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This study presents an analysis of the evolution of traditional and the emergence of new artistic movements in East Asian (China and Japan) and Southeast Asian (Thailand) countries at the turn of the Modern and Contemporary eras. The research identifies common typological features in the development of literature across these nations. It is confirmed that accelerated development — a term coined by G. Gachev — was characteristic of all three countries. The findings demonstrate that the chronological boundaries for transitioning to a new historical formation did not align. In Japan, the feudal system was abolished by the 1870s, while Thailand began its active westernization around the same period. In China, the first calls for a new literature emerged in the second decade of the 20th century. The study emphasizes that Western literature played a crucial role in revitalizing the literatures of Japan, China, and Thailand, significantly contributing to the creation of a new literary language that, in turn, initiated the birth of contemporary literature. It is noted that translations of European, Russian, and American authors served as intermediaries between Western and Eastern literatures, introducing new artistic techniques. The conclusion drawn is that the interaction between Eastern and Western literature fostered a generation of writers who embraced artistic ideas, techniques, and styles from foreign cultures (sentimentalism, romanticism, and realism), facilitating a shift from traditionalist to authorial-individual perspectives at the turn of the 19th to 20th centuries.

The article examines the literary movement of romanticism as a creative method employed by Su Manshu and Yu Dafu, two Chinese writers of the first half of the 20th century. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative analysis of the works of these two popular literati, whose prose had a significant influence on the formation of modern Chinese literature. It is reported that the interest of Chinese writers in romantic sentiments was fueled by their exposure to European literature through translations into Japanese and Chinese. Both writers referred to themselves as romantics, but their reasons for being drawn to this artistic method were different. Su Manshu was captivated by the new genre features, such as biographies written from the author’s perspective rather than focusing solely on historical figures, which was sanctioned by traditional literature. Yu Dafu was attracted to the romantic artistic style for its ability to employ unconventional expressive means in Chinese literature. At the same time, the romantic compositions of both writers carry markers of national identity. For Su Manshu, this is evident in the portrayal of female characters, while for Yu Dafu, it is manifested in the use of nature imagery to convey the mood of the characters. The article highlights that the development of romanticism in Chinese literature has been insufficiently studied by Russian sinologists and holds prospects for further research.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that is caused by a complex palette of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Some of the important components of its pathogenesis are systemic inflammation and the dysfunction of immunity, which lead to neuroinflammation, contributing to development of structural brain changes. Earlier we have shown that increase in interleukin-17A levels is associated with morphometric changes and immune dysregulation in schizophrenia. IL17A G-197A (rs2275913) genetic polymorphism is involved in determining interleukin-17A secretion. The goal of this work was to investigate the associations between rs2275913 polymorphism, immune disorders and structural neurovisualization findings in schizophrenia to provide new insights into the immunopathogenesis of this disease. 60 patients aged 18 to 42 years diagnosed with schizophrenia were enrolled. 85 healthy volunteers were included into the control group. Multiplex assay was used to determine cytokine and chemokine serum levels. Rs2275913 polymorphism was assessed by polymerase chain reaction with electrophoretic detection of amplification products. A number of relationships between rs2275913 polymorphism and the immune parameters in schizophrenia were revealed. Carriers of G allele showed significant increase in IFNY, a key cytokine of Th1-link of adaptive immunity, and IL-8, an inflammatory chemokine. Also, increased levels of CXCL16 were observed in patients carrying the G allele. CXCL16 activates secretion of other proinflammatory chemokines and is involved in activation of Th1 adaptive immunity. Associations of heterozygous GA genotype with reduced cortical thickness in a number of areas of the frontal cortex in schizophrenia were found. Changes in cortical thickness in some of these areas, including middle frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, can be relevant to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The results highlight the importance of immunogenetic factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and indicate that the rs2275913 polymorphism requires further studies as a potential biomarker of immune dysregulation and morphometric brain changes in schizophrenia.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and formulate the main features of the Israel economy and the changes that have occurred in the last few years. As everybody knows, Israel once has turned into one of the most innovative countries in the world. To achieve this goal, the article clarifies what Israel’s path to the “startup economy” was, what explains this “economic miracle”. The authors attract a large amount of statistical and factual material, on the basis of which they formulate the main features, problems and prospects of the socio-economic development of this state. The article uses methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, observation, measurement, analogy, modeling. As a result of the study, it is proved that the “economic miracle” of Israel was natural and was based on a number of economic, social and political reasons. At the same time, Israel, in addition to its strengths in the economy in general and in innovation in particular, also has weaknesses and unresolved problems. As the conclusions of the study, it can be noted that the current transformation of the innovation system and the technological ecosystem does not indicate the loss of leadership by this country, but rather indicates the development of new approaches to economic development, both strategies and tactics.

IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in pathogenesis of some neuroinflammatory diseases of the brain. However, its role in schizophrenia is poorly understood. Currently, noninvasive neuroimaging techniques are widely used to assess abnormalities in brain morphology and interactions of neuronal networks in schizophrenia. The aim of this work was to study associations between IL-17A level and brain morphometric parameters in schizophrenia, in order to clarify immune factors of pathogenesis and search for biomarkers of unfavorable disease course. 45 patients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy volunteers were included into the study. The levels of cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A) and inflammatory markers were determined by ELISA or multiplex analysis. MRI scans were performed with a Siemens Magnetom Verio 3T MRI scanner. We used Kruskal–Wallis test to assess significant differences in immunological parameters followed by Mann–Whitney paired comparison; Student test to assess the significance of differences in morphometric parameters of the brain; Fisher exact test to assess the differences in discrete variables, with the differences considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. IL-17A levels were found to be increased in schizophrenia. Its elevated content was associated with increased levels of C-reactive protein, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and the presence of morphometric changes of frontal and temporal cortex in the patients. So far, the relationships between IL-17A levels, immunoinflammatory parameters and structural brain changes have not been studied in schizophrenia. In the present work, we found an association of elevated IL-17A levels with decreased cortical thickness in several brain regions, systemic inflammation and activation of Th2-link of adaptive immunity in the patients with schizophrenia. According to the literature, a number of brain areas, where cortical thickness was associated with IL-17A levels may be relevant to pathogenesis of the disease and, in particular, to the development of negative symptoms, including impoverishment of interests, speech, and emotions. The results are important for understanding the role of immune disorders in pathogenesis of schizophrenia, including structural changes of the brain, and suggest that IL-17A may be a biomarker of these disorders. Confirmation of associations between structural neuroimaging findings, laboratory markers of inflammation and immune disorders may provide the basis for new multidisciplinary approaches to the diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia.

The article deals with the problem of complex continuous flow management of the construction of a metropolis on the example of Leningrad of the late seventies and early eighties of the twentieth century and the proposed ways to solve it. Internal statistical data of the Leningrad City Executive Committee were used. The main problems in ensuring coordinated and systematic management of the construction complex in that historical period are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the relevance of this problem and methods of its solution in the conditions of a qualitatively new stage in the development of Russian society.

Aim. To study the effect of inhalation therapy with an active hydrogen (AH) on the protein composition of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in patients with post-COVID syndrome (PCS).Material and methods. This randomized controlled parallel prospective study included 60 patients after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with PCS during the recovery period and clinical manifestations of chronic fatigue syndrome who received standard therapy according to the protocol for managing patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (main) — 30 people who received standard therapy and AH inhalations (SUISONIA, Japan) for 10 days, and group 2 (control) — 30 medical workers who received only standard therapy. Patients in both groups were comparable in sex and mean age. All participants in the study were sampled with EBC on days 1 and 10. Samples were subjected to tryptic digestion and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry analysis using a nanoflow chromatograph (Dionex 3000) in tandem with a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (timsTOF Pro).Results. A total of 478 proteins and 1350 peptides were identified using high resolution mass spectrometry. The number of proteins in samples after AH therapy, on average, is 12% more than before treatment. An analysis of the distribution of proteins in different groups of patients showed that only half of these proteins (112) are common for all groups of samples and are detected in EBC before, after, and regardless of hydrogen therapy. In addition to the qualitative difference in the EBC protein compositions in different groups, quantitative changes in the concentration of 36 proteins (mainly structural and protective) were also revealed, which together made it possible to reliably distinguish between subgroups before and after treatment. It is worth noting that among these proteins there are participants of blood coagulation (а-1-antitrypsin), chemokine- and cytokine-mediated inflammation, and a number of signaling pathways (cytoplasmic actin 2), response to oxidative stress (thioredoxin), glycolysis (glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase), etc.Conclusion. The use of hydrogen therapy can contribute to the switching of a number of physiological processes, which may affect the success of recovery in PCS patients. In particular, the obtained results indicate the activation of aerobic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in mitochondria by hydrogen therapy, which correlates well with the decrease in the blood lactate level detected by laboratory studies. At the same time, this therapy can inhibit pro-inflammatory activity, negatively affecting the coagulation and signaling pathways of integrins and apoptosis, and, in addition, activate protective pathways, tricarboxylic acid cycle, FAS signaling, and purine metabolism, which may be essential for effective recovery after COVID-19.

In the article examines the problem of complex development of the metropolis on the example of Leningrad of the late seventies and early eighties of the twentieth century and proposed ways to solve it. The emphasis is on the urgency of this problem in the context of a qualitatively new stage of development of Russian society.

Introduction. The association between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis has been demonstrated in a numberof studies: the prevalence of schizophrenia is significantly higher in toxoplasmosis positive subjects than in those withT.gondii negative status. However, the clinical significance of this association remains poorly understood. Objectives. To identify clinical phenomena that are typical for toxoplasmosis-associated (T.gondii seropositive)schizophrenia compared to Toxoplasma-seronegative schizophrenia. Methods. A retrospective database analysis of serum samples from 105 inpatients with schizophrenia (ICD-10code: F20; including 55 male patients; mean age of 27.4 6.4 years) was carried out. The clinical examinationinvolved a structured interview including ICD-10 and E. Bleulers criteria for schizophrenia and psychometric tests(Positive and Negative Scales of PANSS). Serum antibodies (IgG) to T.gondii were identified using ELISA. Thestatistical significance of any differences were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney (U) and 2 tests. Results. The proportion of seropositive patients in the sample was 16.2%. Comparing schizophrenia patients, whowere seropositive or seronegative for toxoplasmosis, there were no statistically significant differences for the meantotal PANSS score, mean PANSS-P, PANSS-N or PANSS-G scores. For the majority of PANSS items, differences werealso statistically insignificant, except for G5 and G6mannerism and posturing. Seropositive patients had a higherscore for this item than seronegative patients: 3.5 versus 2.1 points (U=389.5; р=0.001). Depression, on the contrary,was less pronounced in seropositive than seronegative patients: 1.4 versus 2.4 points (U=509.5; р=0.023). In addition,in seropositive patients, the frequency of symptoms such as mutism according to ICD-10 criteria for schizophreniawas significantly higher (23.5% versus 3.4%, 2=9.27, р=0.013), and the whole group of catatonic symptoms accordingto the E. Bleulers criteria for schizophrenia was higher (52.9% versus 28.4%, 2=3.916, p = 0.048). Conclusion. The association between a positive toxoplasmosis status in patients with schizophrenia and catatonicsymptoms has been revealed for the first time and should be verified in larger studies.

In the article the performance of the venture investing is considered. The peculiarities of the venture investing are analyzed in general, also — it’s different stages & types. The venture investing in Great Britain & also the place of Great Britain in the world market of venture investments are analyzed. The SWOT-analysis of venture investing in this country is considered. The main characteristics of venture investing in Russia are determined.

In the article the performance & the formation of the innovation economy of Sweden are considered. The main peculiarities of the Swedish economy and also some stages of it’s performance and development are highlighted. The main achievements of the innovation system of Sweden and also the reasons for the success of the innovative economy in Sweden are analyzed. The strong & weak points of the innovation system of this country are determined.

In the article the peculiarities of the formation of the innovative economy in the EU countries & in the USA are discovered. On the basis of analizing of vast statistical & theoretical material the main advantages of the innovation economy in the conditions of modern globalization are discovered. The connection between the innovative economy and the global competitiveness of the countries is proved. The main stages of the development of innovative economy in the countries of EU and in the USA are shown. The role of the supranational innovative system for the innovative development of the EU countries is analyzed. On the basis of the vast amount of the material the weak and the strong points of the innovative development of different countries and also the perspectives for their development are shown.

In the article the peculiarities of the formation of the innovative economy in some Asian countries are discovered. The main stages of the formation of the innovative economy in Singapore, Japan, South Korea are analyzed in details. On the basis of studing of vast statistical & theoretical material the main advantages of the innovation economy in the conditions of modern globalization are discovered. The connection between the innovative economy and the global competitiveness of the countries is proved, The main peculiarities of the formation of national innovation systems in Singapore, Japan, South Korea are shown. On the basis of the vast amount of the material the weak and the strong points of the innovative development of different countries and also the perspectives for their development are shown. What experience can be applied for Russian conditions is demonstrated.

In the article the peculiarities of the small & medium business in European countries are discovered. On the basis of the studying of a great number of scientific works of the Russian & foreign scientists the essential features of this business in Europe are analyzed, also it’s weak & strong pointes comparatively to the big business are highlighted. On the example of France & Switzerland (SWOT-analysis) is proved that each level of regulating of SMB plays a significant role. High importance of the experience of European countries for RF is discovered, also outlined what experience really could be important in the conditions of the Russian Federation.

Introduction. Schizophrenia (SZ) increases the level of cell death, leading to an increase in the concentration of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) contains many unmethylated CpG motifs that stimulate TLR9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling and the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. The number of rDNA copies in the genomes of SZ patients is increased; therefore, we expect that the concentration of cell-free rDNA in the plasma of the SZ patients also increases. This may be one of the explanations of the proinflammatory cytokine increase that is often observed in SZ. The major research question is what is the rDNA copy number in cfDNA (cf-rDNA CN) and its putative role in schizophrenia? Materials and Methods. We determined cfDNA concentration (RNase A/proteinase K/solvent extraction; fluorescent dye PicoGreen) and endonuclease activity (NA) of blood plasma (radial diffusion method) in the untreated male SZ group (N=100) and in the male healthy control group (HC) (N=96). Blood leukocyte DNA and cfDNA rDNA CN were determined with nonradioactive quantitative hybridization techniques. Plasma concentration of cf-rDNA was calculated. Results. In the subjects from the SZ group, the mean cfDNA plasma concentration was twofold higher and NA of the plasma was fourfold higher than those in the healthy controls. rDNA CN in the blood leukocyte genome and in the cfDNA samples in the SZ group was significantly higher than that in the HC group. cf-rDNA concentration was threefold higher in the SZ group. Conclusion. Despite the abnormally high endonuclease activity in the blood plasma of SZ patients, the circulating cfDNA concentration is increased. Fragments of cf-rDNA accumulate in the blood plasma of SZ patients. Potentially, SZ patients’ cfDNA should be a strong stimulating factor for the TLR9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway.

1Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 2A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 3Kazan State Medical University, Kazan; 4Kazan (Volga) Federal University, Kazan; 5Far Eastern State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Khabarovsk; 6Morozov City Children’s Clinical Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 7I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg; 8Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk; 9M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow; 10Maimonides State Classical Academy, Moscow; 11V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov; 12I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 13S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg; 14Surgut State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Surgut; 15City Clinical Hospital Five, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 16Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Nizhny Novgorod; 17Territorial Clinical Hospital Two, Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory, Krasnodar; 18Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg; 19Rostov State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Rostov-on-Don; 20Omsk Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Omsk; 21Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 22Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk; 23Stavropol State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Stavropol; 24Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kemerovo; 25N.I. Pirogov Russian Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 26A.M. Nikiforov All-Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Saint Petersburg; 27Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Research Center, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk; 28S.P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 29Tver State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tver The Russian consensus (a consensus document) on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis has been prepared on the initiative of the Russian «Pancreatic Club» under the Delphi system. Its aim was to identify and consolidate the opinions of Russian experts on the most topical issues of the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis. The interdisciplinary approach involved the participation of leading gastroenterologists, surgeons, and pediatricians.

Pancreatology Club Professional Medical Community, 1A.S. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 2A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 3Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kazan; 4Kazan (Volga) Federal University, Kazan; 5Far Eastern State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Khabarovsk; 6Morozov City Children’s Clinical Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 7I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg; 8Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk; 9M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow; 10Maimonides State Classical Academy, Moscow; 11V.I. Razumovsky State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saratov; 12I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 13S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defense of Russia, Saint Petersburg; 14Surgut State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Surgut; 15City Clinical Hospital Five, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 16Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Nizhny Novgorod; 17Territorial Clinical Hospital Two, Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory, Krasnodar; 18Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Saint Petersburg; 19Rostov State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Rostov-on-Don; 20Omsk Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Omsk; 21Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 22Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Novosibirsk; 23Stavropol State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Stavropol; 24Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kemerovo; 25N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow; 26A.M. Nikiforov All-Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, Russian Ministry for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, Saint Petersburg; 27Research Institute for Medical Problems of the North, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk; 28S.P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow; 29Tver State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tver The Russian consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis has been prepared on the initiative of the Russian Pancreatology Club to clarify and consolidate the opinions of Russian specialists (gastroenterologists, surgeons, and pediatricians) on the most significant problems of diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis. This article continues a series of publications explaining the most significant interdisciplinary consensus statements and deals with enzyme replacement therapy.

Aim. To assess the clinical practice of diagnosis and treatment in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection and to compare this practice with the international guidelines in the European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection, Hp-EuReg protocol), a multicenter prospective observational study initiated by the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group. Materials and methods. The data of 813 patients infected with H. pylori and entered in the Hp-EuReg register by the Russian centers in 2013—2015 were analyzed. Results. The most common methods for the primary diagnosis of H. pylori infection are histology (40.3%), rapid urease test (35.7%), and serology (17.2%). The duration of H. pylori eradication therapy was 7, 10, and 14 days in 18.0, 49.3, and 25.1%, respectively. To monitor the effectiveness of treatment, the investigators used a histological examination (34%), a urea breath test (27.3%), H. pylori stool antigen (22.8%), and a rapid urease test (16.3%). A serological test was carried out in 2.5% of the cases. No monitoring was done in 13.5% of the patients. The average eradication efficiency was 82.6%. If the therapy was ineffective, 80% of physicians did not intend to prescribe a new cycle of treatment. Conclusion. Significant differences were found between clinical practice and the current guidelines.

Aim. To study the efficiency of one-week antihelicobacter therapy using omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxycillin in patients with duodenal peptic ulcer during its recurrence. Materials and methods. 105 patients with recurrent peptic ulcer and a not less than 0.5-cm ulcer in the duodenal bulb was given triple therapy: omeprazole, 20 mg twice daily, amoxycillin, 1000 mg twice sidaily, and clarithromycin, 500 mg twice daily for 7 days. Then the patients were allowed to take antacids if they were required to abolish the symptoms of recurrent peptic ulcer. H. pylori was detected in the mucosal biopsy specimens taken from the anthral part and body of the stomach at gastroduodenoscopy, by using the rapid urease test and histology. Gastroduodenoscopy was performed before and 4-6 weeks after the triple therapy. Results. The major symptoms of recurrent peptic ulcer were eliminated in 90% of the patients by the end of a course of therapy, i.e. on its day 7. By the control time, the rate of ulcer cicatrization was 99.05% (104/105). The coincidence of results of the two tests has indicated that H. pylori eradication was 81.9% (86/105) 4-6 weeks after termination of treatment. Adverse reactions during therapy were observed in 20% of the patients; however, treatment had to be discontinued only in 2.9% of the patients. Conclusion. One-week triple therapy using omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxycillin is highly effective in treating duodenal peptic ulcer during its recurrence.