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Mental disorders (e.g., depression) and sedentary behavior are increasing, also among emerging adults. One particular target group of emerging adults with high sitting times and vulnerability to mental disorders are university students. In particular, anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as stress symptoms are very common among university students. The present manuscript discusses whether physical activity and exercise interventions can help to promote the mental health of emerging adults such as university students. The manuscript will summarize current scientific evidence and based on this evidence, introduce an university-based scientific research project that investigates if physical activity, exercise interventions and acute bouts of exercise of low- to moderate intensity can buffer perceived stress, alleviate mental health symptoms and strengthen well-being (psychologically and physiologically) among university students by positively influencing depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived stress and emotion perception, body awareness and subjective well-being including overall quality of life. The research project, its concept, multimethod approach, and first results from available studies are discussed in relation to current scientific evidence, health care needs and future developments. The results from the studies conducted within the research project so far and that are briefly summarized in this manuscript suggest that physical activity, mental health and well-being are positively related, also in university students as an important group of emerging adults. The results further suggest that exercise interventions comprising aerobic exercises of low- to moderate intensity may work best to improve mental health (alleviate depressive symptoms and perceived stress) among university students after a few weeks of intervention. In addition, acute bouts of certain types of exercises (yoga in particular) seem to be particularly effective in changing perception of bodily signals, cardiac activity and emotion processing immediately after the exercise. The results underscore the importance of systematic investigations of the combined examination of psychological and physiological factors that promote an active lifestyle and that strengthen mental health and well-being (psychologically and physiologically) among emerging adults such as university students.

The strength of lower extremity is important for individuals to maintain balance and ambulation functions. The previous studies showed that individuals with Parkinson’s disease suffered from fatigue and strength loss of central origin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lower extremities’ cycling training on different components of force and fatigue in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Twenty-four individuals (13 males, 11 females, mean age: 60.58 ± 8.21 years) diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease were randomized into training and control groups. The maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force, voluntary activation level (VA), and twitch force of knee extensors were measured using a custom-made system with surface electrical stimulation. The general, central, and peripheral fatigue indexes (GFI, CFI, and PFI) were calculated after a fatiguing cycling protocol. Subjects received 8 weeks of low resistance cycling training (training group) or self-stretching (control group) programs. Results showed that MVC, VA, and twitch force improved (p < 0.05) only in the training group. Compared to the baseline, central fatigue significantly improved in the training group, whereas peripheral fatigue showed no significant difference in two groups. The cycling training was beneficial for individuals with Parkinson’s disease not only in muscle strengthening but also in central fatigue alleviation. Further in-depth investigation is required to confirm the effect of training and its mechanism on central fatigue.

Abstract Significant muscle wasting is generally experienced by ill and bed rest patients and older people. Muscle wasting leads to significant decrements in muscle strength, cardiorespiratory, and functional capacity, which increase mortality rates. As a consequence, different interventions have been tested to minimize muscle wasting. In this regard, blood flow restriction (BFR) has been used as a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate the burden associated with muscle waste conditions. Evidence has shown that BFR per se can counteract muscle wasting during immobilization or bed rest. Moreover, BFR has also been applied while performing low intensity resistance and endurance exercises and produced increases in muscle strength and mass. Endurance training with BFR has also been proved to increase cardiorespiratory fitness. Thus, frail patients can benefit from exercising with BFR due to the lower cardiovascular and join stress compared with traditional high intensity exercises. Therefore, low intensity resistance and endurance training combined with BFR may be considered as a novel and attractive intervention to counteract muscle wasting and to decrease the burden associated with this condition.

PURPOSE The goal of this study is to demonstrate whether low intensity exercise has an effect on the level of inflammatory response and apoptosis in rats with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. METHODS A high fat diet (60% fat, 20% carbohydrate, and 20% protein) was treated to a subset of experimental rats for 35 weeks to induce obesity before exercise intervention. The rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups: normal control (ND-CON, n = 7), High-Fat Diet control (HFD-CON, n=7) and High-Fat Diet+Exercise (HFD-EXE, n=7).The low intensity exercise program was performed for 10 weeks with treadmill (30 min/day, 5 days/week). After treadmill exercise, body weight, total fat mass, HOMA-IR and OGTT were analyzed. Also TLR-4 signaling pathway related proteins, inflammation related factors and apoptosis were analyzed using Western blot method. RESULTS Low intensity exercise with treadmill reduces body weight and body fat of obese rats that were induced by high fat diet, and improves insulin resistance and blood glucose recovery ability. In addition, low intensity exercise inhibits the activity of NF-κB by reducing TLR4 protein, which regulates inflammation and immunity. This has shown to reduce the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, Bax and Caspase3 proteins associated with apoptosis, and improve Bcl2 protein. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, low intensity exercise reduces the level of TLR4 protein that regulates immune and inflammatory responses in adipocytes of obese rats induced by high fat diet. This inhibits the activity of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related proteins, which will be effective in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

This study aimed to determine the changes in the Gluteus medius of 4 year-old Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) horses submitted to light physical activity for 10 months. The study involved 11 horses from the "Nove de Julho" Battalion of the Military Police of São Paulo State (PM-SP). Percutaneous muscle biopsy was performed in horses at maintenance and in those that had participated in routine police work for 10 months with the PM-SP. Fragments of the left Gluteus medius muscle was removed at depths of 20mm and 60mm. To determine the fiber types, the histochemical analyses were performed for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR). The morphometry of the fibers was performed by calculating the cross sectional area (CSA), relative frequency distribution (F) and relative cross-sectional area (RCSA). After the period of physical activity, type IIA fibers showed an increase in F and RCSA at both depths. The type I fibers showed a decrease in F at a depth of 60mm and the type IIX fibers showed no change in F at the two depths. With regard to the results for RCSA, type I and IIX fibers also did not show alterations after 10 months of light physical activity. Low intensity physical activity produced significant adaptations in the Gluteus medius muscle of horses of the BH breed, including changes in metabolic and contractile properties as evidenced by the increase in the area occupied by type IIA fibers at both depths of the biopsy.Este estudo objetivou determinar as adaptações do músculo Gluteus medius de cavalos da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH), que participaram de atividades físicas leves por 10 meses. Foram utilizados 11 eqüinos, machos, da raça BH e com idade de 4 anos, provenientes do "Batalhão Nove de Julho" da Polícia Militar do Estado de São (PM-SP). Realizou-se a biópsia muscular percutânea nos animais inativos e, após participarem das atividades de ronda e policiamento desenvolvido pela PM-SP por 10 meses, foram retirados fragmentos do músculo Gluteus medius nas profundidades de 20mm e 60mm. Para a determinação dos tipos de fibra muscular, foram feitas análises histoquímicas por meio das técnicas de adenosina trifosfatase miofibrilar (mATPase) e nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo tetrazólio redutase (NADH-TR). Na análise morfométrica das fibras, calculou-se a área de secção transversal (AST), a freqüência média (F) e a área de secção transversal relativa (ASTR). Após o período de atividade física, as fibras tipo IIA apresentaram aumento da F e da ASTR nas duas profundidades. As fibras tipo I apresentaram diminuição da F na profundidade de 60mm e as fibras tipo IIX não sofreram alteração da F nas duas profundidades. A ASTR das fibras tipo I e IIX não apresentaram alteração após os 10 meses. A atividade física de baixa intensidade produziu adaptações significativas no músculo Gluteus medius de cavalos da raça BH, incluindo mudança nas propriedades metabólicas e contráteis evidenciadas pelo aumento da área ocupada pelas fibras tipo IIA, nas duas profundidades de biópsia.