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Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is vaccine-preventable neglected zoonotic neuroinvasive disease, caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Many of the Central and Eastern European countries are affected by TBE, which is often poorly perceived by tourists visiting endemic territories. Here we are reporting a fatal case of imported TBE in Serbian resident who was exposed to a tick bite during a visit to Switzerland.

Background and Objectives: Although it is believed that measles infections are under control, there is a global reappearance, and their treatment has become more complex as the disease is followed by a relatively high incidence of complications. This study, conducted on patients during a measles outbreak from November 2017 to May 2018, aims to evaluate a rarely reported complication of measles, acute morbilous pancreatitis (AMP), which has been reported in several cases to date. Materials and Methods: A total of 207 patients admitted and treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center Nis, for measles infection were included in the analysis. The data collected from the patient’s medical records included the demographic characteristics, disease duration, full blood, serum, and urine biochemical analysis, general measles-associated symptoms, and disease outcome. Results: According to the serum and urine amylase activity, and some clinical symptoms AMP were diagnosed in 14% (29/207) of the studied patients. These patients had significantly higher levels of ALT and vomited more frequently than the patients without AMP. Only slight differences in measles duration, changes in RBC count, and CRP levels were found between the males and females with AMP. Conclusions: Acute morbillous pancreatitis should not be underestimated as a complication, even though according to the results of our survey, it was not associated with a fatal outcome or disease severity as the course of it can be frequently rapid and fatal.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) usually evades the host’s immune system and persists as a chronic infection. Intravenous drug users (IVDU) represent the majority of patients infected with HCV Combined therapy of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with peginterferon a-2a and ribavirin can be successful even when patients continue the intravenous drug use. In this study, we compared the characteristics of age, gender, genotype, and stage of fibrosis and the therapy outcome among IVDU and patients with no history of drug use. The study included 69 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C, evaluated and treated at the Clinic for infectious diseases in Nis from 2005 to 2009. HCV RNA was detected by a polymerase chain reaction and the determination of genotypes was undertaken. Liver biopsies were examined histopathologicaly. Patients received a combined treatment of peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin. Therapy efficiency was evaluated based on the achievement of the sustained virological response (SVR). A comparison of characteristics was performed with the use of Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square (χ2) test and logistic regression. IVDU were significantly younger than patients in the control group. Prevalence of stage 1 fibrosis was significantly higher among IVDU. The therapy outcome is influenced by the patient’s age and HCV genotypes. Each year added to one patient decreased the therapy efficiency by 8.1%, while genotypes 2 and 3 experienced a therapy which was 2.08 times more efficient than in other cases. IVDU represent a specific population different from non-using patients. However, they can be treated effectively if an adequate patient-doctor relationship is established.

Background: The immune-inflammatory response is the basis of the pathophysiology of SARS-Cov-2 infection. In severe cases of COVID-19 uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response causes multiorgan dysfunction (MODS), as the most common immediate cause of death. Unfavorable outcome of the COVID-19 most often occurs in elderly patients. The aim of the study was to establish parameters with prognostic significance in severe cases of COVID-19 according to life years, laboratory markers of sepsis and MODS, as well as the number of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+T lymphocytes in 20 consecutively selected critically ill patients.Results: Eleven subjects were male, 9 female, mean age 73.45 ± 11.59, among which the oldest patient was 94 and the youngest 43 years. All the patients met the sepsis and MODS criteria. Increased age and low CD4+ and CD8+T cell counts were identified as independent predictors of death. Only the two youngest patients (43 and 50 years old) survived 28 days, and they are the only ones with a CD4 lymphocyte count above 500 cells/mm3.Conclusion: Senescence of the immune system is mostly characterized by reduced regenerative capacity of adaptive immunity with diminished ability to respond to new antigens and a manifested proinflammatory phenotype. Additional reduction of protective capacity by further deterioration of T cell quantity and quality due to sepsis itself and mutual interaction of senescent T cells and vascular endothelial cells in the induction of cytokine storm represent two complementary vicious cycles in the development of sepsis-related multiorgan dysfunction.

Introduction: HIV-infected patients are affected significantly more frequently by all types of lymphoma, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) as the most prevalent histological type. Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) morbidity and mortality of DLBCL has been markedly reduced, which is primarily interpreted as a result of the drug-mediated immune reconstitution. Case Report: We present a previously healthy, 44-year-old HIV-infected man with DLBCL of the oral cavity, treated with immunochemotherapy and cART. During HIV-directed treatment, despite the successful virologic response, a satisfactory immunological response was not achieved. However, the patient had a 2-year complete remission after first-line treatment of DLBCL. Conclusion: Response to cART strongly predicts outcome in patients with DLBCL. Close monitoring of HIV-directed therapy efficacy, especially as to achievement of successful virologic response, independently associated with prolonged survival, is essential for estimating future DLBCL treatment strategies.