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Among the pharmacological agents employed in cancer therapy, doxorubicin holds a prominent place due to its widespread use and potent cytotoxic effects and doxorubicin offers considerable promise in combating cancer, its administration requires careful consideration of the delicate balance between therapeutic benefit and potential harm, highlighting the intricate landscape of cancer treatment. Molecular dynamics simulation was used in this research to evaluate the effect of pH on the transfer and release kinetics of doxorubicin via carbon nanotubes within the capillary network surrounding cancer tumors. Upon examination of the acquired data, it became evident that following a duration of 10 ns, the temperature of the scrutinized structure stabilized at 310 K. Additionally, the analysis revealed that over the same period, the potential energy of examined structure reached a convergence point of 5.68 kcal/mol. Moreover, as the pH level increased from 3 to 11, a notable reduction in the maximum velocity of particle motion was detected, diminishing from 0.0028 to 0.0021 Å/fs. This elevation in pH led to a decline in the interaction between the vessel and solute, decreasing from 0.57 to 0.42 kcal/mol. Similarly, the interaction between the vessel and tumor experienced a decline, escalating from 6.95 to 6.05 kcal/mol with the pH increased from 3 to 11. Lastly, the pH elevation resulted in a marked reduction in the rate of drug release, decreasing from 84 to 46 %. This work concluded that MD simulations greatly enhanced the progress of pH-responsive CNT-based drug delivery systems. By offering comprehensive understanding of their behavior in acidic tumor environments, these simulations optimized these systems for targeted cancer treatment.

Aim of study: To assess the impact of pH level on force decay and color stability of orthodontic elastomeric chains (EOC) after exposure to commonly used beverages. Materials and methods: A total of 120 chain cuts were prepared from 2 different manufacturers (GC Orthodontics Europe GmbH, Breckerfeld, Germany, and FORESTADENT® - Bernhard Foerster GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany). According to the distance between loops, two types of chains were selected from each manufacturer: short and medium ones. Chains were immersed into 10 commonly used beverages with different pH values. After 7 days, force degradation was evaluated with the universal machine for mechanical testing (Model 4411; Instron, Canton, USA) and color change using a VITA Easyshade® digital spectrophotometer. Kruskal-Wallis with post-hoc Dunn's test for intergroup comparison and Wilcoxon rank test for intragroup comparison. Results: Initial force varied among EOC brands, with GC short chains having the highest force and Forestadent medium chains the lowest. The most pronounced force decay occurred within 24 h, notably affecting Forestadent short chains the most, followed by Forestadent medium, GC short, and GC medium chains. Despite a higher force drop rate over seven days, short EOCs maintained higher forces than medium EOCs. GC EOCs consistently maintained higher forces after seven days compared to Forestadent EOCs. After the immersion of EOC in different solutions for 24 h, only Evian water, Soy milk, and Coconut water did not change color. After 7 days, the greatest color change was recorded in coffee. Conclusion: There is no correlation between pH value and force decay of polyurethane chains. Short chains showed more constant force delivery and greater value of remaining force in comparison to medium ones. Color stability was mostly affected by coffee, followed by matcha tea, soy milk, and apple juice.

Spirulina is considered to be the most nutritious whole food source in nature. It is promoted as a dietary supplement and an active ingredient in functional foods. Factors such as conflicts, supply chain disruptions, and economic fallout are driving food prices to unprecedented levels. Low- and middle-income populations are affected by these rising costs. The design and implementation of a compact Spirulina cultivation system to be used in the household is presented in this paper. The system contains light, temperature, pH, and turbidity sensors. All sensors are connected to microcontrollers which activate a heater, air pump, mixing pump, pool fall pump, and two LEDs according to the readings received to ensure proper and continuous growth of Spirulina. The proposed system is user-friendly, economical, and can be easily stored and operated at homes to stimulate and monitor the growth of Spirulina. The primary objective of the proposed compact cultivation system is to furnish the necessary tools for generating a nutritionally valuable food source on a smaller scale, specifically within households, at a relatively affordable cost.

This dataset is part of fundamental research to produce IoT monitoring in fishponds. The data consists of the results of measurements of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and water temperature obtained through manual sensor devices in several locations at different times. Additionally, this data also includes images taken by drones at consistent heights. These images are linked to the sensor data that has been collected. In this research, data will be used to monitor the health of fishponds through visual data. This data can be used for correlation analysis between visual data and sensor data. The hypothesis is the visual appearance of the pond (the colour) is affected by the number of mixed solid (mud and other organic material) in the water, which reflected in the TDS level of the water. In addition, the data can also be used for initial investigations into the development of machine learning models for pool condition recognition through image analysis.

Magnesium biodegradable alloys are a promising material for self-dissolving surgical implants. Magnesium is known to be sensitive to electrochemical corrosion due to the galvanic effect between the matrix and particles of secondary phases and inclusions. Another important factor is the pH level. The behavior of certain chemical reactions depends on the pH level, so one can assume that the pH level of a corrosive medium at the material surface is a factor determining what chemical reactions can occur there. Finally, there is evidence that variability of the crystallographic orientation of the grains may be a cause of anisotropy of corrosion properties. The purpose of this work is to reveal the influence of the electrode potential of the microstructural elements, the crystallographic orientation of the grains, and the pH level of the near-surface volume of the corrosion solution on the corrosion process. In the study, sections of 2×1.5 mm were marked on the ZX10 alloy samples, for which maps of the distribution of crystallographic orientations and chemical composition were drawn. To assess the influence of the electrode potential of the particles, the authors carried out a Kelvin probe mapping in the 90×90 µm area. Next, corrosion tests were carried out with video filming of the surface on the marked area. To determine the pH level influence, the solution circulation in the cell was varied. Upon completion of the tests, corrosion products and corrosion damage were examined in detail. According to the results, the pH level in the liquid near-surface micro-volumes has a greater influence than the electrode potential of the particles as it provokes the formation of corrosion products of a different composition, which leads to passivation of the surface areas around the particles. The authors identified two different types of filiform corrosion. For filiform corrosion, a correlation between the corrosion direction and the crystallographic orientation of the grains was established.

The article discusses and analyzes the construction of liquid-jet sulfitators used in the beet sugar industry. The importance of sulfitation treatment in the sugar beet processing and raw cane sugar technology is noted and the main advantages of its use at various technological stages are given, namely, preparation of extractant used for diffusion sucrose extraction out of beet cossettes, thin juice processing, thick juice with B- and C-remelts processing, as well as raw cane sugar remelt processing. The advantages and disadvantages of liquid-jet sulfitators in comparison with other constructions are noted and criteria for their improvement are given. It has been noted that the created ejection, which sucks in the sulphitation gas into the contacting chamber, and the fact that the absorption of sulfur dioxide occurs on a larger surface than in other types of structures the main advantages of liquid-jet sulphitators. The main disadvantages are the short length of the contacting chamber, which is insufficient for ensuring complete absorption of sulfur dioxide, as well as instability of the generated ejection when the productivity changes. This determines the criteria given in the article for the improvement of liquid-jet sulfitators. The description of the developed construction of the sulphitator centrifugal-jet nozzle of sugar production liquids is given, which provides: the stability of the sulphitation gas supply in a wide range of plant productivity; stability of the hydroaerodynamic regime of the system «treated liquid – sulphitation gas» inside the sulphitator; sufficient contact time for complete dissolution in the treated liquid of the sulfur anhydride contained in the sulphitation gas. The advantages of the developed centrifugal-jet sulfitators in comparison with typical liquid-jet sulfitators are noted: ensuring the operation range of 50-120% of the nominal capacity (plant production capacity); significant reduction in the technical sulfur consumption for the sulphur anhydride production, which is used as a reagent for the sulfitation treatment of liquids in beet sugar processing; reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere due to 100 % sulfur anhydride dissolution in the treated liquid.

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

Heavy metal pollution in natural water bodies generally interacting with other environmental stressors produces toxic effects on aquatic organisms. However, toxicological studies exploring interactive effects of these stressors are still limited. Here, tadpoles of the Zhenhai brown frog (Rana zhenhaiensis) were exposed to a 3 × 3 factorial combination, with three cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 10 and 100 μg/L) and three pH levels (5.0, 7.23 and 9.0) throughout the developmental period to assess combined toxic effects of Cd × pH on tadpole growth, development and physiology. Nearly all measured traits [including survival, metamorphosis and abnormality rate, metamorphosis time, post-metamorphic size, hepatic metal content, locomotor performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and erythrocytic nuclear abnormality (ENA) frequency] were affected by Cd exposure, indicating notable Cd-induced toxicity to R. zhenhaiensis tadpoles. The pH level and its interaction with Cd also had significant impacts on most measured traits, such as survival rate, metamorphosis time, froglet jumping distance, hepatic Cd content, ENA frequency. Acidic (or alkaline) environment itself was toxic to tadpoles. However, high pH (but not low pH) level appeared to exacerbate Cd-induced toxicity to tadpoles. Excess free hydrogen ions under acidic environments might inhibit Cd2+ ions binding to cell surface, which reduced Cd accumulation in tissues. Under alkaline environments, other forms of Cd complexes in the aqueous phase probably contributed to promoting Cd accumulation. Our results indicated that Cd exposure could interact with different pH levels, producing diverse combined toxicities to amphibian larvae.

Due to emerging technologies, the improvization of products is a new trend. Spray drying is a new technology that transforms a product in liquid phase into a dry particulate powder. This study investigated the possibility of developing powder out of nipa vinegar with ideal physicochemical properties and high recovery percentage. A single process schedule design was applied in the nipa vinegar during spray drying. Three formulations of the added carrier were applied (F1- 50%, F2- 25% and F3-12.50%). The sensory characteristics of the spray-dried nipa vinegar in three formulations were analyzed and compared using organoleptic evaluation score card utilized by food experts. The pH level, total soluble solids (TSS) and solubility test of the three samples were also measured. Results showed that nipa vinegar with 12.50% of the added carrier is the preferred sample by the respondents and has the fastest solubility rate. However, it has the lowest recovery percentage. On the other hand, the nipa vinegar with 50% added carrier has the highest recovery percentage. The three samples have consistent pH value and changes were only observed in Nipa Vinegar with 50% added carrier. Further studies should be conducted to optimize the production quality of spray-dried nipa vinegar.

ABSTRAK Profil Kesehatan Dinas Kota Semarang tahun 2016 menunjukkan bahwa ABJ di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Halmahera 83,00% masih tergolong rendah yaitu masih di bawah target nasional ≥ 95%. Terdapat area dengan vegetasi pohon pisangg yang rapat pada wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pH, volume air, kelembaban dan jenis pohon pisang dengan keberadaan jentik Aedes aegypti di wilayah kerja puskesmas Halmahera Kota Semarang tahun 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional analitik kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional, data primer dan data sekunder diolah dan dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Chi Square. Sampel yang digunakan berjumlah 100 pelepah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara volume air (p=0,023) dan kelembaban (p=0,0001) dengan keberadaan jentik, serta tidak ada hubungan antara tingkat pH (p=0,153) dan jenis pohon pisang (p=0,493) dengan keberadaan jentik. Kata kunci : keberadaan jentik, tingkat pH, volume air, kelembaban udara, dan jenis perindukan pohon pisang. ABSTRACT Health Profile of Semarang City Office in 2016 told that ABJ (larvae presence free number) in work ​​Halmahera Health Center area was 83.00%. It was below the national target of ≥ 95%. This study purposed to know the relationship between pH level, water volume, humidity and banana tree species with the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae in ​​Halmahera Health Center area in 2017. This research used quantitative analytic observational method with cross sectional approach. Data were processed and analyzed using Chi Square test. The samples were 100 midribs. The results showed that there was correlation between water volume (p = 0,023) and humidity (p = 0.0001) with larvae presence, whereas there was no correlation between pH level (p = 0,153) and banana tree species (p = 0,493) larvae presence. Keywords: presence of larvae, pH level, water volume, humidity, and banana tree species

The article focuses on describing mathematical model of a multi-phase flow in antroduodenum and its application for predicting digestive process features, including pH level detection. The suggested sub-model representing antroduodenal area of gastrointestinal tract is being developed within the frameworks of mathematical multilevel model depicting evolution of damage to critical organs and systems under exposure to risk factors. We introduced damages as per three functions (motor, secretory and absorbing one) to several gastrointestinal tract zones (body of stomach, antrum, and duodenum) and to pancreas and liver, into the sub-model. Mathematical problem statement includes records of mass and impulse conservation equations for mixture of liquid incompressible phases; ratios for mass flow intensity vector due to diffusion processes; ratios for mass sources due to reactions, secretion and components absorption, food dissolution, initial and terminal conditions. We obtained numeric experiment results when drinks with various pH level (2.3; 3.5; 7) were consumed; they revealed that anomalous considerable increase in acidity occurred in pyloric opening zone and duodenal cap zone when a drink with pH level equal to 2.3 was consumed. The results presented in this work make a considerable contribution into mathematical modeling development used to describe multiphase flows in biological channels with variable form. We showed that obtained acidity levels in various antroduodenum zones correspond to experimental data given in the works of other researchers. In future the model can be applied to predict risks of duodenum damages evolvement together with detecting areas of their localization under exposure to negative factors.

The aim of the present study was to determinate the effect of epicatechin and patulin on selected parameters of meat quality of rabbits. Adult female rabbits (n=25), maternal albinotic line (crossbreed Newzealand white, Buskat rabbit, French silver) and paternal acromalictic line (crossbreed Nitra's rabbit, Californian rabbit, Big light silver) were used in experiment. Animals were divided into five groups: control group (C) and experimental groups E1, E2, E3, and E4. Animals from experimental groups E1, E2, E3, E4 received patulin through intramuscular injection (10 µg.kg-1) twice a week and animals from groups E2, E3, E4 received epicatechin three times a week through intramuscular injection. After 30 days animals were slaughtered. For analysing of meat quality the samples of Musculus longissimus dorsi (50 g) were used. Application of epicatechin and patulin to rabbits had slight or no effect on the pH levels in stomach, small intestine, large intestine and urinary bladder contents, however differences among the groups were insignificant (p ˃0.05). Application of epicatechin and patulin to rabbits had slight or no effect on total water, protein, fat and differences among the groups were insignificant (p >0.05). The values of amino acids concentrations were not influenced after application of epicatechin and patulin. The fatty acid profiles in animals after application of different doses of epicatechin and 10 µg.kg-1 patulin were similar (p >0.05). Concentration of cholesterol increased in experimental groups in comparison with the control group, but differences were insignificant (p >0.05). pH levels of meat of rabbits in experimental group E3 was lower when compared with the control group, but differences was not significant (p >0.05). Electric conductivity parameter was increased in each experimental group (in E3 the highest) against the control but without significant differences (p >0.05). Colour L parameter was slightly decreased in experimental groups with comparison to the control group (in E3 the lowest). Generally we can conclude that intramuscular application of epicatechin or patulin did not affect parameters of meat quality as well as pH values of internal organs content. Further investigations are needed to prove the final answer concerning the health promoting effects of epicatechin and patulin.

Low-pH and aluminium (Al) stresses are the major constraints that limit crop yield in acidic soils. Grafting vegetable elite cultivars onto appropriate rootstocks may represent an effective tool to improve crop tolerance to acidity and Al toxicity. Two greenhouse hydroponic experiments were performed to evaluate growth, yield, biomass production, chlorophyll index, electrolyte leakage, mineral composition and assimilate partitioning in plant tissues of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.‘Ekron’) either non-grafted or grafted onto ‘P360’ (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne × Cucurbita moschata Duchesne; E/C) or figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché; E/F). Cucumber plants were cultured in pots and supplied with nutrient solutions having different pH and Al concentrations: pH 6, pH 3.5, pH 3.5 + 1.5 mM Al and pH 3.5 + 3 mM Al (Exp. 1, 14 d) and pH 6, pH 3.5 and pH 3.5 +0.75 mM Al (Exp. 2, 67 d). Significant depression in shoot and root biomass was observed in response to acidity and Al concentrations, with Al-stress being more phytotoxic than low pH treatment. Significant decrease in yield, shoot and root biomass, leaf area, SPAD index, N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and B concentration in aerial parts (leaves and stems) in response to low pH with more detrimental effects at pH 3.5 + Al. Grafted E/C plants grown under low pH and Al had higher yield, shoot and root biomass compared to E/F and non-grafted plants. This better crop performance of E/C plants in response to Al stress was related to i) a reduced translocation of Al from roots to the shoot, ii) a better shoot and root nutritional status in K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn concentration, iii) a higher chlorophyll synthesis, as well as iv) the ability to maintain cell membrane stability and integrity (lower electrolyte leakage). Data provide insight into the role of grafting on Al stress tolerance in cucumber.

A laboratory experiments was conducted for the assessment of physiological and biochemical responses of iron dust under the influence of different pH levels (6.5, 5.0, 3.0) and two concentration of iron dust (0.1 mg and 0.6 mg) with two particle size (100 μm and 300 μm) sprayed on the Cicer arietinum L. seed surface for fifteen day exposure. Observation was made on germination percentage and germination rate, vigour index, % phytotoxicity of root and shoot, chlorophyll, sugar, protein and proline content in both treated and control plant. The present results revealed that the seed color changes to brown under iron stress. The lower germination percentage and germination rate gradually decrease with pH of the medium but both the parameters were not significantly affected by the iron dust. Moreover higher % phytotoxicity was observed under all treatments compared to control and also lower values of this parameter were recorded in shoot than root. The reduction trend in chlorophyll and protein content was recorded at low pH but reverse result was recorded for sugar. Moreover highest proline was recorded under highly acidic condition.

Apart from the production of sufficient food quantities modern agricultural production should produce high- quality food, but also preserve the environment, primarily by preserving the soil as a natural, renewable, but also exhaustible resource. Preservation of soil directly emphasizes the concern about elementary properties of soil affecting its fertility. One of the measures is usage of organic manure. Manure is used most often in practice, and the processes of decomposition depending on the way of maintenance and manure removal of the cattle, and the conditions in which such stack is amassed and kept are not often desirably directed. During implementation of such manure, the expected positive effects appear to be the negative ones. Five different manure types have been composted in the experiment (cattle manure, horse, pig and poultry) and the changes in the chemical properties have been monitored. During the process of composting significant changes have occured: pH level of initial compost materials has grown in all the composts (from 8 to over 9), except for the pig, which had the pH level below 7; EC had an average increase of 69%, and at the end of the research a very high EC was found out in the poultry (12.15 d•Sm-1 which is three times above the borderline values for substrates of container production) and horse (8.75 d•Sm-1 which is almost twice the value). The entire process of composting is characterized by the decrease of the portion of organic carbon (on the average for 19.62%), while the dynamics of the portion of the total N is vice versa (average increase by 38%). C•N ratio in the composts decreased, as expected, below 20:1 and the highest decrease is with the cattle manure with the highest initial C•N ratio. The increase of NO3- and decrease of NH4+ were established.

Sensors play the most important role in observing changes in an environment they are a part. They detect even the smallest changes and send the information to other electronic devices. Making sure that these sensors provide an accurate output is equally crucial, as the data it measures and collects are used for analysis. Until now, calibrating sensors has been done manually by following a sequence of procedures, and is usually performed on-site or in a laboratory prior to deployment. To eliminate the manual procedure in the calibration (at the very least), an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) with a built-in calibration registers circuit was created through segmented eight-bit binary search in a three-point algorithm using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The circuit was created using a three-point calibration algorithm and three standard buffers (pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10). The block diagram, schematic diagram, and the number of logic gates were derived after synthesizing the Verilog program in Xilinx/FPGA. An average of 0.30% error was computed to prove the reliability of the created circuit using FPGA. Having an ISFET with built-in calibration registers will alleviate the work of experts in performing calibrations. This would follow the plug and play standard, hence its being a calibration-ready ISFET device. With this feature, it could be used as a pH level meter or a remote sensor node in several applications.