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Abstract Esketamine is dextrorotatory ketamine, which is an enantiomer of ketamine. Compared with ketamine, it has the advantages of a fast metabolism, fewer side effects, and strong pharmacological effects, so it is more suitable for clinical use. Esketamine has a powerful analgesic effect and has little effect on breathing. It has a wide range of applications in the fields of pediatric anesthesia, conscious sedation anesthesia, and emergency analgesia. In addition, it is also used for pain that is difficult to relieve with conventional drugs and to prevent postoperative pain. Various routes of administration are also suitable for patients who need short‐term analgesia and sedation. As a drug, esketamine inevitably brings some side effects when it is used clinically. In this article, by introducing the mechanism of action and pharmacological characteristics of esketamine, its clinical application is reviewed, and it provides a reference for the more reasonable and safe clinical application of esketamine.

Abstract Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common clinical manifestation that is a severe complication characterized by decreased learning ability and deterioration of memory following anesthesia and surgery. However, the precise mechanisms of POCD are not completely understood. Rats were divided into blank control group (Con, n = 12) and sevoflurane group (Sev, n = 12). Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the ability of learning and memory in two groups of rats; immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of ion calcium‐binding adaptor molecule‐1 (Iba‐1) in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC); Western blot analysis was applied respectively to investigate Iba‐1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase‐1 (ARG1), inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) expression; The expression of iNOS, ARG1, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α in sera of rats was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. We found that sevoflurane induced learning and memory impairment assessed by morris water maze test, anesthesia up‐regulated the expression of iNOS, IL‐1β and TNF‐α inflammasome in microglia, as indicated by increased activation of Iba‐1 and reduced the level of ARG1 in the PFC. We conclude that the cognitive function of rats after inhaling anesthesia was likely associated with M1/M2 polarization of microglia, which was triggered by sevoflurane.

Delia antiqua is a major underground agricultural pest widely distributed in Asia, Europe and North America. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of this species, which is the first report of complete mitochondrial genome in the family Anthomyiidae. This genome is a double-stranded circular molecule with a length of 16,141 bp and an A+T content of 78.5%. It contains 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs) and a non-coding A+T rich region or control region. The mitochondrial genome of Delia antiqua presents a clear bias in nucleotide composition with a positive AT-skew and a negative GC-skew. All of the 13 protein-coding genes use ATN as an initiation codon except for the COI gene that starts with ATCA. Most protein-coding genes have complete termination codons but COII and ND5 that have the incomplete termination codon T. This bias is reflected in both codon usage and amino acid composition. The protein-coding genes in the D. antiqua mitochondrial genome prefer to use the codon UUA (Leu). All of the tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, except for tRNASer(AGN) that does not contain the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm like in many other insects. There are 7 mismatches with U-U in the tRNAs. The location and structure of the two rRNAs are conservative and stable when compared with other insects. The control region between 12S rRNA and tRNAIle has the highest A+T content of 93.7% in the D. antiqua mitochondrial genome. The control region includes three kinds of special regions, two highly conserved poly-T stretches, a (TA)n stretch and several G(A)nT structures considered important elements related to replication and transcription. The nucleotide sequences of 13 protein-coding genes are used to construct the phylogenetics of 26 representative Dipteran species. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses suggest a closer relationship of D. antiqua in Anthomyiidae with Calliphoridae, Calliphoridae is a paraphyly, and both Oestroidea and Muscoidea are polyphyletic.