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Abstract Person re-identification (ReID) aims to find the person of interest across multiple non-overlapping cameras. It is considered an essential step for person tracking applications which is vital for surveillance. Person ReID could be investigated either using image-based or video-based. Video-based person ReID is considered more discriminating and realistic than image-based ReID due to the massive information extracted for each person. Different deep-learning techniques have been used for video-based ReID. In this survey, recently published articles are reviewed according to video-based ReID system pipeline: deep features learning, deep metric learning, and deep learning approaches. The deep feature learning approaches are categorized into spatial and temporal approaches, while deep metric learning is divided into metric and metric learning approaches. The deep learning approaches are differentiated into: supervised, unsupervised, weakly-supervised, and one-shot learning. A detailed analysis is held for the architectures of the state-of-the-art deep learning approaches. And their performance on four benchmark datasets is compared.

The vehicle sideslip angle or lateral velocity is a measure both for driving stability and for occupant’s subjective perception of safety. With the introduction of vehicle dynamics control systems and automated driving functions, knowledge of this vehicle motion state is required for many control strategies. This article gives an overview on the state of the art on sideslip angle estimation. In contrast to other literature studies on this topic, it focuses on vehicle dynamics based algorithms. The following types of observers are discussed: Kalman Filter-type, recursive least squares (RLS), sliding mode observers (SMO) or nonlinear observers (NLO). Eventually, cascaded observers are used that first estimate some states, which then act as input to the sideslip angle estimator. Since the choice of an observer strategy always depends on the application, this article provides a brief insight into the work of selected research groups that have studied the topic. These examples will help to clarify the presence of many different approaches in the literature. A detailed discussion on vehicle and tire models is not included but referenced to other sources. Finally, this article provides recommendations for two main target groups: First, researchers and engineers that plan to design an algorithm for sideslip angle estimation using deterministic vehicle dynamics based approaches. Second, researchers and engineers planning to include an existing algorithm in an automated driving function that want to learn about advantages and limitations of these types of algorithms.

Micro‐/nanorobots (mn‐robots), inspired by the versatile mechanisms found in natural microorganisms, show great potential in enabling innovative bio‐applications. The 3D‐printed magnetic mn‐robots are substantially advanced to swim in vivo and to carry and release therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. To understand the state of the art of such robots and identify their development trend, this article presents a comprehensive and systematic review of the recent works on development of magnetic robots and their applications in biomedical engineering, with a particular focus on targeted therapeutic delivery. The developments in materials, fabrications, actuations, and applications with design for magnetic mn‐robots are reviewed, and it is aimed to discover the limitations of the existing works and to identify the knowledge gap, thereby deriving future research directions on developing magnetic mn‐robots, especially for their applications in targeted therapeutic delivery.

Abstract This article intends to review the theoretical aspects and current research on agency theory. It aims to explore the main ideas, problems, and issues related to agency theory through a survey of the current literature. Agency theory is caused by agency relationships and information asymmetry which causes agency problems and agency costs. This article not only categorizes agency problems into six categories representing various concepts and problems but also solutions offered related to agency theory research over the last five years. This literature survey will enlighten practitioners and researchers in understanding, analyzing, mitigating agency problems, and guiding future research on agency theory. Abstrak Artikel ini bermaksud untuk meninjau aspek teoretis dan riset terkini tentang teori keagenan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi ide-ide utama, masalah, dan isu-isu yang terkait dengan teori keagenan melalui survei literatur saat ini. Teori keagenan disebabkan oleh hubungan keagenan dan asimetri informasi yang menyebabkan masalah keagenan dan biaya keagenan. Artikel ini tidak hanya mengkategorikan masalah keagenan ke dalam enam kategori yang mewakili berbagai konsep dan masalah tetapi juga menawarkan solusi terkait dengan riset teori keagenan selama lima tahun terakhir. Survei literatur ini akan mencerahkan praktisi dan peneliti dalam memahami, menganalisis, mengurangi masalah keagenan, dan membantu memandu riset selanjutnya tentang teori keagenan.

Iran, possessing unique topographic and diverse climatic conditions, is the home of 8167 vascular plant species. Iran has a historical tradition in using plants for medicinal purposes. Approximately 2075 species over the whole are popularly characterized as medicinal or aromatic. Medicinal trees and shrubs compose a significant percentage of Iranian medicinal flora. Nonetheless, there are no integrated databases on their applications and most of the publications and documents have been scattered to date. Therefore, the present investigation aims to integrate the published literature considering its ethnobotanical aspects that would serve as promising precursors for developing potent medicines of plant origin. In the study, we compile information about ethnobotany of trees and shrubs of Iran. Our survey found 174 taxa belonging to 109 genera and 56 families. The majority of species were classified in Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, and Lamiaceae families. Rosaceae was the most dominant, representing 21.8% of the total plant species recorded, among them, the genus with the highest number of species was Prunus (16 species). Berberis vulgaris, Citrus limon, and Betula pendula have the highest number of medicinal uses (24 number of uses) in Iran. Leaves (22.7%) represented the most dominant usage of the plant parts, while the most commonly used preparation method was infusion (33.5%). Most of the plant species have been consumed for digestive system treatment (21%), followed by immune system treatment (20%). The present review highlights that different trees and shrubs taxa have great traditional applications in various healing throughout the Iranian territory. The represented data can potentially be a precious reference containing useful information for directing further phytochemical, biological, and pharmacological investigations. Several endemic species of trees and shrubs, particularly Ribes khorasanicum, are frequently used in Iranian traditional medicine. Because of overharvesting, these species are calling a wake-up alarm for conservation.

Intermediate public transport (IPT) or paratransit is an indispensable part of the transportation system in low and middle-income countries. This paper presents the state-of-the-art research advances in the domain of paratransit service quality evaluation through the use of systematic bibliographic analysis. The annual production rate of publication in this sector is 17.88%, which indicates the growing intensity of research activity in this subject and thus justifies the need to perform a thorough review of available literature. This holistic approach is aimed at providing comprehensive information on paratransit research areas, the citation networks, along with the contribution of different countries. All pertinent research studies published in Scopus until 2021 are analyzed to acquire research status in this domain. For the extraction of valuable knowledge from the archives of large-scale literature, the co-occurrence and the co-citation networks of concurrence are constructed. Visualizing the bibliographic network gives a clear understanding of the extent of the literature available, areas of expertise, and research trends. The comprehensive analysis of the shortlisted documents led to the identification of various sub-sectors of the research field, types of paratransit vehicles, and research methodologies adopted by different scholars to evaluate service quality. The research gap thus identified is that despite acknowledging the importance of IPT and its vital role in many developing countries, very few research studies have been conducted to evaluate its service quality. The significant findings through an in-depth review provide ways for the scope of future work.

Currently, a significant gap exists between academic and industrial research in automated driving development. Despite this, there is common sense that cooperative control approaches in automated vehicles will surpass the previously favored takeover paradigm in most driving situations due to enhanced driving performance and user experience. Yet, the application of these concepts in real driving situations remains unclear, and a holistic approach to driving cooperation is missing. Existing research has primarily focused on testing specific interaction scenarios and implementations. To address this gap and offer a contemporary perspective on designing human–vehicle cooperation in automated driving, we have developed a three-part taxonomy with the help of an extensive literature review. The taxonomy broadens the notion of driving cooperation towards a holistic and application-oriented view by encompassing (1) the “Cooperation Use Case”, (2) the “Cooperation Frame”, and (3) the “Human–Machine Interface”. We validate the taxonomy by categorizing related literature and providing a detailed analysis of an exemplar paper. The proposed taxonomy offers designers and researchers a concise overview of the current state of driver cooperation and insights for future work. Further, the taxonomy can guide automotive HMI designers in ideation, communication, comparison, and reflection of cooperative driving interfaces.

The increasing number of scientific publications in acoustics, in general, presents difficulties in conducting traditional literature surveys. This work explores the use of a generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) model to automate a literature survey of 117 articles on data-driven speech enhancement methods. The main objective is to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the model in providing accurate responses to specific queries about the papers selected from a reference human-based survey. While we see great potential to automate literature surveys in acoustics, improvements are needed to address technical questions more clearly and accurately.

Much literature exists on fiscal decentralization and intergovernmental fiscal relations in sub-Saharan Africa, and some of the very salient policy actions that have impacted local government development have emerged from such literature. The developing world, including sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), has markedly promoted fiscal decentralization in the last three decades. However, many important aspects of fiscal decentralization in SSA and Cameroon, in particular, have not been addressed by existing literature. The main objective of this review paper is, therefore, to identify the literature gaps and design an agenda for future research in the areas of fiscal decentralization and intergovernmental fiscal relations that has the potential to impact policy and spur development in Cameroon. A qualitative research methodology (content analysis) is used to gather, group, and offer a critical look at existing literature on the benefits of fiscal decentralization and intergovernmental fiscal relations in sub-Saharan Africa. It uses an integrative review and a standardized approach of abstracting appropriate information from each article and performing an appropriate analysis of the literature survey of a few decentralized countries in SSA as the population focused on in the primary studies. This review paper recommends that areas for further research on FD in Cameroon should include: Types of funding autonomy desired by local government councils in Cameroon; Revenue sharing formulas that are good for Cameroon’s economic development; How central government transfers enhance local revenue mobilization in councils which share the same political affiliation as the ruling party compared to those who do not. Studies that point to new ways of generating supplementary financing at the local level in Cameroon to match the increased responsibilities due to decentralization are still rare. The percentage of shares of central government revenue transfers to local communities is necessary to reduce poverty and inequality, and what agency and criteria should be put in place to control the execution of these transfers? The above recommendations of this review paper will greatly inform theory, policy, and practice on fiscal decentralization realities in SSA as a whole and Cameroon in particular.

Conceptual models are an effective and unparalleled means to communicate complicated information with a broad variety of stakeholders in a short period of time. However, in practice, conceptual models often vary in clarity, employed features, communicated content, and overall quality. This potentially impacts model comprehension to a point where models are factually useless. To counter this, guidelines to create “good” conceptual models have been suggested. However, these guidelines are often abstract, hard to operationalize in different modeling languages, partly overlap, or even contradict one another. In addition, no comparative study of proposed guidelines exists so far. This issue is exacerbated as no established metrics to measure or estimate model comprehension for a given conceptual model exist. In this article, we present the results of a literature survey investigating 109 publications in the field and discuss metrics to measure model comprehension, their quantification, and their empirical substantiation. Results show that albeit several concrete quantifiable metrics and guidelines have been proposed, concrete evaluative recommendations are largely missing. Moreover, some suggested guidelines are contradictory, and few metrics exist that allow instantiating common frameworks for model quality in a specific way.

This manuscript presents the largest review of lead (Pb) content in bony fish collected worldwide. Lead analyses are assigned to specific species and localized using the Food and Agricultural Organization geographical fishing zones. The data set is expanded according to the number of analyses in each cohort leading to a record of 22190 and 5954 Pb concentrations for muscle and liver, respectively. Descriptive and comparative statistics demonstrate the usefulness of this chronicle to examine Pb content differences in bony fish from the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific oceans, and basins of the Mediterranean Sea. Investigation of distinct tissues are indicative of contaminated habitat imprints on metabolic Pb accumulation at global and regional scales. Muscle and liver Pb content from all mixed species are significantly correlated above 0.1 ppm (wet weight) suggesting a threshold above which liver metabolism may not efficiently balance uptake and excretion of Pb that accumulates more readily in both tissues. This review constitutes a prerequisite to monitor the effect of environmental policies on fish bioindicators, and to examine inter- and intraspecies responses to environmental Pb insult according to various habitats and biological factors.

An abundance of various segmentation techniques are available in the literature, that cater to wide range of image understanding applications. The paper proposes a unified way of systematic categorization of the research work on image segmentation called Multi-Faceted Hierarchical Image Segmentation Taxonomy (MFHIST), which consist of six facets presented in a hierarchical manner - scope, requirement, control, feature, image representation and approach specifications. Every scope is exemplified with research works from the literature for better understanding. The paper gives an illustration of populating MFHIST, to provide the reader a quick grasp of few important state-of-art image segmentation research works and their adaptations. As a case study, the illustrations display a limited version to uncover the journey of basic to modern adaptations in the areas region based segmentation approach, such as Markov Random Fields, Spectral Clustering, Active Contour Model, Mean Shift Clustering. The other segmentation approaches have not been considered here, owing to the enormous volume of works in the past four to five decades and limitation in articulating all of them using MFHIST. The performance analysis of the algorithms using quantitative metrics is not in the present scope and will be considered in future version of MFHIST.

Information systems are pervasive in organizations of all sizes. To use them securely, users must be properly trained. Because of the pervasiveness of information systems the number of scientific publications reporting on user training for secure use of information systems is increasing year by year. To overcome the issue of manually surveying such a vast body of knowledge and to keep up with research trends, we conducted bibliometric mapping of research on user training for secure use of information systems. A total of N = 1955 records published between 1991 and 2019 were retrieved from the Web of Science bibliographic database on 21 November 2019. Top contributing authors, organizations, countries and research field were identified with the Web of Science built-in results analysis tool. Additionally, keyword mapping was performed with VOSviewer software. The analysis of the network and overlay keyword maps revealed six clusters: healthcare, technology adoption, management, information security, technical solutions and physical security. The results of this study suggest attractive research directions to be pursued in the future, such as information security training in healthcare and individualized user training alternatives to one-size-fits-all user training approach.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an extensive empirical literature review on the relation between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. The survey included 50 papers, most of which are published in major energy journals, to ensure the high-quality review. This literature review includes period, countries, methodology and research results. Also, the survey included policy recommendation for renewable energy policymakers depending on results obtained by authors. The general observation from reviewed literature is the absence of any clear consensus regarding the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth, which can be contributed to various factors.

Construction projects generally involve a long period of construction, huge financial investment and more problems that need to be faced in the development process. Several risk factors have to be encountered, among those one of the major risk factors is Manpower Management. Though the construction sector employs more people than other industries do, its human resource management is still poor and ineffective. This review paper concentrates on a workforce that directly contributes to the building process, labours, site engineers, and engineers or contractors. This study helps engineers or contractors to understand the value of labour resource management in the project to effectively manage them in construction projects. The primary issues in managing labour resources in construction projects have been identified with the help of a literature survey. The major problems identified will be considered for further investigation on manpower management.

The ability to conduct an explicit and robust literature review by students, scholars or scientists is critical in producing excellent journal articles, academic theses, academic dissertations or working papers. A literature review is an evaluation of existing research works on a specific academic topic, theme or subject to identify gaps and propose future research agenda. Many postgraduate students in higher education institutions lack the necessary skills and understanding to conduct in-depth literature reviews. This may lead to the presentation of incorrect, false or biased inferences in their theses or dissertations. This study offers scientific knowledge on how literature reviews in different fields of study could be conducted to mitigate against biased inferences such as unscientific analogies and baseless recommendations. The literature review is presented as a process that involves several activities including searching, identifying, reading, summarising, compiling, analysing, interpreting and referencing. We hope this article serves as reference material to improve the academic rigour in the literature review chapters of postgraduate students’ theses or dissertations. This article prompts established scholars to explore more innovative ways through which scientific literature reviews can be conducted to identify gaps (empirical, knowledge, theoretical, methodological, application and population gap) and propose a future research agenda.

The term Metaverse has received much attention in various industries, in society, and, increasingly, in scientific communities. This creates demand for a comprehensive and broadly accepted definition of the subject, which is well grounded in research. At the same time, the Metaverse is rather a vision under evolution than an examinable phenomenon. Therefore, this study applied an adapted version of the meta-synthesis method to analyze the existing literature and distill a proposal for a Metaverse definition. The adapted method takes the nature of the subject into account by weighing younger publications with many citations over older, less influential documents. Initially, 47 publications were fed into the process, of which 24 were left after the primary analysis. As a result of the analysis, the following definition is proposed: “The Metaverse is an interconnected web of ubiquitous virtual worlds partly overlapping with and enhancing the physical world. These virtual worlds enable users represented by avatars to connect and interact with each other, to experience and consume user-generated content in an immersive, scalable, synchronous and persistent environment. An economic system provides incentives for contributing to the Metaverse.” The meta-synthesis method ensures a systematic and reproducible approach while at the same time preserving the original voice and notion of the analyzed literature in order to create new knowledge based on the existing literature; thus the proposed Metaverse definition might serve as a helpful foundation for future research.

The research on educational gamification spans many topics of interest. As the total volume of research in this area has greatly increased in the last 10 years, it is interesting to see how the interest in the respective topics has changed over the same period. In this paper, we answer this question by means of keyword analysis performed on 7572 unique keywords extracted from 2203 papers. The obtained results reveal (1) the high popularity of keywords that are non-obviously relevant to gamification, (2) vast disproportions in the volume of research dedicated to different aspects of the same research sub-area, and (3) differing patterns of popularity among the most frequent keywords, as well as (4) keywords introduced and abandoned in recent years. The presented findings bear a number of implications for the future of research on educational gamification.

This dataset presents the chemical characteristics of plant biomass and crop residues from agrosystems in European areas (carbon and nitrogen contents and biochemical composition). These data have been collected from the scientific literature. The specific data and their origins are presented. The mean values from these data are also provided by major production type (main crops, forage and pasture crops, green manure and cover crops, vegetable crops and energy crops), species and litter type. These data were collected as part of the framework of the European project ResidueGas (ERA-GAS, 2017-2021), which aims to improve the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions associated with crop residues.

Extractive keyphrase generation research has been around since the nineties, but the more advanced abstractive approach based on the encoder-decoder framework and sequence- to-sequence learning has been explored only recently. In fact, more than a dozen of abstractive methods have been proposed in the last three years, producing meaningful keyphrases and achiev- ing state-of-the-art scores. In this survey, we examine various aspects of the extractive keyphrase generation methods and focus mostly on the more recent abstractive methods that are based on neural networks. We pay particular attention to the mechanisms that have driven the perfection of the later. A huge collection of scientific article metadata and the corresponding keyphrases is created and released for the research community. We also present various keyphrase generation and text summarization research patterns and trends of the last two decades.

Abstract Background There is an increasing number of published systematic reviews (SR) of dose-response meta-analyses (DRMAs) over the past decades. However, the quality of abstract reporting of these SR-DRMAs remains to be understood. We conducted a literature survey to investigate the abstract reporting of SR-DRMAs. Methods Medline, Embase, and Wiley online Library were searched for eligible SR-DRMAs. The reporting quality of SR-DRMAs was assessed by the modified PRISMA-for-Abstract checklist (14 items). We summarized the adherence rate of each item and categorized them as well complied (adhered by 80% or above), moderately complied (50 to 79%), and poorly complied (less than 50%). We used total score to reflect the abstract quality and regression analysis was employed to explore the potential influence factors for it. Results We included 529 SR-DRMAs. Eight of 14 items were moderately (3 items) or poorly complied (5 items) while only 6 were well complied by these SR-DRMAs. Most of the SR-DRMAs failed to describe the methods for risk of bias assessment (30.2, 95% CI: 26.4, 34.4%) and the results of bias assessment (48.8, 95% CI: 44.4, 53.1%). Few SR-DRMAs reported the funding (2.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.9%) and registration (0.6, 95% CI: 0.1, 1.6%) information in the abstract. Multivariable regression analysis suggested word number of abstracts [> 250 vs. ≤ 250 (estimated ß = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.61; P = 0.039)] was positively associated with the abstract reporting quality. Conclusion The abstract reporting of SR-DRMAs is suboptimal, substantial effort is needed to improve the reporting. More word number may benefit for the abstract reporting. Given that reporting of abstract largely depends on the reporting and conduct of the SR-DRMA, review authors should also focus on the completeness of SR-DRMA itself.

Abstract Background Scientific data and research results are being published at an unprecedented rate. Many database curators and researchers utilize data and information from the primary literature to populate databases, form hypotheses, or as the basis for analyses or validation of results. These efforts largely rely on manual literature surveys for collection of these data, and while querying the vast amounts of literature using keywords is enabled by repositories such as PubMed, filtering relevant articles from such query results can be a non-trivial and highly time consuming task. Results We here present a tool that enables users to perform classification of scientific literature by text mining-based classification of article abstracts. BioReader (Biomedical Research Article Distiller) is trained by uploading article corpora for two training categories - e.g. one positive and one negative for content of interest - as well as one corpus of abstracts to be classified and/or a search string to query PubMed for articles. The corpora are submitted as lists of PubMed IDs and the abstracts are automatically downloaded from PubMed, preprocessed, and the unclassified corpus is classified using the best performing classification algorithm out of ten implemented algorithms. Conclusion BioReader supports data and information collection by implementing text mining-based classification of primary biomedical literature in a web interface, thus enabling curators and researchers to take advantage of the vast amounts of data and information in the published literature. BioReader outperforms existing tools with similar functionalities and expands the features used for mining literature in database curation efforts. The tool is freely available as a web service at http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/BioReader

Myiasis is a type of parasitosis by larvae of Diptera that may affect vertebrates, including wild and domestic birds. Traumatic myiasis was discovered in a domestic goose, Anser anser domesticus L. (Anseriformes: Anatidae), in June 2020 in a rural area of the region Calabria (Southern Italy). The myiasis was caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). In Italy, this was the first case of myiasis by L. sericata ever described in a bird. It was also the first case of myiasis detected in a goose in Italy. The description of the case is integrated by a discussion on nonhematophagous dipteran larvae causing myiasis in birds and by an updated and detailed review of literature cases of myiasis by L. sericata in birds reported worldwide, useful for monitoring and management of dipteran species of medical and veterinary interest.

In the context of modern power system development to support the evolution towards green energy and carbon-neutral emission goals, many existing problems and even challenges demand new technical solutions. In recent years, decentralized blockchain technology has been employed to address some problems in power systems, and many papers have been published. In this paper, the concept of blockchain is first introduced. A brief survey of the existing publications regarding the applications of blockchain in power systems, including power system dispatching, microgrid operation, energy trading, electricity trading settlement, transmission, and distribution system operation, is then carried out. In addition, several application scenarios of blockchain technology in power systems are also introduced. Through the discussion, we found that we still need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages, overcome its leakage, and bring its value into play if we apply blockchain technology in modern power systems in support of zero carbon goals.

Plant invasion science and weed science, both dealing with harmful plants, have historically developed in separation. This may also be true for how the two fields are addressing the consequences of future climate change. Here, we first conducted a literature survey to explore how researchers in these two disciplines study the effects of climate change, and then identified their characteristic approaches to determine what the disciplines can learn from each other to better understand, predict, and mitigate the outcomes of responses of harmful plants to climate change. Over the past 20 years, we found a much steeper increase in publications dealing with climate change for invasive alien plants (IAP) than for weeds. However, invasion scientists have to date only rarely investigated climate change effects at the local scale, such as on functional traits and population dynamics. In contrast, weed science could benefit from studies at larger scale, such as using a modeling approach to predict changes in weed distributions. Studies assessing the impacts of the target plants on ecosystem properties and on society, and on their management under climate change are important components of weed studies but remain neglected for IAP. This is despite an urgent need, especially because under climate change, abandoned cropland, and areas of high conservation value are facing increasing risk from IAP. We argue that the strengths and diversity of approaches of these two disciplines in studying the effects of climate change are complementary and that closer ties between them would be highly beneficial for both.

Accurate values for the climatic conditions in an air cavity, hereby called the microclimate, are crucial when calculating and simulating the performance of a ventilated roof and façade system. The climatic stress of its components and their mould and rot potential influence the long-term durability of the roof or façade. A scoping study is conducted to gain an overview on research and the scientific literature on the microclimate of air cavities in ventilated roofing and claddings in Nordic climates. From the body of the research literature, 21 scientific works were of particular interest, and their findings are summarized. The review shows that only a limited number of studies discuss the microclimate of air cavities. Roofs are discussed to a greater and more varied degree compared to façades and air cavities behind solar panels. However, the results cannot be compared and validated against each other to generally describe the microclimate of air cavities, as the surveyed papers approach the subject differently. This knowledge gap indicates that calculations and simulations can be performed without knowing whether the results represent reality. If the structure of ventilated roof and façade systems are only designed based on experience, it can be difficult to be proactive and adapt to future climate changes. Further studies are needed to determine the relation between the exterior climate and the air cavity microclimate, so that future climate predictions can be used to simulate the long-term performance of ventilated roof and façade systems.

Each shipping line is expected to establish a reliable operating model, and the design of ship schedules is a key operational consideration. Long-term profits for shipping lines can be expected from a well-designed ship schedule. In today’s liner service design, managing the time factor is critical. Shipping schedules are prone to different unexpected disruptions. Such disruptions would necessitate a near-real-time analysis of port capacity and re-design of the original ship schedule to offset the negative externalities. Ship schedule recovery strategies should be implemented to mitigate the effects caused by disruptions at ports or at sea, which may include, but are not limited to, ship sailing speed adjustment, handling rate adjustment at ports, port skipping, and port skipping with container diversion. A proper selection of ship schedule recovery strategies is expected to minimize deviations from the original ship schedule and reduce delays in the delivery of cargoes to the destination ports. This article offers a thorough review of the current liner shipping research primarily focusing on two major themes: (1) uncertainties in liner shipping operations; and (2) ship schedule recovery in response to disruptive events. On the basis of a detailed review of the available literature, the obtained results are carefully investigated, and limitations in the current state-of-the-art are determined for every group of studies. Furthermore, representative mathematical models are provided that could be further used in future research efforts dealing with uncertainties in liner shipping and ship schedule recovery. Last but not least, a few prospective research avenues are suggested for further investigation.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an extensive empirical literature review on the relation between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. The survey included 50 papers, most of which are published in major energy journals, to ensure the high-quality review. This literature review includes period, countries, methodology and research results. Also, the survey included policy recommendation for renewable energy policymakers depending on results obtained by authors. The general observation from reviewed literature is the absence of any clear consensus regarding the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth, which can be contributed to various factors.

The advent of new and affordable high-throughput sequencing techniques allows for the investigation of the genetic basis of environmental adaptation throughout the plant and animal kingdom. The framework of genotype-environment associations (GEA) provides a powerful link by correlating the geographic distribution of genotype patterns of individuals or populations with environmental factors on a spatial scale. We coarsely review the short history of GEA studies, summarizing available studies, organisms, data type, and data availability for these studies. GEA is a powerful tool in climate change research and we therefore focus on climate variables as environmental factors. While our initial aim was to compare results of existing studies to identify common patterns or differences in climate adaptation, we quickly realized that such a meta-analysis approach is currently unfeasible. Based on our literature review we discuss the current shortcomings and lack of data accessibility which impede meta-analyses. Such meta-analyses would allow to draw conclusions on traits and functions crucial to adapt to different environmental, e.g., climate conditions, across species. We thus make a strong call for standardized data and reposition structure for GEA studies. Moreover, the coordinated documentation of candidate genes associated to environmental factors could allow the establishment of a new and additional gene ontology domain “environmental association.” This would systematically link fitness relevant genes to the corresponding environmental factor.

The Camino de Santiago is a network of routes where it is possible to find persons with religious purposes, tourists, curious and other pilgrims with the more diverse objectives and interests, showing the multidimensional perspectives and meanings of these ways. Several times the several stakeholders have effective difficulties to identify, in each region, the route used in the past by the pilgrims of the Camino de Santiago. In this framework, the study here presented intends to explore the main insights highlighted by the scientific literature about the Camino de Santiago, stressing the specific case of the routes in the region of Viseu. As methodology, it was, first, made a literature survey with 52 different articles obtained from the scientific platform Web of Science (all databases) for the topic “Camino de Santiago” and after explored literature related with the routes in the region of Viseu. To improve the initial literature review and to support the organization of the study it was made previously a bibliometric analysis. As main insights, of stressing the importance of considering multidisciplinary approaches in the analyses of the several dimensions of the Camino de Santiago. Specifically for the routes in the region of Viseu of referring that, the Camino de Santiago, starting from Coimbra to Chaves passing by Viseu, was one of the main routes of Portuguese pilgrimage. The first references of a route that crossed the region date back to the XIIth century. In the XVIth and XVIIIth centuries, pilgrims from diverse nationalities walked the Camino towards the tomb of the Apostle. They were driven by various motivations from the misfortunes of life. Devotion, spirituality, and penance in particular were, however, the determining factors for anyone being willing to wear the habit of a pilgrim. The roads they took are not easy to exactly trace back. Nonetheless, it was possible to perceive that the pilgrims in the region preferred the main routes dated from the Roman period.

Yöneylem Araştırması tekniklerinin sağlık alanındaki problemlerin çözümünde kullanımının son yıllarda dikkat çekici boyutlara ulaştığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sağlık sistemlerinde karşılaşılan problemler ele alınmış ve planlama, yönetim ve uygulama başlıkları altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu konularda çalışma yapacak araştırmacılara yön göstermesi amacıyla, 2007-2017 yılları arasında yayınlanan çalışmalar, konu başlıklarına göre, çözüm yöntemleri ve gerçek hayat problemleri üzerindeki uygulamaları açısından değerlendirilmiş ve Yöneylem Araştırması’nın bu tür problemlerin çözümünde uygulanabilirliği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Yöneylem Araştırması tekniklerinin sağlık alanındaki problemlerin çözümünde kullanımının son yıllarda dikkat çekici boyutlara ulaştığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sağlık sistemlerinde karşılaşılan problemler ele alınmış ve planlama, yönetim ve uygulama başlıkları altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu konularda çalışma yapacak araştırmacılara yön göstermesi amacıyla, 2007-2017 yılları arasında yayınlanan çalışmalar, konu başlıklarına göre, çözüm yöntemleri ve gerçek hayat problemleri üzerindeki uygulamaları açısından değerlendirilmiş ve Yöneylem Araştırması’nın bu tür problemlerin çözümünde uygulanabilirliği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Yöneylem Araştırması tekniklerinin sağlık alanındaki problemlerin çözümünde kullanımının son yıllarda dikkat çekici boyutlara ulaştığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sağlık sistemlerinde karşılaşılan problemler ele alınmış ve planlama, yönetim ve uygulama başlıkları altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu konularda çalışma yapacak araştırmacılara yön göstermesi amacıyla, 2007-2017 yılları arasında yayınlanan çalışmalar, konu başlıklarına göre, çözüm yöntemleri ve gerçek hayat problemleri üzerindeki uygulamaları açısından değerlendirilmiş ve Yöneylem Araştırması’nın bu tür problemlerin çözümünde uygulanabilirliği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Yöneylem Araştırması tekniklerinin sağlık alanındaki problemlerin çözümünde kullanımının son yıllarda dikkat çekici boyutlara ulaştığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sağlık sistemlerinde karşılaşılan problemler ele alınmış ve planlama, yönetim ve uygulama başlıkları altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu konularda çalışma yapacak araştırmacılara yön göstermesi amacıyla, 2007-2017 yılları arasında yayınlanan çalışmalar, konu başlıklarına göre, çözüm yöntemleri ve gerçek hayat problemleri üzerindeki uygulamaları açısından değerlendirilmiş ve Yöneylem Araştırması’nın bu tür problemlerin çözümünde uygulanabilirliği ortaya koyulmuştur.

İnternet teknolojilerinin gelişimiyle ortaya çıkan, çocuk ve gençleri hedef alan siber zorbalık, geleneksel akran zorbalığından türemiş olup çeşitli yönleriyle ondan farklılaşmış ve etki alanı genişlemiş olan zorbaca davranışları kapsamaktadır. Bilgisayar ve cep telefonu gibi elektronik ortamlara taşınarak gözetim ve denetimi görece kolay olan okul ortamı sınırlarını aşan siber zorbalık davranışları, çocukları her an ve her yerde tehdit edebilmesi açısından ciddi bir problemdir. İnternet kullanımının yaygınlaşması ve kullanım yaşının her geçen gün düşmesiyle birlikte diğer çevrimiçi risklerle birlikte siber zorbalık vakalarının hem nicelik olarak hem de yarattığı zararlar açısından daha büyük boyutlara ulaştığı görülmektedir. Bu durum konuya ilişkin akademik ve politik ilgiyi arttırmakta, siber zorbalıkla etkin biçimde mücadele ve başetme yöntemleri geliştirebilmek için siber zorbalığın tüm boyutlarıyla ortaya konulması için çok sayıda çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı, siber zorbalık konusuyla ilgili literatürü gözden geçirerek farklı alan araştırmalarında elde edilen bulguları bir araya getirmek ve hem gelecekte yapılacak yeni araştırmalar, hem de oluşturulacak kamu politikaları için yol gösterici bir kaynak ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır. Çalışmanın diğer amacı ise, dijital ortamın özellikle çocuklar açısından risklerine ve bu bağlamda yeni medya okuryazarlığı eğitimine duyulan ihtiyaca yeniden dikkat çekmektir. Çalışma sonucunda, Türkiye de dahil pek çok ülkede çocukların İnternet ve sosyal ağ kullanım alışkanlıkları ve siber zorbalık deneyimlerine ilişkin çok sayıda nicel araştırma olduğu, örneklem ve soru formuna bağlı olarak bu çalışmaların bazılarında benzer, bazılarında ise farklı sonuçların ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Buna karşılık özellikle aile gözetiminin siber zorbalığa etkisine ilişkin az sayıda çalışma olduğu ve özellikle siber zorbalıkla mücadeleye odaklı, farklı yöntem ve tekniklerin de kullanıldığı araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirtilmiştir.

The concept of 3D cadastre is widespread internationally and part of many nations’ legal infrastructure. Since the publication of a literature survey on 3D cadastre research by Paulsson and Paasch in 2013, there has been a considerable amount of research output and activities in regard to 3D cadastre, which led us to believe that a new investigation of 3D cadastre publications could be of interest. The aim of this study is to analyze the development in 3D cadastre research during the years 2012–2020, focusing on the legal perspective of 3D property. A classification was made into main groups, legal, technical, registration and organizational, also investigating the occurrence of sub-themes such as visualization, BIM and standardization. The results of other literature studies on 3D cadastre research were compared with the outcome of this study. The number of identified publications during the analyzed years was 530. The study showed that the number of publications on legal topics has increased, but in relation to the other groups is still rather low. The 3D cadastre research community could benefit from the inclusion of the legal perspective in publications from other main groups, along with an increased focus on international comparative studies.

Recent years have brought a rapid growth of scientific output in the area of gamification in education. In this paper, we try to identify its main characteristics using a bibliometric approach. Our preliminary analysis uses Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science as data sources, whereas the main analysis is performed on 2517 records retrieved from Scopus. The results comprise the cross-coverage of databases, geographic distribution of research, forms of publication, addressed research areas and topics, preferred publishing venues, the most involved scientific institutions and researchers, collaboration among researchers, and research impact. The main conclusions underline the sustained growth of the research output in the area for at least seven years, the widespread interest in the area across countries and branches of science, and an effective research communication in the area documented by the number of citations and the map of co-citations.

The choices and preferences of food consumers are influenced by several factors, from those related to the socioeconomic, cultural, and health dimensions to marketing strategies. In fact, marketing is a determinant ingredient in the choices related to food consumption. Nonetheless, for an effective implementation of any marketing approach, the brands play a crucial role. Creating new brands in the food sector is not always easy, considering the relevant amount of these goods produced within the agricultural sector and in small food industries. The small dimension of the production units in these sectors hinders both brand creation and respective branding. In this context, it would seem important to analyse the relationships between food marketing and consumer choice, highlighting the role of brands in these frameworks. For this purpose, a literature review was carried out considering 147 documents from Scopus database for the topics of search “food marketing” and “choices” (search performed on 16 October 2020). As main insights, it is worth highlighting that the main issues addressed by the literature, concerning food marketing and consumer choices, are the following: economic theory; label and packaging; marketing strategies; agriculture and food industry; market segments; social dimensions; brand and branding. In turn, food marketing heavily conditions consumer choices; however, these related instruments are better manipulated by larger companies. In addition, this review highlights that bigger companies have dominant positions in these markets which are not always beneficial to the consumers’ objectives.

Nanotechnology and lasers are among the most successful and active fields of research and technology that have boomed during the past two decades. Many improvements are based on the controlled manufacturing of nanostructures that enable tailored material functionalization for a wide range of industrial applications, electronics, medicine, etc., and have already found entry into our daily life. One appealing approach for manufacturing such nanostructures in a flexible, robust, rapid, and contactless one-step process is based on the generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). This Perspective article analyzes the footprint of the research area of LIPSS on the basis of a detailed literature search, provides a brief overview on its current trends, describes the European funding strategies within the Horizon 2020 programme, and outlines promising future directions.

Background: Although gangliocytic paraganglioma (GP) is considered a rare benign neuroendocrine tumor, cases of mortality have been reported. Occasionally, GP is misdiagnosed as neuroendocrine tumor G1, which is associated with a poorer prognosis than GP. To avoid such misdiagnoses, it is important to understand the clinicopathological characteristics of GP. Thus, herein, we discuss the current literature on the clinicopathological characteristics of GP.Methods: We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. PubMed and Japana Centra Revuo Medicina searches were used to identify papers describing GP. Inclusion criteria included confirmation of epithelioid, spindle-shaped, and ganglion-like cells in the main article and/or figures and whether the paper was cited in other studies of GP. Data were collected on age, sex, site of the primary lesion, tumor size, treatment, prognosis, lymph node metastasis (LNM), depth of tumor invasion, rate of preoperative diagnosis, and clinical symptoms.Results: In total, 162 papers containing 263 cases of GP met the criteria. The mean age at diagnosis was 53.5 years. The male-to-female ratio was 157:104. The mean tumor size was 25.7 mm. The predominant site of the primary tumor was the duodenum (89.7%). The most common clinical sign of GP was gastrointestinal bleeding (47.9%). Other signs and symptoms of GP included abdominal pain (44.7%), anemia (20.3%), incidental findings (12.9%), nausea (6.9%), weight loss (5.5%), general fatigue (5.1%), jaundice (4.6%), and incidental autopsy findings (5.1%). LNM was observed in 11.4% of patients. Liver metastasis was observed in 1.1% of patients. Depth of tumor invasion (penetrating beyond the submucosal layer or sphincter of Oddi) was by far the most significant risk factor for LNM in patients with GP. This suggests, along with histological heterogeneity, that GP may have hamartomatous characteristics. Furthermore, immunohistochemical expression of progesterone receptor and pancreatic polypeptide were useful in distinguishing between GP and neuroendocrine tumor G1, even in small biopsy specimens.Conclusions: We reveal the clinicopathological characteristics of GP, including risk factors for LNM, differential diagnostic approaches, and improvements in the clinical management of this tumor.In addition, GP may have hamartomatous characteristics.

In this paper we present the findings of a systematic literature review covering the articles published in the last two decades in which the authors described the application of a machine learning technique and method to an orthopedic problem or purpose. By searching both in the Scopus and Medline databases, we retrieved, screened and analyzed the content of 70 journal articles, and coded these resources following an iterative method within a Grounded Theory approach. We report the survey findings by outlining the articles' content in terms of the main machine learning techniques mentioned therein, the orthopedic application domains, the source data and the quality of their predictive performance.

With the frequency and magnitude of disasters on the rise, millions of people suffer huge losses every year. Scholars have recently proposed various frameworks in disaster relief management in order to guide the research in this field. Although successful disaster relief requires the entire humanitarian supply chain to respond in harmony, it is surprising that there exists no humanitarian relief framework drawn from the perspective of supply chain management. In this article, we create a new research framework for Humanitarian Supply Chain Management (HSCM) that is complimentary but distinct from commercial supply chain management (CSCM) frameworks. The framework we developed offers a new lens for humanitarian researchers. We also conduct a systematic literature review in this field and identify some opportunities for future research. The results strongly suggest the need for additional empirical research to test the existing concepts and models. Second, there is evidence that research focusing on “upstream” relief chain has been neglected relative to “downstream”. Additionally, due to its rapid advancement, information technology related research opportunities in this field would always be there. Keyword

This article seeks to deepen the understanding of the teaching of science in the early years. We understand that the scientific literacy proposed discussions can approach the scientific knowledge of daily life and the life of the students in this age group, while enhancing the fundamental knowledge in science. We believe that understanding the processes involved in scientific literacy can also contribute to the construction of knowledge and the training of teachers in the early years. The objective of this paper is to present a literature survey in order to identify national and international works that discuss teaching practices in science, promoting the development of skills by the students and can provide indicators of scientific literacy in process. Starting from the content analysis as a methodology, the results reveal a diversity of practices undertaken in the teaching of science around the world in the search for a more autonomous, critical and social development of students and also point out that scientifically literate goes far beyond the initial educational level. The themes explored in these articles point to a concern agenda on how to improve science teaching and how students relate to this area of knowledge throughout schooling.

Knowledge management plays an essential role on developing efficient systems in educational systems. However, there are different factors influencing the success of knowledge management. In this paper, we review recent advances on implementation of knowledge management (KM) in different areas and discuss why some of KM implementations fail and how they could turn to a successful one. The review focus more on recently published papers in different perspective from the implementation of KM in educational units to KM implementation on project management field.

Man’s notion of ‘information’ is essential as it guides human thinking, planning, and consequent actions. Situations such as the Haiti earthquake in 2010, the financial crisis in Greece in 2010, and the oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 are just a few instances of constant growing empirical dilemmas in our global society where information plays a central role. The meaning of what information is has clear implications for how we deal with it in our practical lives, which in turn may give rise to situations that we would prefer to be without. In this sense, the notion of information has evidently presented the need to question what it really means and how it dominates the functioning of our global society. To address this fundamental issue of information, two questions are explored and presented in this paper: What notions of information are dominating the scholarly literature? And what are the differences between these notions? To answer these questions, we have conducted a comprehensive literature survey of more than two hundred scholarly publications. Detailed analyses of the content of these publications identified four kinds of forms of information notions. The results show that these four forms present diverse and opposing views of the notion of information, labelled as the ‘quartet model of information’. These ad-dress different foci, contexts, and challenges. In addition, we propose an alternative and novel understanding of the notion of information, associated with how information functions in our global society. This understanding offers a new perspective intended to address significant needs of the information society.

This paper analyzes historical trends of academic research on the water environment in Japan over the past 50 years in relation to societal circumstances by looking into 1470 articles published in a Japanese domestic journal during 1961–2010. We examined three components of the individual articles to substantiate the trends including “Visions”, “Target Water”, and “Objects”. The database of these components was first constructed, and then statistically analyzed. Principal components analyses revealed two historical turning points of the research trends, in 1970 and in the mid-1990s, showing first a clear transition of the main concern from industrial pollution to eutrophication, and later, a transition to global environmental issues. We also demonstrate that Visions and Target Water gradually diversified during the past 50 years, indicating that although the research activity in the early periods focused on serious pollution issues, more recently, the scope of water environmental studies expanded to various other issues along with the improvement in the quality of the water environment. We argue that academic research activity in Japan was conducted in close association with public concern and global movements in a timely and sensitive manner. Such knowledge could also provide implications to other nations facing serious water pollution.

A Pedagogia da Alternância consiste numa metodologia de organização do ensino escolar que conjuga diferentes experiências formativas distribuídas ao longo de tempos e espaços distintos, tendo como finalidade uma formação profissional. Esse método começou a tomar forma em 1935 a partir das insatisfações de um pequeno grupo de agricultores franceses com o sistema educacional de seu país, o qual não atendia, a seu ver, as especificidades da Educação para o meio rural. A experiência brasileira com a Pedagogia da Alternância começou em 1969 no estado do Espírito Santo, onde foram construídas as três primeiras Escolas Famílias Agrícolas. Não obstante, decorridos 40 anos de sua implantação no país, essa proposta pedagógica ainda é discutida com pouca ênfase em nosso meio acadêmico. Em projeto de pesquisa que vimos desenvolvendo, realizamos um levantamento das dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado brasileiras sobre Pedagogia da Alternância defendidas entre 1969 e 2006. O objetivo deste artigo é mapear e discutir essa produção, visando estabelecer um primeiro esboço do "estado da arte" nesse campo de investigação. A revisão inclui 46 trabalhos, sendo 7 teses e 39 dissertações. Neste texto, apresentamos as temáticas de estudo mais recorrentes, a distribuição regional dessa produção e o que consideramos como consensos e limites nesses trabalhos.The Pedagogy of Alternating consists in a methodology for the organization of schooling that conjugates different formative experiences distributed along distinct times and spaces aiming at a professional education. This method began to take shape in 1935 from the complaints that a small group of French farmers had about the educational system of their country, which in their view did not correspond to the specificities of education for the rural reality. The Brazilian experience with the Pedagogy of Alternating started in 1969 in the State of Espírito Santo, where the first three Escolas Famílias Agrícolas (Agricultural Family Schools) were built. Nevertheless, after 40 years of its implementation in this country, this pedagogical proposal is still little discussed within our academic milieu. In a research project that we have been developing we have conducted a survey of master and doctoral dissertations presented to Brazilian universities between 1969 and 2006. The objective of the present article is to discuss this production with a view to draw a first picture of the "state of the art" in this field of investigation. The survey includes 46 works, of which 7 are doctoral theses and 39 are master dissertations. In the text, we present the most recurrent themes of study, the regional distribution of this production, and what we regard as consensual aspects and limitations of these works.

This paper is the literature survey of wild food plants used within the present borders of the Czech Republic. Thirty-seven freely available publications documenting the culinary use of wild plants were examined. The use of 175 vascular plant species (approximately 5% of native and naturalized flora of the Czech Republic), 3 lichens and 1 bryophyte has been reported. For each species listed, plant parts used, use category and mode of consumption are given. Rosaceae, Asteraceae and Ericaceae were the most represented botanical families. The most frequently reported categories of plant uses include green vegetables (e.g. Urtica dioica, Glechoma hederacea, Rumex spp., Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia), seasonings (e.g. Juniperus communis, Viola spp.), wild fruits (e.g. Rubus idaeus, Rosa canina), and beverages (e.g. Cornus mas, Sambucus nigra). The structure of the most commonly used wild food taxa is similar to those used in other central European countries like Poland, Slovakia or Hungary. This review highlights the traditional knowledge of wild edible plants which were used in the Czech Republic since 16th century onwards with an attempt to document diversity of plant species and discuss the current potential of the forgotten plants used in the past.

Çizelgeleme, imalat ve servis endüstrilerinde çok önemli role sahip bir karar verme prosesidir. Bir firmada çizelgeleme fonksiyonu, matematiksel teknikler veya sezgisel yöntemler kullanarak sınırlı kaynakların görevlere tahsis edilmesi işlemini gerçekleştirir. Çizelgeleme literatüründe birden fazla ölçütün bulunduğu çizelgeleme çalışmaları son yıllarda gittikçe artmıştır. Ancak bu tür problemlerin çözümü tek ölçütlü problemler kadar kolay değildir. Çünkü birbirleri ile çelişen amaçların aynı anda eniyilendiği tek bir çizelgeyi oluşturmak oldukça zordur ve bu konudaki literatür tek ölçütlülere göre daha azdır. Son zamanlarda tek makinalı sistemlerin yanı sıra akış tipi çizelgeleme problemlerinde de çok ölçütlü çalışmalar ilgi çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çok ölçütlü akış tipi çizelgeleme problemleri için bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır.