Search

In the Jiu Valley, located in the southern Carpathians, shepherding was the main occupation of peasants, even after coal mining began in the area. Coal mining led to rapid economic development both in the early twentieth century and during the communist period (1945-1989). Often discouraged by the authorities, the peasants—nicknamed momârlani by the townspeople—continued to raise animals while working simultaneously in the mine. After the 1989 Revolution, during the difficult transition to a democratic regime and market economy, peasants struggled to find their place in a new market: that of purebred animals, which hold significant economic value, especially in an area further impoverished by mine closures imposed by European “green” policies.

In the old days, taxing a commodity meant setting its price (i.e., its "rate") through negotiation, to keep it within the reach of as many people as possible. Taxation was an exceptional measure granted by royal authority to the public, who cherished it. In the name of a freedom that would be enjoyed only by merchants, the Enlightenment movement argued that taxation was theft, and the Revolution rigorously prohibited it from the outset. Prices soared. Whereas yesterday we taxed a product to prevent it from going up in price, today the tax is what increases the price to the benefit of the State or a community. History has changed the meaning of words.

The current article analyses general problems of the processes of introducing BIM-technologies (building information model) in the construction industry of developing countries. The impact of the concept of scientific and technical progress on the development of information modelling in construction has been determined. The impact of introducing information BIM-technologies into construction processes at various stages of building an investment project is reflected – from development and design to commissioning, subsequent use and, if necessary, demolition of the object. The arguments justifying the need to develop BIM-modeling in investment processes of construction and design are presented. The modern interpretation of the concept of information modelling in the construction industry of developing countries is given. The author has described the main activities contributing to the development of the progress of implementing BIM-technologies in construction and domestic business in general. The goals and objectives of the digitalisation of the economy, including in construction, are considered and systematised. Also, the article discuses functions of design in construction, perspective variations of improving the quality of construction objects and reducing the level of risks and costs of the project.

Cambodia, currently classified as a lower-middle-income developing country, aspires to reach upper-middle-income status by 2030. To achieve this ambitious goal, the Cambodian government has embraced an open market economic system and prioritized attracting foreign investments as well as encouraging final consumption expenditure (FCE) and stimulating the level of industries, including construction. This study aims to find out the influences of the fluctuations of foreign direct investment (FDI), FCE, and industry (including construction) (IIC) on gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Cambodia and to identify the key factors that can increase FDI, FCE, and IIC growth. The study employs descriptive and correlational analysis, mainly focusing on statistical analyses by constructing an econometric model. The results indicate that Cambodia’s GDP is directly and positively impacted by the FDI, FCE, and IIC, according to the analysis of the specification of the econometric model using a linear mathematical equation. The study concludes that the Cambodian government’s attention to strategic policies and initiatives in promoting FDI, FCE, and IIC, ultimately leading to a higher overall economic growth rate, is crucial. Factors such as political stability and governance, regulation and legal framework, infrastructure, human capital development, market access, publicprivate partnership, fiscal policy, and social protection should be at the forefront of the Cambodian GDP development roadmap.

Full economic independence of business structures places special requirements on the financial management quality. Its main task is to ensure self-sufficiency and self-financing as the basis for liquidity and market stability of the business. Taking into account the role of agro- industrial enterprises in the socio-economic development of the region and the specifics of the organization of their activities, coordination of the actions of the state, as the owner of the land, and its lessees in this process is of parti- cular importance. By leasing the most important resource, the goals of the state should be the following: preservation of soil fertility, its effec- tive use, compliance with the optimal structure of crop rotation, ensuring employment of eco- nomically active rural population, ensuring food security in the region, price stability for a socially significant range of food products, and ensuring socio-economic development in general. The article examines the activities of one of the leading agricultural organizations in the region. Its liquidity and market stability were determined, factors that had a negative impact on its activities as a whole were identified.

The trade-off between environmental degradation and economic growth is occurring at various global scales due to the use of non-renewable energy. In developed countries, the majority of this issue has been the focus of research and attention. Currently, there is a research gap regarding the material footprint in the relationship between economic development and climate change in emerging markets. This research used a Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model to analyze the causal effects of foreign direct investment, economic development, and material footprint in emerging Southeast Asian economies using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regression. This analysis employs five variables, namely the Annual Growth Rate of Real GDP per Capita at Constant 2015 $ (GDP), Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CDE), Material Footprint (MF), Direct Economic Loss Attributed to Disasters (DEL), and Domestic Material Consumption (DMC). The study’s data collection spans from 2000 to 2021. The results of this study provide evidence for the existence of correlations between economic phenomena and climate change in Southeast Asian nations. Material footprints and energy consumption contribute to environmental deterioration. Economic expansion necessitates acknowledging the trade-off that arises from the increased CO2 emissions released into the environment. A 1% increase in economic growth leads to the release of more than 9% of CO2 emissions into the environment. Conversely, there is a significant relationship between the amount of environmental pollution and the material footprint. This indicates that the growing consumption of input materials and the inefficient use of these resources are contributing to environmental pollution in rising economies. Natural catastrophes account for more than 3% of the economy’s CO2 emissions. Given the ongoing efforts to lessen the impact of climate change, the study recommends that policy solutions concentrate on restructuring economic growth and improving energy efficiency in industrial operations.

AbstractPolitical economy reforms have generated significant economic development in many countries in the last few decades. We explore the impact of changing political and economic freedoms on income inequality, and how different income groups were affected by this economic growth. Particular attention is paid to the income levels of middle class in response to expanding trade freedoms. Data from 248 countries over a period of 25 years is analyzed using OLS estimation after identifying middle and other classes using absolute and relative approaches. Models include interactions of different classes with levels of political and economic freedoms as well as the level of economic development. Results suggest a positive impact of trade freedom across all income groups. The impact was higher in percentages for lower incomes groups, but insufficient to reduce income inequality. The effects of other freedoms varied with level of development of a country and with its different income groups: For middle-income countries, free trade created large middle classes. Rule of law and regulatory efficiency resulted in positive and limited government in negative impacts across quintiles. Political freedom positively impacted the income of upper quintiles in middle-income and lower classes in high-income countries, and negatively for upper classes in high-income countries. Policy makers can consider the results in prioritization of the reforms to gauge political support from various income groups, and in devising approaches to remedy the negative implications on income levels for certain groups.

Introduction. Science in modern reality is closely intertwined with the cultural attitudes of the consumer society, and this connection is becoming stronger every year. The market economy, which underlies the culture of modern society, is a fairly flexible system, balancing like a tightrope walker between dynamically changing demand and consumption. Theoretical analysis. In order not to end up on the periphery of the economic system, scientific knowledge needs to show the same properties that a market economy does and, above all, flexibility. Science, becoming a branch of production, before producing must evaluate the results and think over the mechanisms for marketing the “product”, i.e. acquired knowledge or innovative technologies. Conclusion. Thus, scientists, choosing the topics for their scientific research, must clearly understand that there will be a consumer ready to “buy” the proposed research product. At the same time, it is important not to forget about the “product packaging”. It is necessary to present your research in such a way that the target audience does not doubt the need for its acquisition. Financing is received by those projects that were able to interest the commission and off era competitive product. The values of the consumer society inevitably act as markers of the productivity of scientific research.

The subjects of the economic activity, whether they are natural persons or legal entities, are obliged to exercise their activity in good faith, according to honest usages, respecting the interests of consumers and the requirements of fair competition. Based on the principles of freedom of trade and freedom of competition, any merchant has the right to attract the clientele of his competitors. Thus, the act of competition, even if it causes damage to some economic agents, is not illegal by itself, but only if the means, acts or facts used to attract customers are unfair. A basic principle/inherent condition of the market economy is the competition between the companies carrying out economic activity on the respective market, of course when this competition is by the customs and provisions governing the rivalry of competitors. The present study is intended to analyze the phenomenon of competition through the legislation of the Republic of Moldova that regulates competitive relations, including, addressing issues related to the identification and responsibility of the actors/ subjects of competitive relations, the types of legal liability, and the impact of unfair competition on the competitive environment in general and, on the rights and interests of natural and legal persons, but also of the society in particular. The authors analyzed the provisions of competition legislation to identify the regulatory framework's quality and its deficiencies. For this purpose, the authors analyzed the provisions of the competition law no. 183/2012 and the Republic of Moldova's administrative, contraventional, and criminal Code. The conclusions reached by the authors revealed a series of legislative loopholes, but also new research directions that would constitute the basis for certain recommendations and proposals for improving the analyzed normative framework.

The market serves as the convergence point of supply and demand and represents the process through which market relations between economic units materialize. From a global perspective, the focus shifts to the world market, which is the fundamental structure on which the global economy is based. The world economy operates as a very complex ecosystem. When it is exposed to the extremely damaging effects of a global pandemic, the term of a pandemic economic crisis becomes relevant.

The second part of the translation of the interview, which was taken in October 2020 from the German historian Dr. Markus Böiсk by the YouTube blogger Ole Nymoen on the channel "Wohlstand für alle", is presented to the attention of readers. In the second part of the interview, there is a discussion of corruption scandals related to the work of the Treuhandanstalt, an organization for managing the privatization of East German enterprises. M. Böiсk demonstrates all possible positions from different points of view, different participants and witnesses of those events. Such a multi-level and multi-sided view of a scandalous and controversial historical topic may prove to be suitable material for future philosophical and methodological research concerning the ethical assessment of historical events and political decisions.

The article deals with the problem of ethical assessment of the liquidation of the GDR as a state structure and its integration into the political and economic space of the FRG. According to a number of historical and sociological sources, “reunification” was not the reason for the search and finding of a common language between West and East Germans, but, on the contrary, the reasons for discord and deep mutual distrust and rejection. On this basis, the work analyzes the views of both sides, and also conducts a philosophical reflection on the value bases (ethical axioms) of the key evaluative positions of both East and West Germans regarding the actions of the West German government, the conditions for concluding a monetary union of the two Germanys, as well as in relation to privatizations East German companies.

The approaching middle of the 20th electoral period in Germany was marked by significant fluctuations in the electoral popularity of established parties, which were recorded by numerous surveys of leading German demoscopic institutions. Respondents' moods were influenced by a variety of factors. According to the author of the article, the main problems were numerous problems in the state of the national economy, including the decline in the international competitiveness of the German socio-economic space (Standort). It was they who largely led to the growth of protest moods, reflected in the record high ratings of the Alternative for Germany party. The author substantiates the position that negative processes in the economy, including deindustrialization, high inflation, lack of qualified personnel, problems with digital and energy transformation, are associated with the inefficient policy of the current cabinet of ministers. In this context, current trends in the preferences of German voters, the processes taking place in the parties of the government coalition and the opposition are analyzed, and a forecast is made for the further development of partypolitical life in Germany.

The readers are presented with the first part of the translation of an interview that was taken in October 2020 from the German historian Dr. Markus Böick. The interview is devoted to the history of such an organization as Treuhandanstalt, through which the privatization of East German enterprises was carried out after the liquidation of the GDR as a state structure. The first part of the interview talks about what Treuhandanstalt was originally created for, what it later turned into, as well as what problems East Germans faced in the new united Germany.

The article examines the influence of Protestant churches on the process of democratic transformation of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic & Slovakia after the fall of the communist regime. The author analyzes the specifics of the Protestant understanding of economic, social & political political spheres of life in the context of building a free market, civil society & democracy in post-Soviet countries. The reasons for their victories & failures in Eastern Europe, their potential, evolution and place in society are revealed. Conclusions are drawn about the problem of the development of Protestantism due to the influence of traditional record churches, xenophobia, secularization and violation of principles of religious freedom. Also their role in instilling society with Western models of behavior and the correlation between religious consciousness and crisis are conditioned.

The article highlights the problem of financing state budget expenditures in the conditions of the war and post-war market economy, which, for objective reasons, has a significant social burden. The study found that the new paradigm of public financing in the conditions of the war and postwar social-oriented market economy should solve three key tasks: to sufficient finance the defense sector of Ukraine, modernization of the army of Ukraine; to ensure the systematic growth of the main macroeconomic indicators, in particular, the inflow of new foreign investments and, as a result, and, as a result, guarantee an adequate and fair social security system for vulnerable segments of the population and certain social categories of citizens, including those participating in hostilities. The main macroeconomic indicators and indicators of the State Budget of Ukraine in 2018-2023 were studied, and the thesis of significant social pressure on the country’s budget was confirmed. The authours tracked changes in the structure of budget expenditures in 2018-2023 in various key sectors of the economy, in particular, a significant increase in expenditures from the State budget for the defense sector, which was caused by the war. In this regard, an attemt was made to analyse the best practices of foreign countries that faced the situation of limited budgetary funds, crisis tendencies in the economy, accumulation of social pressure and escalation of the military conflict. In particular, the experience of Israel, Turkey and China was analysed. Based on the analysis of the experience of other countries, the authours proposed a model of public-private partnership in the development and support of the post-war socially oriented economy of Ukraine. The model identifies the key participants and the relationship between them on issues of interaction in filling the main budget items, financing key investment-intensive sectors of the economy. The state investment platform «Advantage Ukraine» identifies the following investment-intensive sectors: logistics and infrastructure of 30 projects; defense-industrial complex from 10 projects; energy from 50 projects; agro-industrial complex from 300 projects; pharmaceuticals of 30 projects and others. Therefore, we can conclude that the state and the government are already moving in the outlined direction of public-private partnership, which actually makes the proposed model relevant. As a result of applying the proposed model of public-private partnership, its economic effect was determined, which boils down to the systemic macroeconomic growth of Ukraine, the scaling of investment projects, the development of science in Ukraine, and the overcoming of socio-economic contradictions in the development of Ukraine.

Migration is one of the oldest socio-economic phenomena, which have inevitably influenced and continues to influence today’s society because millions of citizens of different states decide to migrate to another country for various reasons. The migration process never stopped, even more it gradually expanded taking on new forms. Consistent with the studies and economic research that has been carried out over the years, it has come to the idea that migration must be seen as a normal phenomenon of today’s society, which has undergone various changes throughout history. One of the most important and significant characteristics of the population is the movement from one geographical area to another geographical area. This paper entitled "Study on the evolution of migration phenomenon in Romania" highlights the migratory flows that took place in Romania after the fall of the communist regime and so far, putting there is a special emphasis on the economic and social impact on the migration that brought with it. During the period considered in the analysis, Romania knew various forms of this phenomenon through the fact that it made the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy and later joined the European Union in 2007. In this situation, the circulation of Romanians became complete. The problems resulting from this phenomenon are major: on the one hand the financial consequences and on the other hand the social impact that could be observed on the families of migrants. The novelty element of this paper is the forecast on the migration phenomenon in the coming years, more precisely during the years 2021-2026, in Romania. Through this research we want to identify and analyze the future trend taking into account the fact that migration can be considered one of the sources of problems in the labor market or can even be its solution. An important aspect to mention is the idea that the temporary nature of travel, as well as the transnational nature of flows offers the possibility to reorient migrants to the state of origin. In order to achieve an ideal reality in terms of balance in the labor market, it is necessary to adopt and implement effective measures that offer benefits to each employee.

Competitiveness is one of the key concepts in economic sciences, andit is defined as the ability of businesses to compete in the market. The aim of this study was to assess the competitiveness of dairy products in Poland. The competitiveness was evaluated in a macroeconomic approach by analysing the exports, imports, and the trade balance. The results were processed and presented with the use of tabular, graphic, and descriptive methods. After Poland joined the European Union (EU) in 2004, one of the key goals was to improve the quality, storage, and applicability of dairy products, and to promote trade in milk and dairy products. The Polish dairy industry reported a positive balance in the foreign trade of milk and dairy products, which contributed to positive values in the competitiveness indicators of dairy products. The values of the export specialisation index (SI), export revealed comparative advantage (XRCA), relative import penetration index (MRCA), foreign trade coverage ratio (CRK), and the Grubel-Lloyd intra-industry trade index (IITk) were positive, which attests to the competitiveness of Polish dairy products. We proved that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the competitiveness of dairy enterprises in Poland.

The mobilization economy should not be perceived as synonymous with improving governance efficiency. The mobilization of the economy and the relevant authorities is a temporary, specifically historical phenomenon. On the other hand, the desire to improve the efficiency of economic management is a task constantly facing any modern society.

The purpose of the article is to assess whether Russia is a market economy according to the set of criteria. In the event that Russia loses the status of a country with a market economy, a statistical hypothesis was tested about a significant difference in the average values of national rates of US anti-dumping duties for market and non-market economies. The status of Russia is analyzed based on EBRD data for 2021–2022, the 2021 report of the WTO Secretariat on the trade policy of the Russian Federation. The claims expressed by the EU and the United States regarding government procurements and localization requirements at meetings of the WTO Committees on Trade in Goods and on Trade-Related Investment measures in 2020–2021 are considered. Anti-dumping duties were estimated based on the US notification of anti-dumping investigations for 10.01.2021–30.06.2021. Methods of mathematical statistics were used, as well as the IBM SPSS statistics system. According to the EBRD, Russia as a “sustainable market economy” is rated at an average of 5.9 points out of 10 possible. A lag in terms of integration was noted. The pricing policy does not cause complaints from the WTO members, however, the policy of government procurements, localization and import substitution of the Russian government does not meet the expectations of the WTO member countries. It was revealed that the exclusion of foreign manufacturers in the widely interpreted “government procurements” is the weakest element among those assessed. The specific obligations of the protocol on Russia’s accession to the WTO (paragraph 99 of the Report of the working group) “to make purchases, if they are not intended for state needs, guided by commercial considerations, without interfering with competition from enterprises of other WTO member countries for participation in such procurements” are violated. The impending loss of market status with the US could increase anti-dumping duties on Russian exports by 287 percentage points. The revealed upward trend in national rates of anti-dumping duties for countries with non-market economies allows us to conclude that the level of discrimination against countries with non-market economies is increasing. The hypothesis that the difference between the average values of the national rates of US anti-dumping duties for market and non-market economies is significant is confirmed.

Recently, various studies have demonstrated the significance and impact of universities on regional development. However, the determinants of their success are either economic performance, student enrolment, or issued patents. It is believed that universities have adopted the utilitarian paradigm too heavily, focusing primarily on the number of students or the students’ skills while neglecting individual growth and the university’s raison d’etre. Case studies, which depend on various other variables and biases, provide most examples of successful universities. According to scientists, universities became overly dependent on the economic system due to excessive involvement. This study employs a spatial regression model to examine the impact of universities and students on the qua lity of life and industry specialisation. According to the study, universities affect European regions’ quality of life. The number of students at each level of education negatively influences the industry’s presence. However, the population’s lifelong learning share positively influences the regional economy. The study examines education indicators using a spatial approach, making it more generalisable than earlier case study research.

The subject of the study is to find out the specifics of the influence of the transformational processes of the world economy on the development of the recreational and tourist industry of European countries and to take into account the experience of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is the scientific substantiation of theoretical and practical provisions regarding the development of the recreational and tourist industry of European countries in the context of modern transformational changes in the world economy. Research methods. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge of empirical and theoretical levels of research are used to study transformational processes in the recreational and tourist industry of European countries at the current stage of development. Results of the article. The article examines the peculiarities of the impact of transformational processes on the development of the recreational and tourist industry of European countries, studying their experience for practical implementation in Ukraine. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used by enterprises of the recreation and tourism industry of Ukraine, institutions of higher education, united territorial communities of the country and all interested persons in this issue. Conclusions. The recreational and tourist industry of European countries is a priority direction for the development of their economies and cultures. The European region is the most attractive for tourists, and the countries of Western and Southern Europe are distinguished by the highest and most effective level of use of recreational and touristic potential. Rich natural recreational resources, a significant number of cities with historical, architectural monuments, artistic and cultural values attract about 59% of the planet's tourists. According to the World Tourism Organization, the leaders in the number of tourists and vacationers in Europe are France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy and Greece [3]. The experience of European countries proves that the participation of the state in the development of the recreational and tourist industry, where centralized regulation solves a number of problems of the spontaneous market economy in favor of the sustainable (balanced) development of this sphere of activity, is the most acceptable for Ukraine as well, since our country has a high level of provision of natural and historical and cultural values ​​for proper socio-economic development due to recreation and tourism, taking into account the fact that post-war economic reconstruction, as a result of Russian aggression, will last for years.

The purpose of this article is to identify new threats and opportunities in the reform of state-owned enterprises in Uzbekistan to improve the efficiency of state-owned enterprises and the national economy as a whole. In the course of this study, the problem of corruption, methods of reforming state enterprises in developing countries, their consequences and directions of development were studied. And also, a critical view is given and recommendations are proposed for the reform of state-owned enterprises in the domestic economy. Based on the results of the analysis and analysis of state programs, special problems were identified in state-owned enterprises in the field of subsoil use, extractive industries and the activities of enterprises with a state share. The results of the study indicate the need to strengthen supervision over the activities of state-owned enterprises, since their profitability or unprofitability directly affects the degree of associated fiscal risks. State- owned enterprises often perform quasi-fiscal functions, attracting funds from both the state budget and external sources to finance industry projects. In the field of reforming state-owned enterprises of Uzbekistan, key conclusions have been made regarding the communication to the public, the goals, objectives and the need for ongoing transformations. There is no doubt that the reform of state-owned enterprises requires significant changes in legislation in the field of antimonopoly regulation and protection of competition, the banking and financial system, improving the protection of private property and consumer rights, social protection of the most vulnerable segments of the population and the unemployed.

The concept of the legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2030 states: "The balance of punitive, restorative and preventive means of criminal law regulation is important. In this context, the maximum focus of criminal legislation on the restoration of violated rights, the prevention of new offenses by both convicts and other persons will increase. When forming sanctions of criminal law norms, the principle of their proportionality of the degree of public danger and the nature of the offense should be strictly observed. " Nevertheless, as life shows, the measures taken by the state in the framework of the implementation of the concept are not enough to protect the family from spiritual and moral decay. If you open any news site, you will face data on violence against minors, women in the family in different parts of the country. Despite the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan of December 4, 2009 N 214-IV "On the Prevention of Domestic Violence" and its entry into force, the problem of domestic violence is still an acute, urgent topic (Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan of December 4, 2009 N 214-IV "On the Prevention of Domestic Violence"). Preventive activities of law enforcement agencies, various public organizations, non-profit organizations, centers do not produce appropriate results. According to 150 independent services, over 15 years they made 2.5 million calls. In 2020, 3377 domestic violence calls were received on the line. In 2021, the number of calls amounted to 226,455 units, of which 7184 calls came from children under 18 years old. (EL.KZ: https://el.kz/ru/news/obshestvo/kak_zashchitit_detey_ot_nasiliya_/).

The tendency to recognize the legal person as the subject of crime and, respectively, of criminal liability has received an impetus for development in several states largely due to the need of increasing the level of legal protection of bona fide competition, of consumer rights, of environment, of occupational safety, etc. With the transition to a market economy, the role of legal persons has increased enormously. In the conditions of a fierce competition and the fight for domination on the sales markets, the legal persons with different forms of legal organization commit de facto multiple deeds that fall under the incidence of the criminal law. For this reason, in the doctrine of law there are more and more questions regarding the protection of the rights and interests of the person, of the society, of the state, of the economic system, of the environment etc. from the criminal acts committed by legal persons. Currently, criminal law with respect to the liability of legal persons is lagging behind the dynamic development of the economic sphere of society. This can be confirmed by the criminological research which shows a steady increase in the number of crimes committed by legal persons. It shows that the sanctions provided by the rules of criminal law for illegal acts committed by legal persons do not represent an obstacle to their socially dangerous criminal activity, especially since the benefit or the income obtained multiple times exceeds the amounts of fines paid. However, the relevance of a study in the matter of the particularities of preventing, investigating and combating crimes committed by legal persons is determined by the continuous evolution of the institution of criminal liability of legal persons.

The nature of the tasks facing modern Russia requires not only a forecast of the future, but also a thorough study of the past, which is necessary to optimize management decisions. The experience of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the last year has been repeatedly mentioned and discussed as an element of the economic history of the USSR, possible for future application.

This distinctive issue of Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society focusses on “Higher Education, Social Change and Impact”, emerging from the COST programme SHIINE “Multi-disciplinary innovation for social change”. The ideas presented in the papers are from various lenses reflecting an international perspective. There are significant and important insights which may be gained from this issue. International dialogue and the adoption of a multi-disciplinary approach to social problems can assist in the advancement of universal public policy. This will be to everyone’s gain.

This paper raises current theoretical and practical issues related to the implementation of a comprehensive mechanism of liability for economic criminal offences in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to identify the main problem areas in the criminal law security of economic relations and to develop conceptual advice on their elimination. The paper uses a wide range of methodological tools (including comparative, historical, systemic, Aristotelian (dogmatic), modelling), which enabled a comprehensive and critical analysis of the current state and prospects for improving the criminal regulation of economic relations in the country. The results of the study are designed to promote the development of a unified conceptual model of protection of the national economy through criminal law. It is established that the prolonged economic crisis and distortions of market relations continue to adversely affect the state and dynamics of economic crime. The author’s opinion is also argued that since criminal law measures cannot objectively have a positive effect on economic processes, they can be relied on only to eliminate certain adverse consequences of economic activity. The study substantiated that the term “criminal offences against the market economy” in the context denoting the crimes for which responsibility is prescribed by Section VII of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, successfully passes conditional verification for compliance with the name of this structural part of the Criminal Code. Over the past five years, Ukraine’s criminal law policy on combating crimes in the sphere of economic activity has not undergone radical changes. Finally, there are hopes for the active development of legal research to become a reliable foundation for quality law-making to optimise the statutory framework in terms of criminal law response to economic and financial torts

The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and applied aspects and identify the problems of the "transformation" of hired labor, as one of the conditions for reforming the labor legislation of Ukraine, in the context of their economic and legal dimension. The labor relations that arise and function between an employee and an employer in Ukraine are regulated by the norms of labor law both of the Soviet period and from the time of the declaration of independence of Ukraine. The article emphasizes that starting from the 1990s and until now, the national labor legislation has problems that require: 1) legislative coverage and consolidation of the social purpose of labor law in the sphere of regulation of labor relations between an employee and an employer and their practical implementation; 2) correct clarification of the content of the behavior of the subjects of labor relations based on prohibitions, orders and permits that regulate certain aspects of labor activity; 3) reforming labor legislation in order to direct and bring it into line with the Constitution of Ukraine and generally defined principles and norms of international labor law; 4) the unity of the legal policy of the state in the field of labor of certain categories of employees; 5) creation of an effective legal mechanism to regulate the sphere of contractual relations, both individual and collective, taking into account the new social relations between employees and employers on the basis of social dialogue; 6) creation of an appropriate legal framework that would ensure the economic interest of employers in creating safe working conditions for employees; 7) legislative regulation of gender equality of the rights of men and women in the field of work in order to ensure equal opportunities related to remuneration for work results and social protection of employees; 8) new in the content approaches of legal regulation of legal responsibility for violations of labor legislation precisely because the norms of labor law are transformed from general formalized provisions into specific legal rights and obligations of subjects of labor relations. The article emphasizes that each person independently makes decisions about his own work and is personally responsible for his well-being. At the same time, labor legislation should be a high-quality and effective regulator of labor relations, which is the basis for meeting the material and social needs of the employee.

The relevance of the research is due to the globalization and modernization of all spheres of public life. In this regard, there was a need to consider and analyze the level of public investments that are directed to support innovative entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to review and analyze measures of state support for innovative entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The methodological basis of the presented research is the unification of various general scientific methods of cognition. In the presented study, methods of analysis and synthesis of information were used, a comparative method was used, and the method of induction and deduction was also used. At the final stage of the study, such a method of cognition as a systematic analysis of scientific literature related to the subject of the study was used. In the course of the study, the experience was considered of other countries (the United States of America, the European Union) and models of support for innovative entrepreneurship. In the process of writing, methodological principles were outlined for the modernization and growth of innovative entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan. A closed innovation management system was considered. The main functions of the state to support innovative entrepreneurship were considered.

The article is focused on studying and scientific understanding of the process of the formation and evolution of Poland as a modern democratic European state. The author has indicated the significance of the influence of the democratic traditions of the Polish people on the formation of the current model of the state system of the Republic of Poland. The author has established the general chronological boundaries of each of the periods of democratization of Polish society starting from the times of “noble democracy”. The main characteristics of the stages of democratic development of Poland until the present day have been determined. The main factors that influenced the course of democratic transit in the Polish state have been clarified. It has been proved that the peculiarities of modern Polish statehood are determined by the historical traditions of Polish democracy, the mentality of the Polish people and membership in the European Union and other international organizations. It has been emphasized that the implementation of economic and institutional transformations in Poland in the post-Soviet period was accompanied by the simultaneous formation of civil society. It has been established that the result of democratic transit in the Republic of Poland is a liberal democracy of the Western type with a certain bias towards social democracy. The author has emphasized the decisive role of European integration processes in the formation of the Republic of Poland as a democratic, legal and social state. Based on the analysis of the current legislation and ongoing reforms in the law-making sphere, the author has defined the main factors that determine the existing systemic threats to the rule of law and democracy in Poland at the present stage of its state-building. It has been stated that although Polish democracy demonstrates some negative tendencies, it is unlikely collapsed due to the current challenges, since the Republic still maintains the balance between state power and political freedom of citizens and their associations and the general atmosphere in Polish society remains open and free.

The subject of the paper is a connection between certain microeconomic aspects of importance for the functioning of modern organizations in the context of sustainable development. Modern companies must be open to modern ideas, they have to become competent in viewing different problems from different perspectives, become more flexible and sensitive to the market warnings and be ready to implement the changes in the process of management. Nowadays, in a situation of a big suspense, companies are facing with more complex goals, the evolution of work organization towards its self-government and the generation of flexible working forms, with an emphasis being put on the improvement of the employees’skills and the development of some new models such as a ‘career without borders’. Some research has found that when creating a model of the modern market economy, it is necessary to take into account almost all the details such as sustainable development, the development of knowledge and competences-based companies, giving employees the opportunity to build the companies by themselves using the temporary management and networking. In the process of development of a modern organization, there should be taken into account certain factors in the process of its functioning such as both internal and external requirements, the employees predispositions, in other words all the presumptions involved in the question of entrepreneurial activity. The aim of the paper is to present the selected microeconomic aspects of importance for the functioning and improvement of the work of organizations in turbulent market circumstances according to the sustainable development. The work is intended for all those who operate in a modern business environment, regardless of the form of the organization or a type of activity.

Rural-urban social inequality in Russia is evident. Russian public opinion proposes to reduce the rural-urban income gap, both within the framework of the self-regulating market paradigm, reflected in public programmes, and within the planned command economy framework. In the same ways it proposes to achieve an inter-regional socio-economic balance.The People’s Republic of China (PRC) also faces the problem of reducing rural-urban social inequality. It looks as if it is trying to solve the problem by applying direct measures that can even reverse the processes of urbanization.This article proposes to analyze and adopt the most effective ways of reducing rural-urban inequality, as practiced in China. It is also possible to incorporate in the Chinese state’s management of social processes the methods of reduction of inequality between rural and urban populations, created by the dirigiste trends of Russian public thought, since the socio-economic system of the PRC readily assimilates elements of the planned economy.

After four decades of reform and opening up, the market economy cannot only develop healthily under the socialist system, but also it is more active in capitalist society. This paper compares the development of Chinese enterprises' innovation ability with neighboring countries, selects small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises as a research sample of market economy, and summarizes the ecological road of enterprise innovation between China and neighboring countries, from imitation to innovation. Nowadays, many Chinese products have already competed in the global market in terms of cost, quality, and innovation. China's product innovation performance has been recognized worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to study the unique step of China's innovation, based on China's national conditions, and adhere to the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. Some industrial parks have even surpassed Japan and South Korea. This paper collects field survey data from small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) in Suzhou, China. The study shows that the innovation ecosystem with Chinese characteristics can be roughly divided into three steps, which are slightly different from Japan and South Korea. How to improve the skills and competitiveness of China's SMMEs in three unique steps will help the improvement of the SMMES innovative ecosystem and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.

The article is aimed at developing strategic directions and introducing regulatory measures for the formation of Ukraine’s energy policy on the principles of energy saving and the development of renewable energy industry. On the basis of scientific works, the main organizational-economic vectors of energy industry sector development are systematized, which are associated with the formation of a favorable socio-political climate regarding the priority of using renewable energy sources in the fuel and energy complex; development of effective methods of both the State-based and the market-based regulation by the world community; coordination of the strategy of sustainable development of the world economy. It is determined that the energy saving policy should be based on a flexible combination of the State-based regulation and the market environment for the formation of the most acceptable stimulation mechanisms in the specific economic and political situations, which allows for the greatest economic benefit. It has been found out that the implementation of energy saving processes is impossible without the mass use of renewable energy carriers, which are a universal resource for processing to the right types of energy, are marked by energy independence related to obtaining economic benefits and contribute to the creation of an ecological friendly environment. In the perspective, the energy saving processes, the transition of the national economy to wide implementation in the production of high-tech technologies and the use of renewable energy sources should become the determining factors of Ukraine’s energy strategy.

The relevance of this research is due to the need to develop the financial sector of the domestic economy, which has become obvious in the context of the global economic crisis. This paper examines the structural features of life insurance markets in Russia and the West. The purpose of the study is to assess the state of the competitive environment in the markets under consideration and draw conclusions about the barriers to entry for new companies. The methodology of the work includes structural, statistical, system, logical, and other types of analysis, as well as the synthesis of the results obtained. Using the example of the Russian and Western life insurance markets, the role of geographical segments in shaping the overall market environment is evaluated. Based on the results of the research, the necessity of partial transplantation of the Western model of market environment formation based on monopolistic competition of market participants is justified.

The article describes newly created private firms are those that have been private since they were established, i.e. the enterprises, which were established after the transition process started. In the economic literature, they are also referred as de novo enterprises or firms. The paper reports new and unique firm level survey evidence to investigate the micro economic nature of the growth process and structural change in CIS countries. In particular, we investigate gross job creation and destruction in newly established private (de novo) firms and “traditional” ones, being state owned and privatized firms and find that the de novo private firms are the most dynamic ones in terms of job creation. As result of the research we find that state owned enterprises are not significantly different in their employment behavior from privatized firms, where mixed effects of competition on employment growth. Therefore, the result could be evidence that suggests efficiency wage payments are important for employment growth in couple of CIS countries.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the recognition of China as a market economy in the context of the Brazilian investigations into trade remedies after 2016 when a clause of China’s protocol of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) expired. Although the interpretation of the Brazilian authority is now clear (a case-by-case evaluation of the sectors under analysis), some aspects of these applications should be further discussed. Among those aspects are the (in)adequate procedural time to address whether China is a market economy, the consequences of the absence of participation by Chinese exporters in these investigations, and the legal uncertainty as to the information that should be considered in the investigation. Finally, the research will provide an empirical analysis on the impact that a counterfactual and unrestricted recognition of China as a market economy might have on current anti-dumping duties currently enforced by Brazil.

Research on improvements effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms is a very complex research topic in the field of corporate governance, as well as strategic management. Different theoretical models and empirical results indicate the interdependence of corporate governance mechanisms and procedures within strategic decision-making. However, tradition and research to date indicate that a range of different approaches to corporate governance are evolving around the world. In practice, it is known that there is no single and always optimal choice of corporate governance model, as it depends on legal regulations, institutional frameworks and traditions of the country. However, all of them have in common that there is a high priority that works to increase the interest of shareholders in company, that the shareholders' funds can be used efficiently and wisely. Practice has shown that the regulatory and legal framework of most countries in transition did not have enough time to develop and adapt to the needs of privatization, which significantly affected its course and results. With progress in implementing reform processes, transition countries have constantly innovated privatization models. At the same time, each of them has developed a relatively specific model of property transformation, in accordance with the characteristics of the economy and the political situation. The importance of the privatization process in transition countries is reflected in increasing the efficiency of the economy, building the foundations for the introduction of a market economy and increasing government revenues. The main goal of the research, in this paper, is to analyze the results of the privatization process so far, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of this process, ie pointing out the positive experiences and key limitations with which countries in transition were faced during the implementation of the privatization process, which influenced the profiling of their business environment

The article analyzes the current socio-political state and economy of Belarus and suggests conditions for the transition to a strategy of advanced development, which can be implemented in an environment of socio-political stability and excluding the activity of agents of Western influence. It is necessary to effectively operate such institutions of the new world economic order as strategic planning and programming of scientific, technical and socio-economic development, state regulation of the proportions of economic reproduction, Antimonopoly regulation, targeted lending of industrial investments, currency regulation in order to prevent capital leakage. We also need to harmonize the interests of various social groups and consolidate society on the basis of a policy of increasing public welfare.

Rural-urban social inequality in Russia is evident. Russian public opinion proposes to reduce the rural-urban income gap, both within the framework of the self-regulating market paradigm, reflected in public programmes, and within the planned command economy framework. In the same ways it proposes to achieve an inter-regional socio-economic balance.The People’s Republic of China (PRC) also faces the problem of reducing rural-urban social inequality. It looks as if it is trying to solve the problem by applying direct measures that can even reverse the processes of urbanization.This article proposes to analyze and adopt the most effective ways of reducing rural-urban inequality, as practiced in China. It is also possible to incorporate in the Chinese state’s management of social processes the methods of reduction of inequality between rural and urban populations, created by the dirigiste trends of Russian public thought, since the socio-economic system of the PRC readily assimilates elements of the planned economy.

The `90s have been a very difficult decade especially for the states that have been part of the former Soviet Union for more than half of century. Countries like Ukraine, Belarus or the Republic of Moldova had to face new challenges and realities and to adapt to the market economy, a concept unknown in a communist world. The transition from a state-controlled economy to a liberal and market oriented one was tough in more ways than one. Underlining the most important challenges that these countries had to face in order to be able to compete on the international market, we assess the impact of the regional economic integration structures upon their position on the international economic arena. Using variables such as Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investments, trade balance structure and the Human Development Index we demonstrate that although it has been more than 30 years since the communism fell, these three states have still a long road ahead of them if they want to be players on a highly competitive market. Through a parallel study of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Agreement and the Eurasian Economic Union we will demonstrate that the advantages of the heavy industry, energy resources or the agricultural products have started to lose ground on a market where digitalization dictates most of the trade agreements and foreign investments.

This note goes around the role of industrial property. Furthermore, it shows some arguments from the philosophical and socio-political perspective. The emerging questions seek to discuss whether or not the casuistic analysis determines if the Law denotes a hypotactic behaviour towards capital or whether it would be appropriate to define the Law (of Intellectual Property) as a new expression of capitalist servility.

This research article analyzes the current situation of food sovereignty in Ecuador linked with the Free Trade Agreement between Ecuador, Peru Colombia and the European Union (FTA), after almost four years of its entry into force, considering the impacts of the sanitary and economic crisis generated by the coronavirus pandemic in Ecuador, which has produced significant consequences for small food producers, specially in terms of poverty and inequality. In addition, this article aims to present a review of the implications that the Free Trade Agreement has had on the food sovereignty regime in Ecuador, from the economic analysis of law, analyzing whether this international instrument reduces transaction costs and is efficient in terms of food sovereignty, or whether an inalienability rule should be applied to counteract the externalities it generates in sustainable food production aligned with food sovereignty.

The article considered the theoretical and practical examples of the Republic of Belarus on the development ofcompetition, the role of competition in the life of society is indicated. Definitions of the term «competition» are given. A brief description of the types of market structures is given: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly. The mechanism of development of competition in the Republic of Belarus at the present stage is considered, including through the creation of an antimonopoly structure, ifs goals, objectives, ongoing efforts to develop competition, adjust the regulatory framework, international experience, etc. The directions that promote competition have been identified: improving legislation, expanding the powers of the antimonopoly structure, further developing preventive institutions of antimonopoly regulation, advocating competition, developing exchange trading, etc. The development of competition is a tool to achieve the goals of social-economic development of the country.

The main provisions, essence and content of the revenue policy as a key part of the social policy of the state have been considered in the article. The author rightly notes, that the income policy is aimed at solving such important tasks as helping vulnerable groups of the population by resorting to the use of the social security system and leveling the inflationary processes that affect the income and savings of citizens. Various models of social regulation have been adduced, including the “Scandinavian” or “Swedish” model, monetarist, paternalistic, and others. The study have used various general scientific research methods: observation method, the systemic-functional method, method of synthesis and analysis, method of scientific abstraction.The main directions of improving the implementation of the state social policy, which is presented as a voluminous, multi-faceted process that has a complex structure and intersects with many other areas of state activity, have been proposed. The conclusion has been formulated, that society does not exist by itself, so the social sphere is in constant interaction with other spheres, such as production of material goods, politics, culture and the environment. It has been noted, that social policy is recognized as effective when the entire social sphere is at a high level, and the society clearly shows a positive response to the actions of the state. Thus, the broader is such a policy, the greater is the completeness of the covered areas, both explicit (the fight against poverty, social protection, etc.) and implicit (relations between social groups, motivation in society, etc.), the more effective is the overall functioning of the state as a whole.

This article highlights the issues of reforming the sphere of karakul breeding in Uzbekistan, in particular, the development of a small zonal karakul breeding complex and the objective features of improving this important area as a result of inter-farm cooperation and specialization, as well as new optimal ways of using, ensuring employment in rural regions and the development of family entrepreneurship. The general and main development goal of the whole sub-complex is the search for promising directions for using the production potential of regional karakul breeding sub-complexes. In this case, the need to organize effective production in the conditions of modernization and localization of the economy, replenishment of Uzbekistan's foreign exchange fund and demand for natural fur market should be taken into account. In addition, it should be based on ensuring that the prestige of high-quality karakul leather increases. In the implementation of this goal, on the basis of specialized breeding, the karakul maintains a scientifically based system of breeding. In the agricultural sector, four main types of karakul breeding agro-farms - breeding enterprises, breeding agro-reproducers, commodity agro-farms, and inter-farm karakul should be maintained and restored in special complexes.

This research aims to identify the mechanisms behind irrationality in consumer choice of commodities based on marketing communication strategies employed by companies and their understanding of consumers' sociological behaviour. From a reinterpretation of research evidence and an analysis of existing literature, the research examines whether the infantilisation of marketing activities stems from a mistaken notion of marketing, and a lack of understanding that marketing aims for mutual agreement and benefits for the supply and demand sides. The argument relies on secondary studies and market analysis, such as the understanding of past and present market phenomena, factors, and processes. The present study applied exploratory data analysis to describe behaviours, needs, values, lifestyle and consumption models. The sources used included scientific papers, monographs, and reports by private foundations and commercial enterprises. The analysis of literature revealed artificially created paradigms that frame the choice of commodity and a decline in the role of demand in creating supply - especially by individual clients. The paper proposes a need for changes in how marketing communication is seen and deployed, to limit consumption and human subjectivity.

The issue of foreign direct investment (FDI) has been and is being discussed intensively, with concerns both at national and international level. Given the divergent distribution of ISD inflows at Central and Eastern European level and the potential of foreign direct investment to represent a "new Marshall Plan" for Central and Eastern European countries, we have carried out a brief analysis of the effects of foreign capital in Estonia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania, following the highlighting of the impact on the economic, social and natural environment from the perspective of sustainable development.

Even since 1991, after regaining its independence from the Soviet Union, the international community was optimistic regarding the international trajectory of Ukraine, as they believed that soon enough, she would become a new member of NATO, OECD and European Economic Community. Even if Ukraine was the biggest European country in terms of territory, she was always looked upon as being Europe`s “sick man”, an almost failed country given its geopolitical situation, its history and the mistakes that were made in terms of political and institutional development. From an economic perspective, Ukraine did not have a sustainable growth basis and did not followed the trend set out in Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The collapse of the heavy industry, the lack of a national coin, the political and economic chaos after the independence brought about serious challenges that this country had to face in order to gain even a small place at the table of the negotiations. The strong dependence on Russian resources did not made the path easier and for many years Ukraine struggled to keep the pace with the international trend in terms of trade and development. This paper stresses the difficulties faced by the Ukrainian economy from the early 90s until 2015-16, the challenges that had to be overcome and the attitude of the International Community towards this country.