental tailoring and characterizing of cation arrangement in cathodes that are pivotal for future cathode design.

Industrialization, technology, and population growth have on one hand resulted in the rapid rise for energy demand and on the other hand led to the pursuit for alternative carbon neutral energy sources to satisfy demand, address climate change and promote sustainable development. The transition to renewable energy sources has resulted in the rapid rise in energy storage options with battery technologies at the forefront. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as a leading battery energy storage option. The rise in LIB technology demand has resulted in a proportional increase in the demand for the various materials used in their manufacture. Primary sources of several of the LIB component materials largely consist of mining activities, however, recycling has emerged as a promising secondary material source. In this work, we evaluate the application of a green, organic acid treatment approach utilizing propionic acid in the recovery of key metals from LIB cathode materials. The study delved into exploring the application of both commercially sourced virgin LIB cathode powder (VCP) and recovered spent LIB cathode powder (SCP) and investigating the system leaching characteristics. The highest metal recoveries were obtained on leaching the SCP, with metal recoveries determined as 92.9%, 87.4%, 92.7% and 94.0% for Co, Li, Mn and Ni respectively. The difference in the recoveries on leaching metals from the VCP and SCP was under 5% for each metal. Further, the leaching model was determined as chemical reaction-controlled on using the SCP, and the activation energies were evaluated as 60.37 kJ/mol, 53.38 kJ/mol, 63.98 kJ/mol and 60.20 kJ/mol for Co, Li, Mn and Ni respectively, agreeing with the deduced chemical reaction-controlled leaching mechanism. By application of a simple organic acid, propionic acid, for organic acid leaching operations we contribute to the diversification of the lixiviant options for LIB waste treatment.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are central to electrification yet, to increase the efficiency and scalability of electric systems, energy storage technologies must integrate sustainability concepts into their design. Notably, the incumbent LIB technology uses the reprotoxic solvent N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) to dissolve polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder. This solvent, of concern to human and ecological health, must be replaced with less toxic alternatives. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to determine which potential solvents, compatible with PVdF binder within the cathode processing of LIBs, could replace NMP. This study followed the U.S. National Research Council’s Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives, and thus assembled and compared data concerning ecological and human hazards, performance, and cost. Five solvents were assessed as alternatives to NMP, derived from an analysis of 948 cells of data (708 cells of hazard data, 54 cells of performance data, and 186 cells of cost data). Triethyl phosphate (TEP) and N-N’-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) are found to exhibit reprotoxic properties, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) raised concerns in all three data categories studied. The most promising alternatives to NMP were dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene) and γ-valerolactone (GVL). With demand for sustainable energy storage growing, the results of this study aim to guide research and innovation of LIB technologies while avoiding regrettable substitutions in developing NMP-free LIBs.

The ever-growing energy demand and environmental issues have stimulated the development of sustainable energy technologies. Herein, an efficient and environmentally friendly electrochemical transformation technology was proposed to prepare highly graphitized carbon materials from an abundant natural resource - lignin (LG). The preparation process mainly includes pyrolytic carbonization of raw LG material and electrochemical conversion of amorphous carbon precursor. Interestingly, with the assistance of Co catalyst, the graphitization degree of the products was significantly improved, in which the mechanism was the removal of heteroatoms in LG and the rearrangement of carbon atoms into graphite lattice. Furthermore, tunable microstructures (nanoflakes) under catalytic effects could also be observed by controlling the electrolytic parameters. Compared with the products CN1 (without catalyst) and CN5 (with 10% catalyst), the specific surface area are 158.957 and 202.246 m2 g−1, respectively. When used as the electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, CN5 delivered a competitive specific capacity of ∼350 mAh g−1 (0.5 C) compared with commercial graphite. The strategy proposed in this work provides an effective way to extract value-added graphite materials from lignin and can be extended to the graphitization conversion of any other amorphous carbon precursor materials.

Highlights The synthetic protocols of various Prussian blue analogue (PBA)-templated nanocomposites are discussed. Alkali-ion storage mechanisms based on intercalation, alloying, or conversion reactions are analysed. The properties of PBA-templated nanocomposites in alkali-ion batteries (AIBs) are evaluated and compared to outline the structure–activity correlation. Perspectives for the future development of PBA-templated AIB electrodes are envisaged.

The use of solid polymer electrolytes is a novel and promising approach for enhancing the safety of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. A number of publications on manufacturing electrolytes with lithium-ion and sodium-ion conductivity based on Nafion-like polymers have appeared in recent decade. The present mini-review analyses various methods of the synthesis of such electrolytes and their properties, as well as the information on laboratory lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries using such electrolytes. The conclusion is made that the use of Nafion-based solid polymer electrolytes with Li+ and Na+ cation conductivity opens the way to creation of a new generation of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. The principal advantage of Nafion-based solid polymer electrolytes over traditional PEO-based electrolytes is a fairly high cation transport number, which provides a sharp decrease in concentration polarization and, consequently, the increase in the energy efficiency of batteries.

The exploration of alternative energy sources is inextricably linked with energy storage considerations. Current high density energy storage options on the market rely heavily on lithium (Li)-based technologies. A projected increase in energy storage technology demand has sounded the alarm on a need to develop suitable approaches for the recovery of the various constituent metals from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs). This, coupled with urgent consideration for the environment has necessitated the investigation of various LIB metal recovery techniques. In this work, we explore the novel application of the hydrohalic acids, hydrobromic (HBr) and hydroiodic (HI) acid, as lixiviants in a series of leaching experimental investigations on LIB cathode powder. A methodology for battery disassembly and cell cathode material recovery is presented leading up to the metal leaching. Our results indicate that the lixiviants can be utilized in the absence of a reducing agent which is typically present in conventional LIB leaching systems. The highest recoveries of the constituent metals, Co, Li, Mn and Ni in the HI system were 92.9 %, 93.6 %, 93.1 % and 94.5 % respectively, at an operating temperature of 60 ℃ and with a 1.5 M HI concentration. The HBr system achieved metal recoveries of 90.6 %, 89.1 %, 83.1 % and 96.4 % for Co, Li, Mn and Ni respectively, at 60 ℃ and using 2 M HBr. Kinetic studies showed that the leaching mechanism for both acids follow a chemical reaction-controlled model.

The low energy density, unsatisfied cycling performance, potential safety issue and slow charging kinetics of the commercial lithium-ion batteries restrained their further application in the fields of fast charging and long-haul electric vehicles. Monoclinic TiNb2O7 (TNO) with the theoretical capacity of 387 mAh g−1 has been proposed as a high-capacity anode materials to replace Li4Ti5O12. In this work, homovalent doping strategy was used to enhance the electrochemical performance of TiNb2O7 (TNO) by employing Zr to partial substitute Ti through solvothermal method. The doping of Zr4+ ions can enlarge the lattice structure without changing the chemical valence of the original elements, refine and homogenize the grains, improve the electrical conductivity, and accelerate the ion diffusion kinetics, and finally enhance the cycle and rate performance. Specifically, Z0.05-TNO shows initial discharge capacity of as high as 312.2 mAh g−1 at 1 C and 244.8 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and still maintains a high specific capacity of 171.3 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 10 C. This study provides a new strategy for high-performance fast-charging energy storage electrodes.

Abstract Monitoring the health of lithium batteries is a crucial undertaking in ensuring the safe and dependable functioning of electric vehicles. Data‐driven methods have been proved to be an effective method for identifying the complex degradation process of batteries. To augment the precision of predicting the remaining useful life (RUL), this paper introduces a pioneering architecture for a denoising autoencoder (DAE). This architecture integrates a stacked convolutional neural network with subsequent layers of bidirectional gated recurrent units within an encoder–decoder framework. The utilization of the DAE network is employed as a means to effectively capture and represent the intricate and nonlinear knowledge associated with degradation data acquired from measured sources. Simultaneously, the reconstruction loss is incorporated into the total loss to improve the accuracy and generalization of the prediction model. The efficacy of the proposed approach is substantiated through the utilization of data sets sourced from the NASA Ames Prognostics Data Repository. The comparative findings suggest that the proposed approach demonstrates an exceptional ability to achieve precise and robust estimation in predicting the RUL, surpassing other advanced methodologies.

Abstract Background The global market for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is growing exponentially, resulting in an increase in mining activities for the metals needed for manufacturing LIBs. Cobalt, lithium, manganese, and nickel are four of the metals most used in the construction of LIBs, and each has known toxicological risks associated with exposure. Mining for these metals poses potential human health risks via occupational and environmental exposures; however, there is a paucity of data surrounding the risks of increasing mining activity. The objective of this review was to characterize these risks. Methods We conducted a review of the literature via a systematic search of the PubMed database on the health effects of mining for cobalt, lithium, manganese, and nickel. We included articles that (1) reported original research, (2) reported outcomes directly related to human health, (3) assessed exposure to mining for cobalt, lithium, manganese, or nickel, and (4) had an available English translation. We excluded all other articles. Our search identified 183 relevant articles. Results Toxicological hazards were reported in 110 studies. Exposure to cobalt and nickel mining were most associated with respiratory toxicity, while exposure to manganese mining was most associated with neurologic toxicity. Notably, no articles were identified that assessed lithium toxicity associated with mining exposure. Traumatic hazards were reported in six studies. Three articles reported infectious disease hazards, while six studies reported effects on mental health. Several studies reported increased health risks in children compared to adults. Conclusions The results of this review suggest that occupational and environmental exposure to mining metals used in LIBs presents significant risks to human health that result in both acute and chronic toxicities. Further research is needed to better characterize these risks, particularly regarding lithium mining.

Highlights This review systematically compares the different effects of O2-type and O3-type structures on voltage decay for Li-rich layered oxide (LRLO) cathode. The development of O2-type materials and the corresponding mechanisms for addressing voltage decay are comprehensively reviewed. The perspectives and challenges for designing high-performance O2-type LRLO cathodes without voltage decay are proposed.

Aim: This article presents an identification and analysis of the hazards associated with the operation of lithium-ion technology, the range of applications, an overview of hazardous incidents domestically and also internationally, the brief history of lithium-ion batteries, as well as recommendations on the use and storage of batteries published not only by domestic but also foreign fire and occupational safety organizations. Introduction: The increased mobility of people doing their work with computers has created the need to produce portable devices that require concentrating as much energy as possible in a limited enclosure volume. These devices accompany the user in everyday life, during travel and also in a variety of work. In order to meet these criteria, it was necessary to solve these problems, first of all, the problem of power supply, which would allow to use the electricity stored by them in a long-lasting but also very efficient way. However, modern solutions bring a number of new risks that are not obvious at first glance and require detailed analysis. Project and methods: Based on a critical analysis of the literature, the authors presented the advantages and disadvantages of cells used in smartphones, laptops, portable power tools used in households across the globe and even electric cars. The development of lithium-ion battery technology and the expansion of their range of applications makes it necessary to develop solutions to enhance safety during their use, together with procedures to prevent possible explosions and fires, allowing effective life and health protection of users, as well as safeguarding all property and the environment. Methodology: Opierając się na krytycznej analizie literatury, autorzy przedstawili zalety i wady ogniw wykorzystywanych w smartfonach, laptopach, przenośnych elektronarzędziach, a nawet samochodach elektrycznych. Rozwój technologii produkcji akumulatorów litowo-jonowych oraz rozszerzenie zakresu ich zastosowania sprawia, że konieczne jest opracowanie rozwiązań zwiększających bezpieczeństwo podczas ich użytkowania oraz procedur zapobiegania ewentualnym wybuchom i pożarom, pozwalających na skuteczną ochronę życia oraz zdrowia użytkowników, a także zabezpieczenie wszelkiego mienia i środowiska. Conclusions: In order to prevent fires spreading, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that lead to ignition and possible explosions of cells and batteries. From the point of view of preventing such failures and fires, it is important to recognize the response of burning batteries to various types of fire extinguishing agents and preventive measures. Continued research in this area can contribute to the evolution of more sophisticated and advanced safety technologies and the development of regulatory standards that in the future will guarantee the effective control of lithium-ion battery fires directly linked to their storage, use at high quantities, and the correct storage of waste (in the form of damaged and depleted batteries). Keywords: lithium-ion batteries, fire hazard, environmental protection, environmental pollution, toxic products of combustion

The purpose of the research is to address the underutilization of electric machine-based propulsion in transportation despite its numerous advantages over conventional internal combustion engines (ICE), such as reduced emissions, lower fuel costs, and improved control and operation. To achieve this goal, the study reviews state-of-the-art energy sources, storage devices, power converters, and control strategies used in electric vehicles (EVs). It particularly focuses on the implementation of the five-level charging scheme for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which are considered a promising solution for electric vehicle power storage. The important results of this work include the advantages of a five-level charging scheme for a 1Ah, 3.7V Li-ion battery compared with conventional charging methods, i.e., superior efficiency (97.16%), lower temperature rise (1.5 degrees Celsius), faster charging times (around 40-43 minutes), and extended battery lifespan. The significance of these results lies in their potential to address key drawbacks hindering the widespread adoption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PH EVs) by offering a practical solution for faster, more efficient, and safer battery charging. By isolating the battery during charging and optimizing the charging process, the proposed system not only enhances the performance of electric vehicles but also contributes to prolonging the battery life, thus promoting sustainability in transportation. Additionally, the experimental validation using MATLAB Simulink underscores the practical feasibility of the proposed charging system, providing a valuable contribution to the field of electric vehicle technology.

Abstract Tin dioxide is regarded as an alternative anode material rather than graphite due to its high theoretical specific capacity. Modification with carbon is a typical strategy to mitigate the volume expansion effect of SnO2 during the charge process. Strengthening the interface bonding is crucial for improving the electrochemical performance of SnO2/C composites. Here, SnO2-embedded reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite with a low graphene content of approximately 5 wt.% was in situ synthesized via a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted hydrothermal method. The structural integrity of the SnO2/rGO composite is significantly improved by optimizing the Sn–O–C electronic structure with CTAB, resulting a reversible capacity of 598 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1. CTAB-assisted synthesis enhances the rate performance and cyclic stability of tin dioxide/graphene composites, and boosts their application as the anode materials for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

Abstract Prognostics and health management (PHM) has gotten considerable attention in the background of Industry 4.0. Battery PHM contributes to the reliable and safe operation of electric devices. Nevertheless, relevant reviews are still continuously updated over time. In this paper, we browsed extensive literature related to battery PHM from 2018 to 2023 and summarized advances in battery PHM field, including battery testing and public datasets, fault diagnosis and prediction methods, health status estimation and health management methods. The last topic includes state of health estimation methods, remaining useful life prediction methods and predictive maintenance methods. Each of these categories is introduced and discussed in details. Based on this survey, we accordingly discuss challenges left to battery PHM, and provide future research opportunities. This research systematically reviews recent research about battery PHM from the perspective of key PHM steps and provide some valuable prospects for researchers and practitioners.

Giant volumetric variation of silicon during repeat lithiation/delethiation process leads to structure failure of silicon-based anodes and thus their initial high capacitance is hard to be maintained under long-run cyclic charging/discharging. Construction porous structure silicon composites and formation of artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) coating on silicon particles are two effective ways to improve stability of silicon-based anodes. In this work, above two strategies are combined to construct a composite of inorganic artificial SEI WO3 nanowires/Si nanoparticles with sea urchin like porous structure via simple hydrothermal method. The silicon nanoparticles act as seeds for around 70 nm average diameter WO3 nanowires formation in compared with that of WO3 nano-rods around 500 nm diameter without Si nanoparticle seeds. The WO3 nanowire artificial SEI coating is found to be effective in preventing SEI overgrowth and their network provides spaces for volumetric variation of silicon nanoparticles in the bulk anode matrix during cyclic test, leading to reversible charging/discharging of stable bulk anode in compared with pure silicon anode of fast capacitance decay. The gravimetric capacitance of optimized composite reaches 1410.6 mAh·g−1 and its capacity remains 1039 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles.