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Background: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase in the coming years. Myocardial infarction is the largest and most dangerous manifestation of CHD, including in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). However, early therapy of STEMI cannot prevent the risk of myocardium reinfarction. Reinfarction post-STEMI reperfusion therapy has poor consequences and prognosis. Therefore, prevention of myocardial reinfarction is important. Objectives: The author has an innovation to use Lumbrokinase from Lumbricus rubellus extract in an oral dosage form as an alternative therapy to prevent reinfarction after reperfusion therapy in STEMI. Methods: Our article reviews the effect of lumbrokinase in preventing myocardial reinfarction using a non-systematic review method. Results and Discussion: Lumbrokinase can prevent myocardial reinfarction by several mechanisms, including its thrombolytic effect by activating plasminogen and degrading fibrin, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and can prevent further myocardial apoptosis. Lumbrokinase can prevent apoptosis by increasing the activity of Silent Information Regulator 1 (Sirt1) and decreasing the pro-caspase-3 pathway. Lumbrokinase can prevent further inflammation by reducing levels of Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and the Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, as well as preventing oxidative damage by deacetylating Forkhead Box-O (FoxO). The effect of Lumbrokinase plays an important role in preventing myocardial reinfarction. Oral lumbrokinase is made in capsule form. Conclusion: Oral lumbrokinase can potentially prevent myocardial reinfarction post-reperfusion in STEMI patients. Keyword: Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbrokinase, Myocardial reinfarction, Post-reperfusion STEMI Latar Belakang: Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK) merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan di seluruh dunia dan prevalensinya diperkirakan akan terus meningkat di tahun mendatang. Tingginya angka mortalitas PJK, maka PJK menjadi penyakit yang patut diwaspadai, terutama untuk negara-negara berkembang. Infark miokardium adalah manifestasi terbesar dan paling berbahaya dari PJK, termasuk STEMI. Namun, terapi awal dari STEMI tidak dapat mencegah resiko reinfark. Reinfark yang terjadi setelah terapi reperfusi memiliki konsekuensi dan prognosis yang buruk. Oleh karena itu, pencegahan reinfark miokardium setelah terapi STEMI menjadi penting. Tujuan: Penulis memiliki inovasi untuk menggunakan Lumbrokinase dari ekstrak Lumbricus rubellus dalam bentuk sediaan oral sebagai upaya terapi alternatif pencegahan reinfark setelah terapi reperfusi pada STEMI. Metode: Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk meninjau efek dari lumbrokinase dalam mencegah reinfark miokardium setelah terapi STEMI dengan menggunakan metode non-systematic review. Pembahasan: Lumbrokinase dapat mencegah reinfark miokardium dengan beberapa mekanisme, termasuk efek trombolitiknya dengan mengaktivasi plasminogen dan mendegradasi fibrin, efek anti inflamasi dan anti oksidannya, serta dapat mencegah apoptosis miokardium lanjutan. Lumbrokinase dapat mencegah terjadinya apoptosis dengan meningkatkan aktivitas silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) dan menurunkan jalur pro-caspase-3. Lumbrokinase juga dapat mencegah inflamasi lanjutan dengan menurunkan level nuclear factor kappa B (NF-Kb) dan jalur toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), serta mencegah kerusakan oksidatif dengan deasetilasi Forkhead Box O (FoxO). Efek dari Lumbokinase tersebut berperan penting dalam pencegahan reinfark miokardium setelah terapi STEMI. Penggunaan lumbrokinase secara oral dibuat dalam bentuk kapsul. Kesimpulan: Lumbrokinase oral memiliki potensi dalam mencegah reinfark miokardium setelah terapi reperfusi pada STEMI. Kata Kunci: Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbrokinase, Reinfark miokardium, STEMI pasca reperfusi

Background: Palm oil mill effluent and palm press fiber are problematic wastes generated by the palm oil mill industries in Malaysia. This study has endeavored to assess the possibility of the vermicomposting of residue from the palm oil mills using epigeic earthworms Lumbricus rubellus under laboratory conditions. The study was conducted over 50 days using four combinations in three replicates of each treatment as palm oil mill effluent: palm press fiber in 50:50 ratio (T1), palm oil mill effluent/palm press fiber/cow dung in 50:25:25 ratio (T2), palm oil mill effluent/palm press fiber/cow dung/lawn clipping in 50:20:15:15 ratio (T3), and only palm press fiber (T4). Twenty healthy adult L. rubellus with average weight of 3.92 g was introduced. Results: Results showed that T3 has a significant decrease in C/N ratio (14.81 ± 0.07) compared to the other treatments. The presence of cow dung and lawn clipping in the mixtures makes it more suitable for vermicomposting process as early compost productions were recorded in T2 and T3. Conclusion: The study showed that the major polluting problem in palm oil mills can be tackled through vermicomposting technique. Based on the results, vermicompost is found suitable for agriculture purposes as an organic fertilizer as well as soil conditioner.

Purpose This study was to obtain suitable methods and the combination of market organic waste to make better organic fertilizer.Method The data were obtained experimentally in the decomposer room. The experimental design was a completely randomized design. The market organic waste consisted of comparing cabbage, banana peduncle, pineapple, added rice straw, and cow manure as bedding. The study used 12 treatments with three replicates. 4 treatments for composting methods (without earthworm) and 8 for vermicomposting (4 treatments using Lumbricus rubellus and 4 treatments using Eudrillus eugeniae). The compost and vermicompost characteristics variables were final weight, reduction, color, texture, and smell. The variables for chemical properties were pH, C-organic, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphoros, and Total Potassium.Results Vermicomposting method reduced market organic waste higher than compost 48.67 to 58%. Vermicompost is black like soil and more crumble. C-organic, pH, total Nitrogen, total Phosphorous and total Potassium following quality of SNI 19-7030-2004. The results show the compost with the combination of cabbage and banana peduncle combination (C-T1) had better values on total N (1.95%) and Total K (4.96%). Vermicompost with the combination of banana peduncle and pineapple with Eudrillus eugeniae (E-T3) had better average values ​​on total P (0.43%). The combination of market organic waste used to produce organic fertilizers can be made on a small or larger scale.Conclusion Vermicomposting is an effective strategy to reduce market organic waste. Composting with T1 combination (C-T1) and vermicomposting T3 combination (E-T3) had better value and was recommended for the following research stage.

Abstract Background Lumbrokinase derived from earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus is known to have fibrinolytic enzymes that have potential as therapeutic drugs due to its ability to dissolve fibrin. The current study is aimed to purify the Lumbrokinase from L. rubellus and identify its protein component. Methods Water extract of local earthworm Lumbricus rubellus revealed several proteins. Therefore, to identify its protein component, purification through HiPrep DEAE fast flow and proteomic analysis were conducted prior to identifications. A combination of two-dimension gel electrophoresis (2DE) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the purified fractions. Results The purified fractions contain five protein bands, namely F25-1, F25-2, F85-1, F85-2, and F85-3, which displayed strong fibrinogenolytic activity. F25 fractions showed fibrinogenolytic activity of 974.85 U/mg, while F85 fractions showed higher activity of 1,484.11 U/mg. Fractions F85-1, F85-2, and F85-3 showed molecular weights of 42.6 kDa, 27.03 kDa, and 14 kDa, respectively and were identified as Lumbrokinase iso-enzymes. Conclusion This preliminary study indicates that the F25 and F85 fractions are similar to published fibrinolytic protease-1 and lumbrokinase, respectively, in terms of their amino acid sequence.

Soil fauna, including terrestrial isopods, millipedes and earthworms, play an important role in the decomposition of litter through the process of shredding it during consumption. In the present study, the food preferences in two detritivores, the common woodlouse (Oniscus asellus) and the earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) over the leaf litter of four common tree species: common black alder (Alnus glutinosa), silver birch (Betula pendula), small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) were quantified in the laboratory. For each animal species, two sets of feeding mesocosms were prepared: one set with single litter species and another with mixed litter material (cafeteria-type test), where the animals were allowed to choose among the four litter species at once. The food preferences of the studied animals were determined on the basis of the consumption (mass loss) of litter for each litter species at the end of two-weeks lasting experiments. The results showed that the litter mass losses in both detritivores were significantly influenced by the tree species. The litter mass losses can be ranked in descending order as follows: alder, birch, linden, oak. In the case of O. asellus, litter mixing had no effect on litter mass loss when compared to single alder and birch litter, however mixing clearly accelerated litter mass loss compared to single lime or oak litter. For L. rubellus, litter mixing was found to slow litter mass loss compared to each single alder, birch and lime litter, while accelerating litter mass loss compared to single oak litter. For the interpretation of the results, the literature data on carbon to nitrogen ratio, as well as the proportion of difficult-to-degrade polyphenols and lignins in leaves of the studied tree species were used.

A comparative study on the vermicomposting ability and efficacy of two earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae and Lumbricus rubellus) on cow dung was carried out using standard methods. Data collected showed that there was an increase in the major nutrients content such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus as well as the electrical conductivity regardless of the vermibeds or treatment while there was a decrease in the total organic carbon, organic matter regardless of the vermibeds or treatment except the vermibed with cowdung only. The lignin content also decreased across all the vermibeds except the one with cowdung and L. rubellus. Vermicompost of cowdung + L. rubellus had highest concentrations of nitrogen (4.47±0.38) and phosphorus (114.64±0.648), cowdung +Eudrilus eugeniae had the highest potassium (26.7±0.849) while cowdung +dry grass+ Eudrilus eugeniae had the highest organic matter (33.15±0.919) and lignin (19.78±0.396) and cowdung only had the highest organic carbon. The result of the environmental parameters carried out showed that the cowdung+dry grass + E. eugeniae had the highest moisture (80.1±0.141), cowdung +dry grass+ L. rubellus had highest pH while cowdung+dry grass+E. eugeniae had the highest temperature (30.1±0.283). E. eugeniae showed a better decomposition rate with percentage decomposition of 79.90% while L. rubellus has 74.27%. However, there were significant differences (p

We present a genome assembly from an individual Lumbricus rubellus (the red compost earthworm; Annelida; Clitellata; Haplotaxida; Lumbricidae). The genome sequence is 787.5 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 18 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.81 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 33,426 protein coding genes.

ABSTRACT The Ethiopian Drylands are rich in their variety of local earthworm species. However, the category of species, and the effect of their performance on additions to plant nutrients have not been adequately evaluated. Thus, local earthworm samples were collected from the three major agroecological zones (highland, midland, and lowland) in Tigray (northern Ethiopia) and classified down to species level. Moreover, a vermicomposting experiment with four treatments (three local earthworm species, Eisenia fetida , and a conventional composting method) and three replications was established. Finally, each bin’s mature compost sample was taken to analyze plant nutrient content. The study results indicated that earthworm species in the highland, midland and lowland agroecological zones were Dendrobaena veneta, Eisenia andrie and Lumbricus rubellus , respectively. The use of these earthworms in the composting process (average of the four earthworm species) yielded higher nutrient content, ranging from 21.9 % for Sodium to 3300 % for Boron, compared to the conventional one. The highest total nitrogen (an increase of 44.4 %) and organic carbon (an increase of 33.4 %) were recorded in the Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta treated bins, respectively. Composting with Eisenia andrie has resulted in increases in P (96.1 %), K (125 %), Mg (83 %) and all micro-nutrients (between 91 % for Zn and 4400 % for B). Both Eisenia andrie and Lumbricus rubellus species contributed to the increased additions of Sulfur (85.7 %) compared to the control. It can be concluded that the use of local earthworms (particularly Eisenia andrie) in the composting process plays a significant role in plant nutrient addition.

Background and Objectives: The ineffective combination of corticosteroids and antibiotics in treating some atopic dermatitis (AD) cases has been concerning. The skin barrier defects in AD ease the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which results in a rise in interleukin-31 (IL-31). Lumbricus rubellus (L. rubellus) has shown antimicrobial and antiallergic effects but has not been studied yet to decrease the growth of S. aureus and IL-31 levels in AD patients. This study aimed to analyze the effect of L. rubellus extract in reducing S. aureus colonization, the IL-31 level, and the severity of AD. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) (international registration number TCTR20231025004) was conducted on 40 AD patients attending Dermatology and Venereology Polyclinic, Mother and Child Hospital (RSIA), Aceh, Indonesia, from October 2021 to March 2022. AD patients aged 8–16 who had a Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index > 25, with total IgE serum level > 100 IU/mL, and had healthy weight were randomly assigned into two groups: one received fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% and placebo (control group) and one received fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% combined with L. rubellus extract (Vermint®) (intervention group). The S. aureus colony was identified using a catalase test, coagulase test, and MSA media. The serum IL-31 levels were measured using ELISA assay, while the SCORAD index was used to assess the severity of and improvement in AD. Mean scores for measured variables were compared between the two groups using an unpaired t-test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: A significant decline in S. aureus colonization (p = 0.001) and IL-31 (p = 0.013) in patients receiving L. rubellus extract was found in this study. Moreover, fourteen AD patients in the intervention group showed an improvement in the SCORAD index of more than 35% (p = 0.057). Conclusions: L. rubellus extract significantly decreases S. aureus colonization and the IL-31 level in AD patients, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy for children with AD.

Earthworm invasions often reduce biodiversity and affect the ability of ecosystems to perform ecosystem functions. Over the past few decades, European lumbricid species have spread widely in natural habitats in Western Siberia, without completely displacing the native species. The aim of the present experiment is to study the survival, reproductive potential, vertical distribution, abundance, and biomass of Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus invasive species for the region and the native species Eisenia nordenskioldi and their influence on each other. For this purpose, winter and vegetation experiments were conducted in mesocosms simulating the real situation of invasions in the same communities on the same types of soils with the same amount and composition of litter. The authors found that the native species was significantly inferior to A. caliginosa in reproduction rate, number of offspring, and final biomass, but had an advantage over L. rubellus. The native species was positively influenced by the presence of A. caliginosa. In the experiment, there was a significant rejuvenation of the populations of the studied species, as well as an increase in abundance and relative mass under interaction conditions compared to mono variants. The native species had advantages over the invasive species in terms of winter survival. The natural volume of litter used in the experiment was insufficient for L. rubellus. According to the results of the experiment, it can be assumed that the spread of L. rubellus will continue to be limited to non-freezing biotopes rich in organic matter. A. caliginosa will spread in natural communities and agrocenoses of Western Siberia.

Tanah yang dipengaruhi oleh cacing tanah selalu memiliki bahan organik, total N, kapasitas tukar kation (KTK), Ca, Mg, dan K yang dapat dipertukarkan, N dan P tersedia yang lebih tinggi. Hal ini disebabkan karena aktifitas cacing tanah sangat meningkatkan konsentrasi N inorganik dalam tanah, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengomposan dari limbah baglog jamur tiram dengan menggunakan cacing tanah untuk menghasilkan unsur makro (N, P dan K). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas pengomposan limbah baglog jamur tiram dengan menggunakan cacing tanah (vermicomposting) dan tanpa menggunakan cacing tanah dalam menghasilkan unsur hara makro (N, P dan K). Metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kandungan unsur hara makro N, P dan K yaitu metode eksprimental yang meliputi 2 tahap, yaitu pembuatan kompos dan analisa hasil kandungan kompos (N, P dan K). Hubungan antara jumlah pemberian cacing dan jumlah kandungan unsur N, P, K yang dihasilkan dapat diketahui dengan metode analisis regresi linier sederhana, dari hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil semakin banyak jumlah cacing yang diberikan, maka semakin meningkat unsur hara makro N, P dan K yang dihasilkan, selanjutnya dilakukan uji t (uji koefisien regresi sederhana) untuk mengetahui apakah jumlah pemberian cacing berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap jumlah kandungan unsur N, P dan K yang dihasilkan. Penelitian memberikan hasil yang signifikan antara pemberian cacing terhadap kandungan unsur Nitrogen dan Fosfor yang dihasilkan, namun tidak signifikan antara pemberian cacing dengan unsur kalium yang dihasilkan.

Earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) are commonly utilized as a feed that contains lot of proteins needed by poultry, such as aves, fish, and shrimps. The effort of improving earthworms' (Lumbricus rubellus) harvesting, in fact, is affected by the soar of the feed’s price as well. Earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) breeders must be more innovative in finding the alternative food for the earthworms.This research employed Completely Randomized Design design through four treatments and two repetitions. In addition, the sample constituted the 640 ciliated earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) by using randomized sampling technique. This research revealed that providing baglog waste feed of white oyster-mushrooms, the chickens’ feces, and the combination of the two gave a significantly highest effect (based on sig.

Background: DLBS1033 is a bioactive protein fraction extracted from Lumbricus rubellus, with fibrinogenolytic, fibrinolytic and anti-aggregation activities reported in an in vitro study. Plasma half-life is an important parameter to calculate its dose. This study was conducted to evaluate the biological half-life of DLBS1033 by measuring serial plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complex. PAP complex is a stable and inactive compound as a result of fibrinolysis process. Methods: this was an open-label clinical trial in healthy adult subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups to receive single dose drugs (received 3 x 490 mg) or repeated administration until steady state conditions (3 x 490 mg/day for 3 days). Blood samples for PAP complex measurement were collected at time 0 (before drug administration for single dose group), then at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Safety parameters used in this study were creatinine, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), SGOT, and SGPT. Results: the biological half-life of DLBS1033 was calculated based on the mean of PAP complex concentration on each time sampling. In single dose group, the highest mean of PAP complex concentration was reached before drug administration. Our result showed that the activity of DLBS1033 could not be determined after single dose administration. In steady state condition, the PAP complex concentration increase in 2 hours after last drug administration. The biological half-life of DLBS1033 was 8.6 hours. There were no significant safety findings on all laboratory parameters and no serious adverse events. Conclusion: it is concluded that the fibrinolytic effects of DLBS1033 can be measured in steady state condition. The biological half-life of DLBS1033 in steady state condition was 8.6 hours. There were no serious adverse events on two groups of subjects.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Lumbricus rubellus was analyzed by next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome was 15,464 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and a non-coding region. The phylogenetic analysis of 13 PCGs within the class Oligochaeta suggested that L. rubellus was placed as sister to L. terrestris of the same genus. The results obtained here can contribute to the phylogenetic analysis of earthworms.

An investigation was carried out to scan the influence of synthetic nutrients on Vermicomposting. A mixture of six nutrients (Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum and Boron) was introduced to augment the growth of worms (Lumbricus rubellus) and to ensure the higher digestion rate of the pre-composted bio-degradable organic waste. Initially green waste was collected from the local vegetable market and pre-composted for about three weeks. Then the pre-composted waste was placed in two identical glass vermireactors. Each reactor was loaded with equal volume of waste (0.024 m³) and worms (40 gm). The pre-composted waste was vermicomposted for a period of 21 days by applying nutrients in one reactor and the other was kept as control (without nutrient). The nutrients were applied in liquid form while moistening the reactor beds and the characteristics of the pre-composted waste, vermicasts and vermi growth rate were studied. Results revealed that the reactor added by nutrients performed better by achieving 41.34% higher waste volume reduction and 42% increase in the worm growth rate.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic fertilization on growth, several physiological parameters and yield of pepper plants (‛Buketen 50’). The field experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the Agroecological Centre of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), which is certified as an ecological farm. For the purpose of the research, the bio-fertilizer Lumbrical, produced by the Californian earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus), was used. Just before planting, two levels of the bio-fertilizer were applied 50 and 100 ml per plant. Thirty days after planting, a part of the plants were additionally fed with a solution of Lumbrical (200 ml per plant). During plant vegetation some biometrical indices characterizing plant growth were measured. The content of the plastid pigments and the leaf gas exchange were taken into account. The fertility of the pollen of the flowers was determined. The total amount of pigments in the dried and ground red pepper was analyzed.

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of earth worm meal (Lumbricus rubellus) added into feed additive (FA) on performance and histopathology of broilers which were infected with 1 ml/bird containing 3x108 pure culture of Salmonella pullorum orally. Broilers were tested their antibody to S. pullorum by agglutination test before the chickens were infected at 22 days of age. Treatment consisted of control without FA (R0), control with antibiotic (R1), FA contain 25% earth worm meal/EWM (R2), FA contain 50% EWM (R3), FA contain 75% EWM (R4), and FA contain 100% EWM (R5) which were periodically fed to broilers every three days at seventh days before and 10 days after infection. Treatments were arranged on completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications of four broilers each. Broilers given FA had significantly (P

Both Lumbricus rubellus and Pseudomonas putida decompose soil organic matters. The population of P. putida Pf-20 increased if L. rubellus was introduced to the cucumber growth medium. The process of organic decomposition was much better if the medium was introduced with both L. rubellus and P. putida Pf-20, compared to the medium contained only either one of those organisms. The activity of L. rubellus may serve to provide nutrients for both the cucumber and P. putida. The role of P. putida to reduce disease severity was increased if L. rubellus was introduced to the growth medium. The synergism of these two organisms, reduced either the level of disease severity to CMV-48 and C/N ratio of medium, but increased the content of available phosphor and potassium.

Both Lumbricus rubellus and Pseudomonas putida decompose soil organic matters. The population of P. putida Pf-20 increased if L. rubellus was introduced to the cucumber growth medium. The process of organic decomposition was much better if the medium was introduced with both L. rubellus and P. putida Pf-20, compared to the medium contained only either one of those organisms. The activity of L. rubellus may serve to provide nutrients for both the cucumber and P. putida. The role of P. putida to reduce disease severity was increased if L. rubellus was introduced to the growth medium. The synergism of these two organisms, reduced either the level of disease severity to CMV-48 and C/N ratio of medium, but increased the content of available phosphor and potassium.