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We investigate the application of spectral induced polarization (SIP) monitoring to understand seasonal and annual variations in the freeze–thaw processes in permafrost by examining the frequency dependence of subsurface electrical properties. We installed a permanent SIP monitoring profile at a high-mountain permafrost site in the Italian Alps in 2019 and collected SIP data in the frequency range between 0.1–75 Hz over 3 years. The SIP imaging results were interpreted in conjunction with complementary seismic and borehole data sets. In particular, we investigated the phase frequency effect (ϕFE), i.e., the change in the resistivity phase with frequency. We observe that this parameter (ϕFE) is strongly sensitive to temperature changes and might be used as a proxy to delineate spatial and temporal changes in the ice content in the subsurface, providing information not accessible through electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) or single-frequency IP measurements. Temporal changes in ϕFE are validated through laboratory SIP measurements on samples from the site in controlled freeze–thaw experiments. We demonstrate that SIP is capable of resolving temporal changes in the thermal state and the ice / water ratio associated with seasonal freeze–thaw processes. We investigate the consistency between the ϕFE observed in field data and groundwater and ice content estimates derived from petrophysical modeling of ERT and seismic data.

The subglacial landscape of Antarctica records and influences the behaviour of its overlying ice sheet. However, in many places, the evolution of the landscape and its control on ice sheet behaviour have not been investigated in detail. Using recently released radio-echo sounding data, we investigate the subglacial landscape of the Evans–Rutford region of West Antarctica. Following quantitative analysis of the landscape morphology under ice-loaded and ice-unloaded conditions, we identify 10 flat surfaces distributed across the region. Across these 10 surfaces, we identify two distinct populations based on clustering of elevations, which potentially represent remnants of regionally coherent pre-glacial surfaces underlying the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). The surfaces are bounded by deeply incised glacial troughs, some of which have potential tectonic controls. We assess two hypotheses for the evolution of the regional landscape: (1) passive-margin evolution associated with the break-up of the Gondwana supercontinent or (2) an extensive planation surface that may have been uplifted in association with either the West Antarctic Rift System or cessation of subduction at the base of the Antarctic Peninsula. We suggest that passive-margin evolution is the most likely of these two mechanisms, with the erosion of glacial troughs adjacent to, and incising, the flat surfaces likely having coincided with the growth of the WAIS. These flat surfaces also demonstrate similarities to other identified surfaces, indicating that a similar formational process may have been acting more widely around the Weddell Sea embayment. The subsequent fluctuations of ice flow, basal thermal regime, and erosion patterns of the WAIS are therefore controlled by the regional tectonic structures.

This work assesses a recently produced 21-member climate model large ensemble (LE) based on the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) version 2 (E3SM2). The ensemble spans the historical era (1850 to 2014) and 21st century (2015 to 2100), using the SSP370 pathway, allowing for an evaluation of the model's forced response. A companion 500-year preindustrial control simulation is used to initialize the ensemble and estimate drift. Characteristics of the LE are documented and compared against other recently produced ensembles using the E3SM version 1 (E3SM1) and Community Earth System Model (CESM) versions 1 and 2. Simulation drift is found to be smaller, and model agreement with observations is higher in versions 2 of E3SM and CESM versus their version 1 counterparts. Shortcomings in E3SM2 include a lack of warming from the mid to late 20th century, likely due to excessive cooling influence of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, an issue also evident in E3SM1. Associated impacts on the water cycle and energy budgets are also identified. Considerable model dependence in the response to both aerosols and greenhouse gases is documented and E3SM2's sensitivity to variable prescribed biomass burning emissions is demonstrated. Various E3SM2 and CESM2 model benchmarks are found to be on par with the highest-performing recent generation of climate models, establishing the E3SM2 LE as an important resource for estimating climate variability and responses, though with various caveats as discussed herein. As an illustration of the usefulness of LEs in estimating the potential influence of internal variability, the observed CERES-era trend in net top-of-atmosphere flux is compared to simulated trends and found to be much larger than the forced response in all LEs, with only a few members exhibiting trends as large as observed, thus motivating further study.

Rhizobia are soil bacteria that form nodules on legumes and fix atmospheric nitrogen, reducing the need for chemical fertilisers. In most studies rhizobia are described as alpha-proteobacteria and have been studied extensively for several decades. However, in recent years an increasing number of studies present beta- and gamma-proteobacteria strains as potential rhizobia-like bacteria. In this study we identify bacteria isolated from nodules of various legumes grown in Latvia, using a full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence, used for more precision, compared with a partial sequence of the gene. Bacterial strains in this study have been isolated from 1962–2019, part of which are rhizobia strains from a unique historical collection. This is the first time bacterial strains isolated from nodules in Latvian soils have been identified with molecular biology methods. A wide taxonomic diversity was detected – bacteria species from α-, β-, γ-proteobacteria classes and Paenibacillus polymyxa strains from the Bacilli class. P. polymyxa strains were detected only in the historical collection, while β- and γ-proteobacteria strains were obtained only from the newly isolated specimens, uncovering new potential strains for a commercial legume seed inoculum. Soil samples were collected, and phosphorus levels were determined. Several strains indicate phosphate solubilising properties.

Introduction Sleep disturbance, particularly insomnia, is prevalent across various mental health disorders. While it is a common sign in mood disorders, emerging evidence suggests that insomnia might act as a precursor or an early sign of psychosis. Our case report and literature review emphasize the importance of evaluating sleep disturbances in the diagnosis and management of mental disorders. Objectives - To explore potential neurobiological underpinnings linking sleep disturbances to psychosis onset. - To advocate for the importance of early identification and intervention for sleep disturbances in the broader context of preventing or managing psychotic disorders. Methods We present a case describing a young patient’s first episode of psychosis, which was masked by an initial presentation of insomnia. Additionally, we conducted a review of the relationship between sleep disturbances and psychosis, with a comprehensive literature search from Pubmed, Scopus and psychINFO. Results A 20-year-old African-American male with a history of poor sleep was initially diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder. He was treated with Bupropion, Quetiapine, and Trazodone. However, he later presented with worsening depression, odd behavior, and signs of disorganization, suggestive of a psychotic episode. After switching his medication to Risperidone 4mg twice daily, the patient’s sleep and other symptoms markedly improved. Through our literature review, we identified that sleep disturbances, especially insomnia, can be a risk factor for developing psychosis. While a cross-sectional study recorded one-fourth of their study population experiencing First Episode Psychosis (FEP) with clinical insomnia, another study reported close to 80% of their study sample with early psychosis suffering from a minimum of one sleep disorder; insomnia and nightmare disorder being the most frequent. A large sample longitudinal analysis lasting one year also observed patients with sleep disorders to be twice at risk of onset and persistence of psychotic episodes. A growing body of evidence also suggests that structural brain abnormalities and neural development alterations in the early stages of psychosis may lead to sleep disturbances and subsequent psychotic symptoms. Findings suggest that thalamic dysfunction may in particular contribute to sleep spindle deficits and altered EEG microstate dynamics. These deficits are unrelated to antipsychotic medication exposure, and are also not observed in patients with other psychiatric illnesses. Conclusions While the correlation between sleep disorders and psychosis has been well-established for decades, very limited literature is available on the role of sleep in FEP. Recognizing and treating sleep disturbances is pivotal in managing psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Thus, a comprehensive evaluation of sleep issues in patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms is imperative for accurate diagnosis and management. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

The analysis of englacial layers using radio-echo sounding data enables the characterisation and reconstruction of current and past ice-sheet flow. Despite the Lambert Glacier catchment being one of the largest in Antarctica, discharging ∼16 % of East Antarctica's ice, its englacial architecture has been little analysed. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of Lambert Glacier's englacial architecture using radio-echo sounding data collected by Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province Project (AGAP) North survey. We used an internal layering continuity index (ILCI) to characterise the internal architecture of the ice and identify four macro-scale ILCI zones with distinct glaciological contexts. Whilst the catchment is dominated by continuous englacial layering, disrupted or discontinuous layering is highlighted by the ILCI at both the onset of enhanced ice flow (defined here as >15 m a−1) and along the shear margin, suggesting a transition in englacial deformation conditions and converging ice flow. These zones are characterised by buckled and folded englacial layers which have fold axes aligned with the current ice-flow regime. These folds suggest that the flow direction of the Lambert Glacier trunk has changed little, if at all, during the Holocene. Disturbed englacial layers that do not correspond to modern ice-flow routing found within a deep subglacial channel, however, suggest that ice-flow change has occurred in a former tributary that fed Lambert Glacier from grid north. As large outlet systems such as Lambert Glacier are likely to play a vital role in the future drainage of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, constraining their englacial architecture to reconstruct their past ice flow and determine basal conditions is important for refining projections of future sea-level change.

Recent phylogenetic studies of Gammaridae made evident some nomenclatural issues that should be addressed. We discuss the nomenclatural problems caused by the use of the unavailable name Neogammarus Ruffo, 1937 and the designation of type species for Rhipidogammarus Stock, 1971 and Neogammarus Karaman, 1969. Since the type species of these two last names is the same, Gammarus rhipidiophorus Catta, 1878, the ICZN requires that a new objective synonymy be established: Neogammarus Karaman, 1969 = Rhipidogammarus Stock, 1971, syn. nov. This synonymy changes the current general use of these two names, generating a new nomenclatural combination, Neogammarus karamani (Stock, 1971) n. comb. We provide a synonymic list of Neogammarus to facilitate its general application.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: One of the best retributions that man can make to the environment and that promotes development is the incorporation of waste into truly productive processes. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to take advantage of the vegetal residues from tree pruning obtained from the maintenance of the overhead wiring of the electrical networks in the city of Barranquilla, in Colombia, to produce an organic fertilizer, which are some of the most demanded products in the world. The production of organic fertilizer was carried out by composting using the Pleurotus sp. fungus as an accelerator of the process.METHODS: For compost production, three treatments were used based on a mixture of manure, pruning, banana bagasse and Pleurotus sp. as an accelerator process. Each treatment was layered and then arranged in beds of compost piles. The temperature and humidity were monitored throughout the process. Physicochemical parameters were measured at the end of the process in concordance with the Colombian Technical Standard 5761. To evaluate the biological efficiency of the compost, two doses were tested with each 100 gram and 200 gram of fertilizer for each 500 gram of soil using corn seeds, which were sown in bags over a period of three months. At the end of the test, biological growth parameters such as foliar development, amount of biomass and fruiting were measured.FINDING: Most of the physicochemical and biological parameters were within the NTC 5167 standard. The treatment with the highest percentage of degradation by composting was treatment number 2 (with Pleurotus sp.), which showed that with 60 percent of fresh prunings in the formulation, Pleurotus accelerates the process by 24 percent compared to the other treatments.CONCLUSION: In summary, the tested method is a good route to produce fertilizers from pruning wastes. Regarding the effect of the fertilizer on the development of corn seedlings, a positive effect was observed compared to the control. Otherwise, in the composting process, the fungus significantly accelerates the process and at the same time shows an overgrowth.

One of the key components of this research has been the mapping of Antarctic bed topography and ice thickness parameters that are crucial for modelling ice flow and hence for predicting future ice loss and the ensuing sea level rise. Supported by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the Bedmap3 Action Group aims not only to produce new gridded maps of ice thickness and bed topography for the international scientific community, but also to standardize and make available all the geophysical survey data points used in producing the Bedmap gridded products. Here, we document the survey data used in the latest iteration, Bedmap3, incorporating and adding to all of the datasets previously used for Bedmap1 and Bedmap2, including ice bed, surface and thickness point data from all Antarctic geophysical campaigns since the 1950s. More specifically, we describe the processes used to standardize and make these and future surveys and gridded datasets accessible under the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) data principles. With the goals of making the gridding process reproducible and allowing scientists to re-use the data freely for their own analysis, we introduce the new SCAR Bedmap Data Portal (https://bedmap.scar.org, last access: 1 March 2023) created to provide unprecedented open access to these important datasets through a web-map interface. We believe that this data release will be a valuable asset to Antarctic research and will greatly extend the life cycle of the data held within it. Data are available from the UK Polar Data Centre: https://data.bas.ac.uk (last access: 5 May 2023​​​​​​​). See the Data availability section for the complete list of datasets.

Mulching is a method of controlling wind erosion in arid and desert areas. In this study, the effects of oil mulch on some properties of soil were investigated, and the optimum amount of mulch to wind erosion control in Dehloran, Iran, was determined. For these purposes, after a mulching practice, soil samples were taken from the three treatments of mulched, control and the afforestation area at two depths of 0-10 and 10-50 cm through monthly field surveys during a year to measure soil parameters, including temperature, soil moisture, pH and EC. Then, the threshold velocity of wind erosion was determined using a wind tunnel and the optimum amount of mulch for erosion control was calculated. The results of soil characteristics analysis showed that soil temperature was significantly affected by the depth and season of sampling and their interactions, in contrast, soil moisture was only affected by the season. Also, soil pH was affected by all independent variables, while EC was only affected by the treatments. Na and SAR were not significantly affected by treatment, depth, and their interactions, while OM was significantly affected by treatment and the interaction between depth and treatment. Finally, the wind tunnel results showed that the erosion threshold velocity in the control area, at the height of 30 cm, was 4.84 m/s. Results also showed that mulching practice can control wind erosion under the maximum wind speed of the region and 7 tons/ha was recommended for future mulching practices in the region and similar areas.

Abstract The search for neutrino events in correlation with gravitational wave (GW) events for three observing runs (O1, O2 and O3) from 09/2015 to 03/2020 has been performed using the Borexino data-set of the same period. We have searched for signals of neutrino-electron scattering and inverse beta-decay (IBD) within a time window of $$\pm \, 1000$$ ± 1000 s centered at the detection moment of a particular GW event. The search was done with three visible energy thresholds of 0.25, 0.8 and 3.0 MeV. Two types of incoming neutrino spectra were considered: the mono-energetic line and the supernova-like spectrum. GW candidates originated by merging binaries of black holes (BHBH), neutron stars (NSNS) and neutron star and black hole (NSBH) were analyzed separately. Additionally, the subset of most intensive BHBH mergers at closer distances and with larger radiative mass than the rest was considered. In total, follow-ups of 74 out of 93 gravitational waves reported in the GWTC-3 catalog were analyzed and no statistically significant excess over the background was observed. As a result, the strongest upper limits on GW-associated neutrino and antineutrino fluences for all flavors ( $$\nu _e, \nu _\mu , \nu _\tau $$ ν e , ν μ , ν τ ) at the level $$10^9{-}10^{15}~\textrm{cm}^{-2}\,\textrm{GW}^{-1}$$ 10 9 - 10 15 cm - 2 GW - 1 have been obtained in the 0.5–5 MeV neutrino energy range.

The last decade has seen the development of a growing tendency to use the most modern technologies, in the field of Cultural Heritage, with the aim of digitizing and facilitating protection and conservation activities. Much research has focused on the development of innovative methods such as photogrammetry or Terrestrial Laser Scanners, in terms of reliability, precision, time and costs. In this research, however, the use of the smartphone was investigated by comparing the point clouds obtained via videogrammetry from smartphones, with those generated by different digital survey techniques, such as Terrestrial Laser Scanners and photogrammetry via SLR camera. Specifically, a smartphone was used and the comparison between point clouds was conducted based on four criteria: point clouds fitting, density evaluation, profiling and texture quality with the aim, therefore, of verifying the geometric reliability of the data and the quality of polygonal lines and the mesh/texture derived. The case study selected was the sepulchral monument of the Pascopepe Lambertini family (14th century), located in the Crypt of Santa Maria della Scala, the Cathedral of Trani (South of Italy). Finally, the research demonstrates how this methodology, in the documentation of heritage, allows for even greater portability and accessibility compared to other methodologies, maintaining widely acceptable standards of accuracy and therefore going to constitute a valid alternative in the documentation of historical heritage.

INTRODUCTION: The burden of injuries is high in low- and middle-income countries where pre-hospital systems are being developed to improve acute injury care. This study compares the characteristics and outcomes between trauma patients transported by formal emergency medical services (EMS) and by private transport to the emergency department (ED) of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali (CHUK) in Rwanda. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed a random sample of trauma patients presenting between 1 August 2015 and 30 July 2016. Descriptive analyses were performed, and differences in outcomes were assessed based on transport modalities via Pearson Chi-Squared or Fisher’s Exact tests. RESULTS: Of the 556 trauma patients analyzed, 87.1% were transported by private transport and the remainder by EMS. The median inpatient length of stay for private transport patients was 7 days (IQR:3-16 days), compared to 9.5 days for EMS patients (IQR:4-18 days) (p=0.301). More EMS-transported patients died in the ED (p=0.005), and more were admitted to the hospital. There was a higher mortality rate among patients admitted to the hospital who arrived by private transport, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The higher ED death rate among EMS-transported patients and the higher in-hospital death rate among private transport patients suggest that major differences in the two groups may or may not be related to how trauma patients are brought to the ED.

Introduction: From time immemorial, different parts of Cassia tora (Jue ming zi) have found application in Chinese medicine. There is a reputation for the therapeutic properties of the plant's leaves, seeds, and roots. The objective of this study is to ascertain the antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds found in Cassia tora leaf. Materials and method: Phytochemical and antioxidant studies were carried out using standard analytical techniques. Bioactive compounds were analysed using GC FID. Results: Results of the quantitative phytochemical analysis of the methanolic fraction of Cassia tora leaves indicated the presence of saponins (71,760±943.2µg/ml), terpenoids (47,466.70±46.2µg/ml), tannins (21,253.30±46.2µg/ml), flavonoids (14,682.70±40.3µg/ml), phenols (30,986.70±46.2µg/ml), steroids (13,557.30±24.4µg/ml), alkaloids (9770.67±9.2µg/ml), glycosides (5434.67±139.8µg/ml). Using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) to analyze the antioxidant properties of the methanolic fraction of Cassia tora leaves, it was discovered that the higher the scavenging power of the fraction, the lower the concentration of the standard (ascorbic acid). In comparison to the standard (ascorbic acid), the fraction had the maximum antioxidant capacity at 6.86mg/ml. Total antioxidant power in the fraction ranged from 1.78mg/ml to 16mg/ml. Twenty (20) bioactive chemicals were found in the methanol fraction of Cassia tora leaves, according to the results of the gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) investigation. Conclusion: The findings of this current study demonstrate that the leaves of Cassia tora are rich in numerous bioactive compounds and are natural sources of antioxidants.

Accelerated ice discharge from marine-terminating outlet glaciers accounted for ~48 percent of ice loss from Greenland between 1992 and 2018, and the northwest has been the largest source of dynamic ice loss. Here, we assess the dynamics of two neighboring northwest Greenland glaciers, Nunatakassaap Sermia (NS) and Illullip Sermia (IS), for 2000 to 2020. Retreat rates at NS far exceeded those at IS, and NS accelerated and thinned substantially following the loss of its ice tongue. This was initially driven by loss of buttressing, followed by feedbacks between thinning, surface slope, and effective pressure, as NS retreated into a deeper and wider section of its fjord. At IS, acceleration and thinning were limited due to its location on a bedrock ridge. At NS, net retreat occurred when seasonal retreat persisted through the winter, whereas at IS it resulted from higher summer retreat rates. The timing of seasonal cycles in frontal positions and ice velocities differed markedly between NS and IS: we suggest that ice velocities respond to seasonal meltwater availability at IS and terminus position variations at NS. Overall, our results demonstrate that the dynamic behavior of NS and IS differs markedly at seasonal to decadal timescales and highlight the importance of glacier-specific factors.

The presence of subglacial lakes and subglacial hydrological networks under the East and West Antarctic ice sheets is now relatively well understood, whilst their influence on ice dynamics is the subject of ongoing research. In contrast, little is known about subglacial lakes and hydrological networks under the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet and how these are influencing glacier behaviour. Here we describe the rapid drainage and slow refill of a subglacial lake under Mars Glacier using remote sensing and aerogeophysics. Results suggest drainage of the subglacial lake occurred prior to 2011, resulting in the collapse of the overlying ice into the newly formed subglacial cavity. The cavity has been refilling since this time, with peak rates of infilling associated with seasonal surface meltwater activity. We review evidence for similar features elsewhere in the Antarctic Peninsula and discuss whether their appearance marks a threshold shift in glacier thermal regimes and the activation or enhancement of their subglacial hydrological networks by surface meltwater. Collectively, these features show coupling of climate processes and the bed of the region's glaciers highlighting their ongoing vulnerability to climate change.

Solar climate intervention using stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of reducing global mean temperatures to reduce the worst consequences of climate change. A detailed assessment of responses and impacts of such an intervention is needed with multiple global models to support societal decisions regarding the use of these approaches to help address climate change. We present a new modeling protocol aimed at simulating a plausible deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection and reproducibility of simulations using other Earth system models: Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI). The protocol and simulations are aimed at enabling community assessment of responses of the Earth system to solar climate intervention. ARISE-SAI simulations are designed to be more policy-relevant than existing large ensembles or multi-model simulation sets. We describe in detail the first set of ARISE-SAI simulations, ARISE-SAI-1.5, which utilize a moderate emissions scenario, introduce stratospheric aerosol injection at ∼21.5 km in the year 2035, and keep global mean surface air temperature near 1.5 ∘C above the pre-industrial value utilizing a feedback or control algorithm. We present the detailed setup, aerosol injection strategy, and preliminary climate analysis from a 10-member ensemble of these simulations carried out with the Community Earth System Model version 2 with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 as its atmospheric component.

Abstract Background Up to now, information on the levels of maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) against PCV-2 in suckling piglets born to sows vaccinated with different strategies is scarce in the literature. In the present observational study, the PCV-2-specific MDA titres from piglets from 109 farms (thirty 3-day-old and thirty 21-day-old piglets per farm) across four different European countries (France n = 30, Germany n = 27, Italy n = 22 and Spain n = 30) using different sow vaccination strategies (during gestation, as a gilt, as a piglet or never) were assessed. Results In all four countries, mean log PCV-2 MDA titres were higher in 3-day-old piglets than in the 3-week-old ones, being significant in most of all the comparisons performed. Within each country, the highest PCV-2-specific MDA titres were observed in the 3-day-old piglets born to sows vaccinated during gestation. Indeed, in the four countries, more than 60% of this subpopulation (3-day-old piglets from sows vaccinated during pregnancy) had the highest log PCV-2 titres detectable with the ELISA technique used in this study. The lowest MDA titres were more variable. Whereas in France and Germany the lowest titres corresponded to 21-day-old piglets born from sows vaccinated as a piglet, in Italy, they corresponded to 21-day-old piglets derived from sows vaccinated as a gilt and in Spain to 21-day-old piglets born from non-vaccinated sows. In this study, PCV-2-specific MDA titres at 3 and 21 days of age were not affected by sow parity. Conclusions Data obtained could be considered as a European global overview of PCV-2-specific MDA titres present in the pre-vaccinated piglet populations in different European countries, with titres tending to be higher in younger piglets, but with values variable among countries and sow vaccination strategies.

У науковій роботі розглянуто питання нормативно-правового регулювання інституту медичного капеланства в Україні. Зазначено, що на сучасному етапі державного розвитку особливості здійснення душпастирства у сфері охорони здоров’я не є належним чином законодавчо врегульовані та потребу- ють чіткого закріплення, зокрема не лише на рівні Конституції України, Цивільного Кодексу України, Законів України «Основи законодавства України про охорону здоров’я» та «Про свободу совісті та релігійні організації», але і на рівні спеціального закону. Особливу увагу приділено аналізу правового статусу капелана в сфері охорони здоров’я відповід- но до Наказу МОЗ України № 138 «Про затвердження змін до Довідника кваліфікаційних характери- стик професій працівників. Випуск 78 «Охорона здоров’я». Визначено, що існує правова прогалина щодо забезпечення діяльності медичного капелана у Медичних центрах, які не є закладами охорони здоров’я, а здійснюють свою діяльність як фізичні особи-підприємці, які зареєстровані у встановле- ному законом порядку та одержали ліцензію на право провадження господарської діяльності з медич- ної практики. Крім того, виявлена потреба у нормативно-правовому врегулюванні правил оформлен- ня робочої документації капелана в охороні здоров’я, розробленні інструкцій та затвердженні форм такої документації. Також встановлена необхідність створення механізму проходження спеціалізації «Клінічне душпастирство» та отримання сертифікату капелана в охороні здоров’я. На підставі виявлених недоліків у регулюванні правового статусу медичного капелана встановле- но, що інститут медичного капеланства потребує окремого закріплення на рівні спеціального закону. Докладно аргументовано доцільність розроблення Закону України «Про капеланство в сфері охорони здоров’я» з точки зору дотримання вимог нормотворчої техніки та особливостей правових відносин, пов’язаних із діяльністю капеланства в охороні здоров’я. На підставі вищезазначеного можна прийти до висновку, що закріплення правових норм в спеціаль- ному законі дозволило б повною мірою охопити інститут медичного капеланства, визначивши особ- ливості організації та основні принципи діяльності медичного капеланства.

Background: Tuberculosis is a global public health problem. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for an increasing proportion of cases worldwide, although information about epidemiological, clinical, or microbiological factors is lacking. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of tuberculosis cases diagnosed between 2016 and 2021, classified into Pulmonary and Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate risk factors of Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: 20.9% of overall cases were classified as Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, with a rising trend from 22.6% in 2016 to 27.9% in 2021. Lymphatic tuberculosis accounted for 50.6% of cases, followed by pleural tuberculosis (24.1%). 55.4% of cases belonged to foreign-born patients. Microbiological culture tested positive in 92.8% of Extra-pulmonary cases. Logistic regression analysis showed that women were more predisposed to develop Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (aOR 2.46, 95% CI 1.45–4.20) as well as elderly patients (aged ≥ 65 years) (aOR 2.47, 95% CI 1.19–5.13) and persons with previous history of tuberculosis (4.99, 95% CI 1.40–17.82). Conclusions: Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis have increased within our study period. A profound decline occurred in 2021 tuberculosis cases, probably due to COVID-19. Women, elderly population, and persons with previous history of tuberculosis are at higher risk of developing Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in our setting.

The potential for multiyear prediction of impactful Earth system change remains relatively underexplored compared to shorter (subseasonal to seasonal) and longer (decadal) timescales. In this study, we introduce a new initialized prediction system using the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) that is specifically designed to probe potential and actual prediction skill at lead times ranging from 1 month out to 2 years. The Seasonal-to-Multiyear Large Ensemble (SMYLE) consists of a collection of 2-year-long hindcast simulations, with four initializations per year from 1970 to 2019 and an ensemble size of 20. A full suite of output is available for exploring near-term predictability of all Earth system components represented in CESM2. We show that SMYLE skill for El Niño–Southern Oscillation is competitive with other prominent seasonal prediction systems, with correlations exceeding 0.5 beyond a lead time of 12 months. A broad overview of prediction skill reveals varying degrees of potential for useful multiyear predictions of seasonal anomalies in the atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice. The SMYLE dataset, experimental design, model, initial conditions, and associated analysis tools are all publicly available, providing a foundation for research on multiyear prediction of environmental change by the wider community.

FGFR-1 upregulation has been associated with endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer patients. Here the authors report the results of a phase IIa study to assess the safety and efficacy of AZD454, an inhibitor of FGFR-1, 2 and 3 receptor tyrosine kinases, in combination with anastrozole or letrozole, in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients.

Introduction The treatment of the person with alcohol dependence allows the possibility of a self-determined alcoholic abstinence and reducing the consequences associated with alcohol-related problems at a personal, family, work and social level. It is important to develop therapeutic strategies that complement the different approaches in the treatment of people with alcohol dependence, enabling them to use effective coping strategies that facilitate the maintenance of their self-determined alcohol abstinence. In recent years, scientific evidence has emerged that justifies the adoption of mindfulness-based protocols as a complement to various treatments, both for the prevention of relapses and as a treatment enhancer. Objectives To train people with alcohol dependence to use Mindfulness; To promote psychological well-being and positive emotions; To reduce anxiety; To evaluate the effectiveness of a Mindfulness-based intervention program. Methods The Mindfulness-based intervention program was developed with 2 groups of people hospitalized for the treatment of alcohol dependence (the institution’s treatment protocol is comprehensive and based on self-determined alcohol abstinence). The 1st G (pilot) - 6 people; 2nd G - 5 people), total of 11 participants; 4 sessions (each group), duration 45-60 minutes. The selection criteria of the participants were evaluated in an interview and defined as follows: being in the first week of the treatment program; self and allo psychic orientation; reduced to moderate anxiety (Zung Self-Assessment Anxiety Scale - EAAZ); existence of motivation for change. Participants gave informed consent. In the global assessment used instruments: Psychological General Well-being Scale for the Portuguese population (BEP); Short Version of the Portuguese Scale of Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS-VRP) in the first session (before intervention). In the last session (after the intervention), in addition to the BEP and the PANAS-VRP, the EAAZ was also used. At the end of each session, an evaluation was carried out using a grid built for this purpose. Results As for the general psychological well-being, the BEP, only one participant (pilot group) had a final score lower than the initial one. With regard to PANAS-VRP, in both groups, there was an increase in positive affection and a reduction in negative affection at the end of program implementation. With regard to the EAAZ, 7 participants showed a decrease in anxiety after the intervention. The evaluation grid of each session revealed good participation, good adhesion and positive evaluation. Conclusions It is concluded that after the implementation of the Mindfulness-based intervention program there was: an increase in well-being (the higher the score, the greater the state of well-being); increase in positive affection (which remained or increased); decrease in negative affection and decrease in the level of anxiety. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Abstract The search for neutrino events in correlation with 42 most intense fast radio bursts (FRBs) has been performed using the Borexino dataset from 05/2007 to 06/2021. We have searched for signals with visible energies above 250 keV within a time window of $$\pm \, 1000$$ ± 1000 s corresponding to detection time of a particular FRB. We also applied an alternative approach based on searching for specific shapes of neutrino-electron scattering spectra in the full exposure data of the Borexino detector. In particular, two incoming neutrino spectra were considered: the monoenergetic line and the spectrum expected from supernovae. The same spectra were considered for electron antineutrinos detected through inverse beta-decay reaction. No statistically significant excess over the background was observed. As a result, the strongest upper limits on FRB-associated neutrino fluences of all flavors have been obtained in the 0.5–50 MeV neutrino energy range.

Fibroma of the Tendon Sheath (FTS) is a rare soft tissue tumor commonly found in upper extremities. Usually, the lesions occur in wrists and hands. There are only a few cases of fibroma of the tendon sheath arising from the lower extremities have been reported. This case report describes a rare presentation of painful FTS that arises from flexor hallucis longus at the plantar aspect of the forefoot in a middle age lady. To our knowledge there is only one similar case reported previously.

The mid-Pliocene (∼3 Ma) is one of the most recent warm periods with high CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and resulting high temperatures, and it is often cited as an analog for near-term future climate change. Here, we apply a moisture budget analysis to investigate the response of the large-scale hydrological cycle at low latitudes within a 13-model ensemble from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2). The results show that increased atmospheric moisture content within the mid-Pliocene ensemble (due to the thermodynamic effect) results in wetter conditions over the deep tropics, i.e., the Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the Maritime Continent, and drier conditions over the subtropics. Note that the dynamic effect plays a more important role than the thermodynamic effect in regional precipitation minus evaporation (PmE) changes (i.e., northward ITCZ shift and wetter northern Indian Ocean). The thermodynamic effect is offset to some extent by a dynamic effect involving a northward shift of the Hadley circulation that dries the deep tropics and moistens the subtropics in the Northern Hemisphere (i.e., the subtropical Pacific). From the perspective of Earth's energy budget, the enhanced southward cross-equatorial atmospheric transport (0.22 PW), induced by the hemispheric asymmetries of the atmospheric energy, favors an approximately 1∘ northward shift of the ITCZ. The shift of the ITCZ reorganizes atmospheric circulation, favoring a northward shift of the Hadley circulation. In addition, the Walker circulation consistently shifts westward within PlioMIP2 models, leading to wetter conditions over the northern Indian Ocean. The PlioMIP2 ensemble highlights that an imbalance of interhemispheric atmospheric energy during the mid-Pliocene could have led to changes in the dynamic effect, offsetting the thermodynamic effect and, hence, altering mid-Pliocene hydroclimate.

While climate change mitigation targets necessarily concern maximum mean state changes, understanding impacts and developing adaptation strategies will be largely contingent on how climate variability responds to increasing anthropogenic perturbations. Thus far Earth system modeling efforts have primarily focused on projected mean state changes and the sensitivity of specific modes of climate variability, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. However, our knowledge of forced changes in the overall spectrum of climate variability and higher-order statistics is relatively limited. Here we present a new 100-member large ensemble of climate change projections conducted with the Community Earth System Model version 2 over 1850–2100 to examine the sensitivity of internal climate fluctuations to greenhouse warming. Our unprecedented simulations reveal that changes in variability, considered broadly in terms of probability distribution, amplitude, frequency, phasing, and patterns, are ubiquitous and span a wide range of physical and ecosystem variables across many spatial and temporal scales. Greenhouse warming in the model alters variance spectra of Earth system variables that are characterized by non-Gaussian probability distributions, such as rainfall, primary production, or fire occurrence. Our modeling results have important implications for climate adaptation efforts, resource management, seasonal predictions, and assessing potential stressors for terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Abstract Cosmogenic radio-nuclei are an important source of background for low-energy neutrino experiments. In Borexino, cosmogenic $$^{11}$$ 11 C decays outnumber solar pep and CNO neutrino events by about ten to one. In order to extract the flux of these two neutrino species, a highly efficient identification of this background is mandatory. We present here the details of the most consolidated strategy, used throughout Borexino solar neutrino measurements. It hinges upon finding the space-time correlations between $$^{11}$$ 11 C decays, the preceding parent muons and the accompanying neutrons. This article describes the working principles and evaluates the performance of this Three-Fold Coincidence (TFC) technique in its two current implementations: a hard-cut and a likelihood-based approach. Both show stable performances throughout Borexino Phases II (2012–2016) and III (2016–2020) data sets, with a $$^{11}$$ 11 C tagging efficiency of $$\sim 90$$ ∼ 90 % and $$\sim $$ ∼ 63–66 % of the exposure surviving the tagging. We present also a novel technique that targets specifically $$^{11}$$ 11 C produced in high-multiplicity during major spallation events. Such $$^{11}$$ 11 C appear as a burst of events, whose space-time correlation can be exploited. Burst identification can be combined with the TFC to obtain about the same tagging efficiency of $$\sim 90\%$$ ∼ 90 % but with a higher fraction of the exposure surviving, in the range of $$\sim $$ ∼ 66–68 %.

INTRODUCTION: In the Emergency Department (ED), safe and effective Procedural Sedation and Analgesia (PSA) is essential. The professional performing procedural sedation has to be prepared to handle any potential adverse effects. Medications are used according to their availability and based on the physician’s experience and preference. Despite the common occurrence of procedural sedation in the ED, it has not previously been studied in Rwanda. The study aimed to describe procedural sedation and analgesia utilization and common adverse events at Rwanda's University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (UTH-K) ED. METHODS: This study is a prospective observational study of procedural sedations done at UTH-K ED. The effectiveness of sedation was evaluated using the Richmond Agitation Sedation Score (RASS) during sedation. The pain scale was assessed before and after the procedure. Categorical data were analyzed for significant differences using Chi-squared (X) tests and continuous data with Mann-Whitney (MW) tests. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-one patients were recruited. Seventy-two percent (72%) of patients were male with a median age of 32 years (IQR 23to 40). The most commonly used analgesics included morphine (78%) and tramadol (17%), with ketamine least used (1%). A common adverse event was hypoxia (36%), followed by hallucination (8%). No adverse events were observed in 47% of procedures. CONCLUSION: Our study findings suggest that although sedation in our low-resource setting did not result in serious adverse outcomes for patients, there was a much higher incidence of minor adverse events (especially hypoxia) than in higher-resource settings.

Стаття присвячена розгляду поняття і правової природи соціального бізнесу через призму механізму реалізації конституційних прав і свобод людини і громадянина і особливостей впровадження моделей соціального бізнесу в Україні. У статті проаналізовано успішні проекти соціального підприємництва, які побудували свою модель з врахуванням двох факторів: бізнес складової та соціальної складової. Окреслюються проблемні питання, що зумовлені введенням воєнного стану в Україні та агресії з боку рф, у сфері реалізації конституційних прав, зокрема права на соціальний захист, на працю в умовах війни. Зважаючи на велику кількість внутрішньо переміщених осіб, зруйнованих підприємств, осіб, які потребують додаткового грошового забезпечення та дефіциту в бюджеті, обґрунтовується значимість соціального підприємництва. Відзначається, місцеві громади у всьому світі відіграють все більшу роль у вирішенні соціальних проблем. Україна теж йде шляхом децентралізації, і це реально працює. За бажання певної цільової групи взяти відповідальність та волі центру її віддати виникають нові ініціативи, які здатні змінити світ. В ході дослідження, автори приходять до висновку, що соціальне підприємництво може символізувати відхід українського суспільства від колективізму і перехід до індивідуалізму, де юридичні особи та фізичні особи-підприємці своєю діяльністю за власної ініціативи створюють гідні умови для життя соціально незахищених верст населення.

Abstract A double-phase argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC), with an active mass of 185 g, has been designed and constructed for the Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment. The aim of the ReD project is to investigate the directional sensitivity of argon-based TPCs via columnar recombination to nuclear recoils in the energy range of interest (20– $$200\,\hbox {keV}_{nr}$$ 200 keV nr ) for direct dark matter searches. The key novel feature of the ReD TPC is a readout system based on cryogenic Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), which are employed and operated continuously for the first time in an argon TPC. Over the course of 6 months, the ReD TPC was commissioned and characterised under various operating conditions using $$\gamma $$ γ -ray and neutron sources, demonstrating remarkable stability of the optical sensors and reproducibility of the results. The scintillation gain and ionisation amplification of the TPC were measured to be $$g_1 = (0.194 \pm 0.013)$$ g 1 = ( 0.194 ± 0.013 ) photoelectrons/photon and $$g_2 = (20.0 \pm 0.9)$$ g 2 = ( 20.0 ± 0.9 ) photoelectrons/electron, respectively. The ratio of the ionisation to scintillation signals (S2/S1), instrumental for the positive identification of a candidate directional signal induced by WIMPs, has been investigated for both nuclear and electron recoils. At a drift field of 183 V/cm, an S2/S1 dispersion of 12% was measured for nuclear recoils of approximately 60– $$90\,\hbox {keV}_{nr}$$ 90 keV nr , as compared to 18% for electron recoils depositing 60 keV of energy. The detector performance reported here meets the requirements needed to achieve the principal scientific goals of the ReD experiment in the search for a directional effect due to columnar recombination. A phenomenological parameterisation of the recombination probability in LAr is presented and employed for modeling the dependence of scintillation quenching and charge yield on the drift field for electron recoils between 50–500 keV and fields up to 1000 V/cm.

Abstract Background Spinal AVF (SAVF), a potentially treatable cause of myelopathy, remains a challenging diagnosis. Its rarity and non-specific imaging findings often result in misdiagnosis despite a high index of clinical suspicion. The classically described high T2 signal in the spinal cord or prominent vascular flow voids in the intradural space were not infrequently missed on initial imaging, only to be picked up at follow-up imaging after progression of symptoms. Additionally, small sized fistulas(

Abstract After 43 years of repose, Taal Volcano erupted on 12 January 2020 forming hazardous base surges. Using field, remote sensing (i.e. UAV and LiDAR), and numerical methods, we gathered primary data to generate well-constrained observed information on dune bedform characteristics, impact dynamic pressures and velocities of base surges. This is to advance our knowledge on this type of hazard to understand and evaluate its consequences and risks. The dilute and wet surges traveled at 50-60 ms−1 near the crater rim and decelerated before making impact on coastal communities with dynamic pressures of at least 1.7 kPa. The base surges killed more than a thousand livestock in the southeast of Taal Volcano Island, and then traveled another ~ 600 m offshore. This work is a rare document of a complete, fresh, and practically undisturbed base surge deposit, important in the study of dune deposits formed by volcanic and other processes on Earth and other planets.

El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar un diagnóstico de dos pequeñas explotaciones ganaderas del norte de la provincia de Santa Fe y proponer y evaluar una estrategia de intervención utilizando la metodología de casos de estudio. Los sistemas de producción familiares analizados son vulnerables porque los bajos ingresos percibidos ponen en riesgo su existencia al no permitir retribuir la mano de obra familiar y asalariada y el cumplimiento de obligaciones financieras. La propuesta consiste en incorporar una leguminosa subtropical, doble propósito, que puede incrementar el valor bruto de la producción por la venta de las semillas y por la mejora en la productividad ganadera.

The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) defines and coordinates the main set of future climate projections, based on concentration-driven simulations, within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6). This paper presents a range of its outcomes by synthesizing results from the participating global coupled Earth system models. We limit our scope to the analysis of strictly geophysical outcomes: mainly global averages and spatial patterns of change for surface air temperature and precipitation. We also compare CMIP6 projections to CMIP5 results, especially for those scenarios that were designed to provide continuity across the CMIP phases, at the same time highlighting important differences in forcing composition, as well as in results. The range of future temperature and precipitation changes by the end of the century (2081–2100) encompassing the Tier 1 experiments based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) and SSP1-1.9 spans a larger range of outcomes compared to CMIP5, due to higher warming (by close to 1.5 ∘C) reached at the upper end of the 5 %–95 % envelope of the highest scenario (SSP5-8.5). This is due to both the wider range of radiative forcing that the new scenarios cover and the higher climate sensitivities in some of the new models compared to their CMIP5 predecessors. Spatial patterns of change for temperature and precipitation averaged over models and scenarios have familiar features, and an analysis of their variations confirms model structural differences to be the dominant source of uncertainty. Models also differ with respect to the size and evolution of internal variability as measured by individual models' initial condition ensemble spreads, according to a set of initial condition ensemble simulations available under SSP3-7.0. These experiments suggest a tendency for internal variability to decrease along the course of the century in this scenario, a result that will benefit from further analysis over a larger set of models. Benefits of mitigation, all else being equal in terms of societal drivers, appear clearly when comparing scenarios developed under the same SSP but to which different degrees of mitigation have been applied. It is also found that a mild overshoot in temperature of a few decades around mid-century, as represented in SSP5-3.4OS, does not affect the end outcome of temperature and precipitation changes by 2100, which return to the same levels as those reached by the gradually increasing SSP4-3.4 (not erasing the possibility, however, that other aspects of the system may not be as easily reversible). Central estimates of the time at which the ensemble means of the different scenarios reach a given warming level might be biased by the inclusion of models that have shown faster warming in the historical period than the observed. Those estimates show all scenarios reaching 1.5 ∘C of warming compared to the 1850–1900 baseline in the second half of the current decade, with the time span between slow and fast warming covering between 20 and 27 years from present. The warming level of 2 ∘C of warming is reached as early as 2039 by the ensemble mean under SSP5-8.5 but as late as the mid-2060s under SSP1-2.6. The highest warming level considered (5 ∘C) is reached by the ensemble mean only under SSP5-8.5 and not until the mid-2090s.

Abstract Proportional electroluminescence (EL) in noble gases is used in two-phase detectors for dark matter searches to record (in the gas phase) the ionization signal induced by particle scattering in the liquid phase. The “standard” EL mechanism is considered to be due to noble gas excimer emission in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). In addition, there are two alternative mechanisms, producing light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. The first is due to bremsstrahlung of electrons scattered on neutral atoms (“neutral bremsstrahlung”, NBrS). The second, responsible for electron avalanche scintillation in the NIR at higher electric fields, is due to transitions between excited atomic states. In this work, we have for the first time demonstrated two alternative techniques of the optical readout of two-phase argon detectors, in the visible and NIR range, using a silicon photomultiplier matrix and electroluminescence due to either neutral bremsstrahlung or avalanche scintillation. The amplitude yield and position resolution were measured for these readout techniques, which allowed to assess the detection threshold for electron and nuclear recoils in two-phase argon detectors for dark matter searches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical application of the NBrS effect in detection science.

Subglacial water plays an important role in ice sheet dynamics and stability. Subglacial lakes are often located at the onset of ice streams and have been hypothesised to enhance ice flow downstream by lubricating the ice–bed interface. The most recent subglacial-lake inventory of Antarctica mapped nearly 400 lakes, of which ∼ 14 % are found in West Antarctica. Despite the potential importance of subglacial water for ice dynamics, there is a lack of detailed subglacial-water characterisation in West Antarctica. Using radio-echo sounding data, we analyse the ice–bed interface to detect subglacial lakes. We report 33 previously uncharted subglacial lakes and present a systematic analysis of their physical properties. This represents a ∼ 40 % increase in subglacial lakes in West Antarctica. Additionally, a new digital elevation model of basal topography of the Ellsworth Subglacial Highlands was built and used to create a hydropotential model to simulate the subglacial hydrological network. This allows us to characterise basal hydrology, determine subglacial water catchments and assess their connectivity. We show that the simulated subglacial hydrological catchments of the Rutford Ice Stream, Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier do not correspond to their ice surface catchments.

Landslides in glacial environments are high-magnitude, long-runout events, believed to be increasing in frequency as a paraglacial response to ice retreat and thinning and, arguably, due to warming temperatures and degrading permafrost above current glaciers. However, our ability to test these assumptions by quantifying the temporal sequencing of debris inputs over large spatial and temporal extents is limited in areas with glacier ice. Discrete landslide debris inputs, particularly in accumulation areas, are rapidly “lost”, being reworked by motion and icefalls and/or covered by snowfall. Although large landslides can be detected and located using their seismic signature, smaller (M≤5.0) landslides frequently go undetected because their seismic signature is less than the noise floor, particularly supraglacially deposited landslides, which feature a “quiet” runout over snow. Here, we present GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new free-to-use tool leveraging Landsat 4–8 satellite imagery and Google Earth Engine. GERALDINE outputs maps of new supraglacial debris additions within user-defined areas and time ranges, providing a user with a reference map, from which large debris inputs such as supraglacial landslides (>0.05 km2) can be rapidly identified. We validate the effectiveness of GERALDINE outputs using published supraglacial rock avalanche inventories, and then demonstrate its potential by identifying two previously unknown, large (>2 km2) landslide-derived supraglacial debris inputs onto glaciers in the Hayes Range, Alaska, one of which was not detected seismically. GERALDINE is a first step towards a complete global magnitude–frequency of landslide inputs onto glaciers over the 38 years of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery.

Photovoltaic farms in Malaysia are being developed tremendously as a form of supporting fossil fuel setbacks in Malaysia power generation. An important parameter of the PV installation is the power (Watts) accumulated over sunlight retrieval. Considerable losses may arise from the conversion, where the efficiency is typically 15% to 23%, with the remainder becoming losses in the form of accumulated heat under the PV array or panel installations. PV heat dissipation is dependent on solar radiation, air convection and PV cell conduction. Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) has been applied as a greenhouse shading element, having the ability of enabling specified spectrum of light color penetration during electric accumulation. Furthermore, only light of wavelength between 400 and 700 nm (PAR) is absorbed by the greenhouse plants which is essential for their growth and photosynthesis. A Portable DSSC Mini Greenhouse (PDMG) can provide simple, effective and suitable light source for botanical drugs. Light which is associated with increasing temperature and heat is critical to be measured. A measurement of average heat gain flowing into a building through building envelope (OTTV- Overall Thermal Transfer Value) is a well-known method adopted in green building design. In this paper, the OTTV approach is applied to calculate heat transfer properties, from outdoor surroundings to the PDMG structure, giving justification of the PDMG thermal conditions.

We present a topographic digital elevation model (DEM) for Princess Elizabeth Land (PEL), East Antarctica. The DEM covers an area of ∼900 000 km2 and was built from radio-echo sounding data collected during four campaigns since 2015. Previously, to generate the Bedmap2 topographic product, PEL's bed was characterized from low-resolution satellite gravity data across an otherwise large (>200 km wide) data-free zone. We use the mass conservation (MC) method to produce an ice thickness grid across faster flowing (>30 m yr−1) regions of the ice sheet and streamline diffusion in slower flowing areas. The resulting ice thickness model is integrated with an ice surface model to build the bed DEM. Together with BedMachine Antarctica and Bedmap2, this new bed DEM completes the first-order measurement of subglacial continental Antarctica – an international mission that began around 70 years ago. The ice thickness data and bed DEMs of PEL (resolved horizontally at 500 m relative to ice surface elevations obtained from the Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica – REMA) are accessible from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4023343 (Cui et al., 2020a) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4023393 (Cui et al., 2020b).

With semiconductor technology gradually approaching its physical and thermal limits, recent supercomputers have adopted major architectural changes to continue increasing the performance through more power-efficient heterogeneous many-core systems. Examples include Sunway TaihuLight that has four management processing elements (MPEs) and 256 computing processing elements (CPEs) inside one processor and Summit that has two central processing units (CPUs) and six graphics processing units (GPUs) inside one node. Meanwhile, current high-resolution Earth system models that desperately require more computing power generally consist of millions of lines of legacy code developed for traditional homogeneous multicore processors and cannot automatically benefit from the advancement of supercomputer hardware. As a result, refactoring and optimizing the legacy models for new architectures become key challenges along the road of taking advantage of greener and faster supercomputers, providing better support for the global climate research community and contributing to the long-lasting societal task of addressing long-term climate change. This article reports the efforts of a large group in the International Laboratory for High-Resolution Earth System Prediction (iHESP) that was established by the cooperation of Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM), Texas A&M University (TAMU), and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), with the goal of enabling highly efficient simulations of the high-resolution (25 km atmosphere and 10 km ocean) Community Earth System Model (CESM-HR) on Sunway TaihuLight. The refactoring and optimizing efforts have improved the simulation speed of CESM-HR from 1 SYPD (simulation years per day) to 3.4 SYPD (with output disabled) and supported several hundred years of pre-industrial control simulations. With further strategies on deeper refactoring and optimizing for remaining computing hotspots, as well as redesigning architecture-oriented algorithms, we expect an equivalent or even better efficiency to be gained on the new platform than traditional homogeneous CPU platforms. The refactoring and optimizing processes detailed in this paper on the Sunway system should have implications for similar efforts on other heterogeneous many-core systems such as GPU-based high-performance computing (HPC) systems.

The peculiarities of optical and electrical properties of organic(clonidine)/inorganic(Si) heterojunction with plasmonic Au nanoparticles have been investigated by reflection spectra, photoelectric and current-voltage characteristics measurements. Porous nanostructured surfaces of silicon wafers were obtained by the method of selective chemical etching initiated by metal (gold) nanoparticles. Nanocomposites based on nanostructured silicon, clonidine and gold nanoparticles have been made. Two types of structure, namely, solar cells and photodiodes on the basis of such heterojunction were analysed. The reflection spectra of light confirmed the excitation of the plasmon mode in nanocomposites with gold nanoparticles. Photoelectric studies have shown an increase of the photocurrent of solar cells obtained as a result of using both nanostructured silicon and gold nanoparticles in 1.5 and 7 times, respectively. Study of the injection properties of the structures showed that the clonidine layer always facilitates the injection of current carriers, while gold nanoparticles limit the current in the case of a flat surface.

Abstract Mathematical modelling is nowadays a pivotal tool for infectious diseases studies, completing regular biological investigations. The rapid growth of computer technology allowed for development of computational tools to address biological issues that could not be unravelled in the past. The global understanding of viral disease dynamics requires to account for all interactions at all levels, from within-host to between-herd, to have all the keys for development of control measures. A literature review was performed to disentangle modelling frameworks according to their major objectives and methodologies. One hundred and seventeen articles published between 1994 and 2020 were found to meet our inclusion criteria, which were defined to target papers representative of studies dealing with models of viral infection dynamics in pigs. A first descriptive analysis, using bibliometric indexes, permitted to identify keywords strongly related to the study scopes. Modelling studies were focused on particular infectious agents, with a shared objective: to better understand the viral dynamics for appropriate control measure adaptation. In a second step, selected papers were analysed to disentangle the modelling structures according to the objectives of the studies. The system representation was highly dependent on the nature of the pathogens. Enzootic viruses, such as swine influenza or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, were generally investigated at the herd scale to analyse the impact of husbandry practices and prophylactic measures on infection dynamics. Epizootic agents (classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease or African swine fever viruses) were mostly studied using spatio-temporal simulation tools, to investigate the efficiency of surveillance and control protocols, which are predetermined for regulated diseases. A huge effort was made on model parameterization through the development of specific studies and methodologies insuring the robustness of parameter values to feed simulation tools. Integrative modelling frameworks, from within-host to spatio-temporal models, is clearly on the way. This would allow to capture the complexity of individual biological variabilities and to assess their consequences on the whole system at the population level. This would offer the opportunity to test and evaluate in silico the efficiency of possible control measures targeting specific epidemiological units, from hosts to herds, either individually or through their contact networks. Such decision support tools represent a strength for stakeholders to help mitigating infectious diseases dynamics and limiting economic consequences.

El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar la factibilidad técnica y conveniencia económica de la instalación de un biodigestor para la obtención de biogás y biofertilizante como alternativa para el tratamiento de efluentes en un tambo de la cuenca lechera central santafesina, considerado como un caso de estudio. Se valora la contaminación generada actualmente a partir de los efluentes, situación sin proyecto, y se la compara con el beneficio proyectado a partir de las inversiones propuestas derivado del ahorro en compra de fertilizantes y de la generación de biogás. El proyecto es técnica, económica y financieramente factible para el caso analizado. El uso de biodigestores es una interesante alternativa para dar valor a los residuos orgánicos.

El objeto de este trabajo es presentar una aplicación en Excel, desarrollada por los autores, para evaluar la conveniencia económica y fi nanciera de las inversiones requeridas para implementar un plan de medidas correctivas para el manejo de los efl uentes generados en el proceso productivo de empresas lecheras, a fi n de mejorar o mitigar los impactos ambientales negativos. El modelo permite determinar los costos asociados a las medidas de mitigación y los ingresos asociados con los daños evitados, incluyéndose ambos en un fl ujo de cajas del proyecto que se evalúa. Este benefi cio se compara con los benefi cios obtenidos en la situación vigente (sin proyecto) aplicándose los criterios de evaluación al benefi cio incremental: valor actual neto, tasa interna de retorno, periodo de repago. El modelo propuesto funciona como apoyo al proceso de toma de decisiones, generando información sistematizada y de calidad a partir de datos provenientes de empresas reales.

It has been hypothesized that complex englacial structures identified within the East Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are generated by (i) water freezing to the ice sheet base and evolving under ice flow, (ii) deformation of ice of varying rheology, or (iii) entrainment of basal material. Using ice-penetrating radar, we identify a widespread complex of deep-ice facies in West Antarctica that exist in the absence of basal water. These deep-ice units are extensive, thick (>500 m), and incorporate multiple highly reflective englacial layers. At the lateral margin of an enhanced flow tributary of the Institute Ice Stream, these units are heavily deformed and folded by the action of lateral flow convergence. Radar reflectivity analysis demonstrates that the uppermost reflector of the deep-ice package is highly anisotropic, due to abrupt alternations in crystal orientation fabric, and consequently will have a different rheology to the ice above and below it. Deformation and folding of the deep-ice package is an englacial response to the combination of laterally-convergent ice flow and the physical properties of the ice column.

Plant nutrients can be recycled through microbial decomposition of organic matter but replacement of base cations and phosphorus, lost through harvesting of biomass/biofuels or leaching, requires de novo supply of fresh nutrients released through weathering of soil parent material (minerals and rocks). Weathering involves physical and chemical processes that are modified by biological activity of plants, microorganisms and animals. This article reviews recent progress made in understanding biological processes contributing to weathering. A perspective of increasing spatial scale is adopted, examining the consequences of biological activity for weathering from nanoscale interactions, through in vitro and in planta microcosm and mesocosm studies, to field experiments, and finally ecosystem and global level effects. The topics discussed include the physical alteration of minerals and mineral surfaces; the composition, amounts, chemical properties, and effects of plant and microbial secretions; and the role of carbon flow (including stabilisation and sequestration of C in organic and inorganic forms). Although the predominant focus is on the effects of fungi in forest ecosystems, the properties of biofilms, including bacterial interactions, are also discussed. The implications of these biological processes for modelling are discussed, and we attempt to identify some key questions and knowledge gaps, as well as experimental approaches and areas of research in which future studies are likely to yield useful results. A particular focus of this article is to improve the representation of the ways in which biological processes complement physical and chemical processes that mobilise mineral elements, making them available for plant uptake. This is necessary to produce better estimates of weathering that are required for sustainable management of forests in a post-fossil-fuel economy. While there are abundant examples of nanometre- and micrometre-scale physical interactions between microorganisms and different minerals, opinion appears to be divided with respect to the quantitative significance of these observations for overall weathering. Numerous in vitro experiments and microcosm studies involving plants and their associated microorganisms suggest that the allocation of plant-derived carbon, mineral dissolution and plant nutrient status are tightly coupled, but there is still disagreement about the extent to which these processes contribute to field-scale observations. Apart from providing dynamically responsive pathways for the allocation of plant-derived carbon to power dissolution of minerals, mycorrhizal mycelia provide conduits for the long-distance transportation of weathering products back to plants that are also quantitatively significant sinks for released nutrients. These mycelial pathways bridge heterogeneous substrates, reducing the influence of local variation in C:N ratios. The production of polysaccharide matrices by biofilms of interacting bacteria and/or fungi at interfaces with mineral surfaces and roots influences patterns of production of antibiotics and quorum sensing molecules, with concomitant effects on microbial community structure, and the qualitative and quantitative composition of mineral-solubilising compounds and weathering products. Patterns of carbon allocation and nutrient mobilisation from both organic and inorganic substrates have been studied at larger spatial and temporal scales, including both ecosystem and global levels, and there is a generally wider degree of acceptance of the “systemic” effects of microorganisms on patterns of nutrient mobilisation. Theories about the evolutionary development of weathering processes have been advanced but there is still a lack of information connecting processes at different spatial scales. Detailed studies of the liquid chemistry of local weathering sites at the micrometre scale, together with upscaling to soil-scale dissolution rates, are advocated, as well as new approaches involving stable isotopes.

Abstract The Borexino detector measures solar neutrino fluxes via neutrino-electron elastic scattering. Observed spectra are determined by the solar-ν e survival probability P ee (E), and the chiral couplings of the neutrino and electron. Some theories of physics beyond the Standard Model postulate the existence of Non-Standard Interactions (NSI’s) which modify the chiral couplings and P ee (E). In this paper, we search for such NSI’s, in particular, flavor-diagonal neutral current interactions that modify the ν e e and ν τ e couplings using Borexino Phase II data. Standard Solar Model predictions of the solar neutrino fluxes for both high- and low-metallicity assumptions are considered. No indication of new physics is found at the level of sensitivity of the detector and constraints on the parameters of the NSI’s are placed. In addition, with the same dataset the value of sin2 θ W is obtained with a precision comparable to that achieved in reactor antineutrino experiments .

Introduction: In the Emergency Department (ED), safe and effective Procedural Sedation and Analgesia (PSA) is essential. The professional performing procedural sedation has to be prepared to handle any potential adverse effects. Medications are used according to their availability and based on the physician’s experience and preference. Despite the common occurrence of procedural sedation in the ED, it has not previously been studied in Rwanda. The study aimed to describe procedural sedation and analgesia utilization and common adverse events at Rwanda's University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (UTH-K) ED. Methods: This study is a prospective observational study of procedural sedations done at UTH-KED. The effectiveness of sedation was evaluated using the Richmond Agitation Sedation Score (RASS) during sedation. The pain scale was assessed before and after the procedure. Categorical data were analyzed for significant differences using Chi-squared (X) tests and continuous data with Mann-Whitney (MW) tests. Results: Two hundred fifty-one patients were recruited. Seventy-two percent (72%) of patients were male with a median age of 32 years (IQR 23to 40). The most commonly used analgesics included morphine (78%) and tramadol (17%), with ketamine least used (1%). A common adverse event was hypoxia (36%), followed by hallucination (8%). No adverse events were observed in 47% of procedures. Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that although sedation in our low-resource setting did not result in serious adverse outcomes for patients, there was a much higher incidence of minor adverse events (especially hypoxia) than in higher-resource settings.

El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis de los factores del contexto, macroentorno y entorno específico, que pueden influir en la competitividad de las empresas lecheras del centro de la provincia de Santa Fe. Para analizar el entorno general, se implementó el marco PESTEL y para analizar el entorno específico, se recurrió al modelo de las Cinco fuerzas de Porter. A partir de las oportunidades y amenazas detectadas, se proponen acciones que aportan a la definición de las distintas estrategias competitivas que podrían desarrollar las empresas a partir de sus recursos y capacidades. Un buen equilibrio entre los factores que generan riqueza, provocan empresas más atractivas y sustentables. El desafío que se presenta a las empresas lecheras es ser innovadoras y lograr resiliencia organizacional. Entre las oportunidades se destaca el influjo de las nuevas tecnologías de productos, procesos y servicios y las posibilidades de agregado de valor al producto y subproductos de los diferentes procesos. Entre las amenazas se destaca la fuerte competencia por recurso suelo, la figura del productor primario como tomador de precios de insumos y de la producción primaria, destacando la importancia de la escala y el agregado de valor a la producción.