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This study examines the orthographic variation between the place name and in English texts in Macau and its interaction with social factors. Using Sebba’s framework of Orthographic Regimes, a statistical analysis was conducted to explore the usage of the two orthographic variants across three levels of orthographic regimes, namely, highly-regulated (HR) government writings, less-regulated (LR) school writings and lesser-regulated (LRR) online texts . As a means to collect data of LR regimes, a questionnaire was used to collect participants’ identities and elicit potential indexical relationships between the two variants and aspects of Macau identity, which we see as two place identities. Results show a strong connection between orthographic regimes and variant usage, with preferred in HR government writing while Macau is more commonly used in LR regimes where is not required. Furthermore, this study discusses a connection between language practices and Macau identity based on orders of indexicality, that is, the use of / and the duality of Macau identity (i.e. a nationalistic identity vs. an ethnocultural identity).

Objectives. The identity of the place has an effect on citizens’ identities. The study presented aims to support the connection between slow violence, environmental injustice, and the use of visual sociology to deepen the experiences and relations of people in the surrounding environment. The target is a neighborhood called Tamburi in the city of Taranto, Apulia. Methods. After an initial focus group useful to know more about the context, 8 people residing in the target area took photos to understand how the environmental damage has slowly settled on every aspect of life in the neighborhood and to explore concepts like social memories, and socio-semiotic category. The contribution of a non-residing photojournalist was analyzed, in order to improve and complete observation techniques. Results. Tamburi, literally incorporated by the industry, is a place with a complex identity to the detriment of social life and the new generations’ well-being, accompanied by a correlated social and cultural unease as well as a feeling of abandonment and vindication. It is identified as a sacrifice area due to the high rate of pollutants in circulation, premature deaths, and contamination of the urban and vegetable elements present. Conclusions. Living in territories vulnerable to sacrifice translates into considering the existences therein underestimated. The visual method offers interesting insights into the possibilities of interpreting some phenomena. The images of the neighborhood are a negative stimulus that communicates feelings of fragility in the individual and collective memory and has an impact on the livability and attractiveness of places.

This study explores the interrelationship between community attachment in AlUla Heritage City (located in Saudi Arabia) and tourists’ green consumption practices, testing support for green tourism development as a mediator. The old historical city of AlUla, a significant city experiencing ongoing preservation and tourism development, represents an adequate context for exploring the link between community attachment and green tourism practices. This study employs a quantitative approach, including surveys with 328 local residents of AlUla. A structural equation modeling partial least square (PLS-SEM) analysis is conducted to explore the indirect influence of community attachment on tourists’ green consumption through the mediating role of support for green tourism development. The findings indicated a positive path from community attachment in AlUla to tourists’ tendencies toward green consumption behavior. Moreover, the mediating effects of support for green tourism development suggested that a deep sense of community attachment improves tourists’ support for green practices in the tourism sector. This study adds to the extended body of the literature on place attachment and green tourism by emphasizing the significance of community place attachment in stimulating tourists’ green consumption practices. Several practical implications for policymakers seeking to promote green tourism practices in heritage cities like AlUla are explored from the study results.

Promoting community engagement is a key issue in the sustainable development of protected natural areas. Enhancing the local residents' sense of place identity contributes to their willingness to protect the ecological environment and increases their support for ecotourism development. The role of knowledge in addressing ecological issues is widely recognized, and tourism, which focuses on knowledge production and dissemination, is gradually emerging as an alternative choice for innovative and sustainable ecotourism development in protected natural areas. However, the effect of knowledge on place identity has not been sufficiently addressed. This study employed a qualitative research method and considered Danxia Mountain, a protected area, as a case study to analyze the transformation of knowledge underlying tourism products during the transition from sightseeing tourism to study tourism. Furthermore, it explored how the behavior of community residents in learning and disseminating new knowledge contributes to the reconstruction of their local identities. The findings showed that the knowledge of resource classification and evaluation of sightseeing tourism generated a paradoxical place identity, whereas the scientific and local knowledge about Danxia Mountain for tourism reconnected community residents to the place and established a place identity. The formation and changes of local residents' place identity are the result of the interactive process of knowledge's definition of place differences and the behaviors of learning and disseminating knowledge. Specifically, there are three aspects to consider: 1) Place differences and place meanings stemming from knowledge discourse. The knowledge of a place defines its differences and assigns meaning to it. Moreover, the type of knowledge of a place can change, triggering the reconstruction of the place identity of local residents. 2) Place identity arises from the learning, internalization, and construction processes of local residents in relation to place differences and meanings within the knowledge framework. This is achieved through transforming diverse individuals' experiences and feelings about a place, where meaningful and comprehensible identities are formed, leading to a diversified sense of place identity based on individual experiences. 3) Identity performance in the process of knowledge dissemination and sharing socializes individual place identities and establishes a collective place identity. This research combines knowledge as the discourse defining place differences and the behavioral interactions of using knowledge, which expands the understanding of the process and mechanisms of place identity and can provide a more comprehensive explanatory framework for establishing place identity in social-place-individual interaction. It also provides practical guidance for cultivating local residents' place identity through knowledge-based study tourism, which requires incorporating the knowledge of community residents into the heritage site's knowledge system as well as community residents as active participants in the learning and dissemination of knowledge in the context of study tourism, which is essential for fostering a sense of place identity.

Urban identity is gaining increasing attention across different research disciplines. However, there is no consensus as to how this concept can be integrated into planning theory, because every discipline has diverse concepts of urban identity, which are often included in planning theory without clarity. For example, environmental psychology literature and the social sciences have defined urban identity as human or social identity, while architecture and urban design characterize it as the urban/city or architectural identity. Therefore, this paper provides a conceptual framework for applying urban identity in planning theory and practice. This paper used the literature review method by synthesizing several relevant and reliable sources, particularly in planning, architecture, environmental psychology, social science, and geography. The result is an explanation of three concepts of urban identity, which are the ‘identity of urban,’ ‘identity in urban,’ and ‘identity for urban’. The identity of urban helps planners to design functional and characteristic cities. Meanwhile, identity in urban helps planners to achieve the humanist aspect of a city and social justice; and identity for urban helps planners to advance a city’s economy and attract investors and tourists. These concepts are interrelated and can be integrated to support the sustainability of cities and their citizens, by achieving harmony between the population’s need for orientation and identification, the function and aesthetics of the city, and the city’s attractiveness to visitors.

This study aims to understand how place attachment towards Ankara is considered in Turkish pop music songs. In order to determine which pop music songs mention Ankara, certain restrictions were applied as part of the sampling stage of the study. The data set was comprised of thirty songs, which were analyzed according to the inductive thematic analysis method. The obtained data was evaluated within the scope of place attachment theory. Repetitive content and patterns showed that nine themes were inclusive across the dataset. In order of prevalence, these themes were entitlement, sadness, distance, loneliness, snow and rain, night, gloom, cold, drunkenness, and longing for the sea. Each song comprises and average of 4.3 themes and demonstrates clear thematic similarities between the songs. The common themes that dominate the majority of Turkish pop songs about Ankara are examples of negative place attachment. The negative place attachment towards Ankara among Turkish pop music songs is discussed with consideration of Istanbul-based culture industry, and the reproduction of cliché based on the repetition of common themes about Ankara. The study is expected to contribute to the literature gap on urban culture studies and highlight the topic of attachment-music interaction in Turkey. Depending on qualitative research design, the study is limited in terms of the subjective interpretation of results and underrepresentation within the field of research.

Research on the consumption of local products is essential to promote sustainability, boost local economies, and preserve cultural identity. Although a positive relationship has been demonstrated between attitude towards local products and consumption determinants, the role of the former as a mediator has not been sufficiently explored. This study examines how the attitude towards local products mediates between consumer ethnocentrism and consumption intention, as well as between place identity and consumption intention. A total of 1325 wine and cheese consumers in the Canary Islands were surveyed using a moderated mediation model, applying PLS-SEM. The results indicate that attitude towards local products mediates the aforementioned relationships but does not moderate them according to the type of local product. Consequently, marketing strategies should focus on the emotional and cultural connection that consumers establish with local products, highlighting their value in terms of identity and belonging.

Battery recycling is viewed in China as an important means of achieving primary sustainability goals and greater economic and environmental development. With the notice of high battery recycling intentions through relevant investigations, this study examine the influencing factors of these recycling behaviors of e-bikes citizens by incorporating the place identity and environmental concern into the Extended Normative Activation Model (NAM), which fill the research gap on how place identity and environmental concern affect the batteries recycling behavior. This study proposes that the consequence awareness, personal norms, and attitudes have mediating effect on place identity to the recycling behavior, and the environmental concern has moderating effect on consequence awareness, personal norms, and attitudes to the recycling behavior, respectively. Based on 1068 valid surveys, hypotheses were examined using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that personal norms and awareness of consequences positively impact e-bike users' intentions to recycle waste batteries, and environmental concerns have no moderating effect on attitude, recycling intention, personal norms, and recycling intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed at last.

In the face of ongoing interpersonal and structural violence towards sex workers in Canada, this research inquiry explores nine women and gender-diverse sex workers’ experiences of place identity within their workplaces. Employing multisensory and arts-based ethnographic fieldwork, the co-researchers storied their embodied place-based experiences of identity. The research findings illuminate place-identity processes within sex workplaces, suggesting that the context, materiality, and multisensory atmospheres of the co-researchers’ work environments were entwined with internal and external self-concepts. The co-researchers created personalized multisensory atmospheres in their workplaces through the use of colour, visual art, and music. Having workplaces that positively supported place identity fostered workplace comfort, control, and empowerment. Ultimately, this research suggests that place-identity processes in sex workplaces have the possibility to resist and shift sex work stigma.

Despite the inherently dynamic nature of the urban identity concept and its interconnections among various academic disciplines, including philosophy, psychology, environmental studies, and urbanism, the term is employed in distinct contexts within each field. This divergence in usage has resulted in ambiguity and a lack of clarity regarding the meaning of urban identity. This research aims to scrutinize the existing literature on identity and urban identity across various scientific disciplines, reaching a better understanding of the term. As a methodological approach, we undertake a systematic analysis of the theoretical debate to identify and comprehend the descriptive and analytical perspectives on identity and urban identity concepts, the evaluation processes of urban identity, and the identification of primary debates, issues, and related gaps. The findings of this research will facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the urban identity concept and its identification, thereby contributing to the evolution of academic research on urban identity.

IntroductionUrbanization processes are constantly increasing, and most of the European population currently live in urban areas. Nevertheless, evidence is consistent in highlighting the positive association between nature exposure and human wellbeing, although individual differences might affect this association.MethodsThe present study aimed to investigate the association among nature connectedness, conceptualized as Love and Care for Nature, place identity, and physical wellbeing, via restorativeness and positive and negative affect. A total of 312 visitors of an urban green area (i.e., Milan’s Parco Nord) participated in the study. They completed an anonymous questionnaire.ResultsFindings showed that nature connectedness and place identity positively affect physical wellbeing, via restorativeness and positive affect, but not through the negative ones.DiscussionResults highlight the importance of the joint role of exposure to nature and individual differences in promoting wellbeing. This study offers implications for interventions aimed at enhancing individuals’ health through exposure to nature. Limitations of the study and future research developments are discussed.

Ukrainian Art Nouveau is considered in the context of the pan-European development of Art Nouveau in the architecture of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This stylistic direction is a demonstration of the self-identification of nations. It is hypothesized that the development of Ukrainian Art Nouveau in the architecture of Poltava at the beginning of the twentieth century expresses the identity of the place and national identification of the population, and is a reflection of national consciousness through architecture. This article defines and illustrates the special features of Ukrainian Art Nouveau as a manifestation of national character in the architecture of Poltava at the beginning of the twentieth century. The research was conducted using a cultural studies approach in the context of the general cultural development of the city. The general characteristics of the stylistic development of Poltava architecture at the beginning of the twentieth century are presented, and the place of Ukrainian Art Nouveau in the polystylism of the research period is revealed. The influence of Ukrainian Art Nouveau from the beginning of the twentieth century on the further development of Poltava architecture is analysed.

Cultural heritage tourism is widely acknowledged as one of the main attractions of tourism and the role of various stakeholders in the conservation and sustainable development of these irreplaceable destinations is widely discussed. However, little attention has been paid to the investigation of the tourists’ role in the sustainability of Cultural heritage destinations. Thus, this empirical study looks at the elements influencing tourists' engagement in the sustainable conservation of cultural heritage destinations. Accordingly, it broadens the Theory of planned behaviour (TPB) by including Place Identity, Destination Image and Sustainable Intelligence as antecedents of Sustainable behaviour. The data is analysed using structural equations modelling with AMOS (V23) and SPSS (V25) software and the suggested hypotheses are statistically verified. The research's outcomes offer insightful data that may be considered a guide for the sustainable development of cultural heritage destinations. The findings add to a further comprehensive understanding of sustainable heritage management through deeper insight into visitors' decision-making approach to protecting cultural heritage destinations. The results are instrumental for various tourism and destination marketing organizations, heritage tourism planners, various policymakers, and the government at large.

Enclaves of poverty are spaces of social stigmatization that can foster exclusion as well as enhance the impression of it. At the same time, they are milieus in the lives of specific human beings who co-inhabit and co-create these spaces; they are a home base – a place of safety, one that is the source of satisfaction and identification. The circumstances constituting and distinguishing these specific ecosystems were the inspirations for research conducted in 2014–2016 in enclaves of poverty – located in two large cities and in rural areas in Poland – to identify the ways of valuing and mental mapping performed by people living there. Based on the results of the author’s research, the article discusses three complementary issues covering the ways of identifying a space, identifying with a place and place identity. It focuses on the cognitive and practical value of such findings, which go beyond simplified and generalized thinking about enclaves of poverty, revealing the potentials of various neighbourhoods and the complexity of people’s connections with a place.

The place identity needs to be resurfaced visual-architecturally through place-making and community engagement. From participatory identification of tangible and intangible cultural assets, cultural mapping can increase awareness of cultural assets and a sense of belonging, facilitate network development and collaboration, and prepare village development programs according to local potential. This study aims to compile the potential and resources of Kampung Baran in a participatory manner, and then present it as significant cultural character data in shaping the identity of the place. The research was conducted qualitatively through asset mapping and community identity mapping. Asset mapping is related to the physical resources, while community identity mapping identifies intangible resources. Physical data recording is done through field observation. The on-site data mapping is triangulated through focus group discussions and in-community conversation to identify the intangible resources. Furthermore, the data were categorised, and the relations were analysed to compile the cultural mapping. The results showed that the unity between architectural elements (recontextualization of Omah Gejug), communal space according to the taneyan pattern of Kampung Baran, typical plants, local culinary, traditional arts and language, as well as socio-cultural systems and structures can be visualized to support the revitalization of place identity.

Urban spatial segregation in Santiago de Chile, a prevalent feature of Latin American cities, underscores socioeconomic disparities and shapes the city’s socio-spatial dynamics. This segregation, driven by land prices and private ownership, has pushed disadvantaged groups to the periphery and limited their access to desirable areas reserved for wealthier segments of society. Quebrada Macul Park, situated within this segregated urban landscape, serves as an emblematic case that challenges and expands the classical definition of urban segregation. It exemplifies the complex negotiations over space utilization among social groups, defined by socioeconomic, generational, and interest-based differences. This study employs micro-segregation studies in a broad sense, both as a conceptual framework and as a methodological tool to analyze these dynamics. Through qualitative methodologies, including six in-depth interviews with diverse stakeholders (social and ecological activists, longtime residents, and park employees) and five participant observations, the research investigates the varied uses and meanings attributed to the park. The findings reveal that the park’s evolution from a space frequented by low-income dwellers to a diverse metropolitan park has sparked debates over its public versus private character, mirroring the power struggles among distinct social factions. The park serves as a profound identity marker for its historical inhabitants, who initially fought for the right to use it and today experience nostalgia due to its widespread popularity. Meanwhile, the struggle to establish the park as a public space challenges the city’s segregation dynamics and might promote social cohesion within urban natural environments.

Identified as an increasingly pivotal aspect, the benevolent extra-role characteristic of community citizenship behavior contributes to destination development efficiency and social cohesion. Based on the egoistic–altruistic motivation framework, this study investigated three motivations that propel residents to exercise community citizenship behaviors in a positive social contact context, namely self-focused, other-focused, and place-focused motivation. A conceptual model combined with positive contact, personal benefit, sympathetic understanding, place identity, and community citizenship behavior was developed and tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) through data from 366 residents in Kaifeng, China. The findings showed that of the three motivations for community citizenship behaviors, place identity contributed the most, and personal benefits failed to predict community citizenship behaviors. Furthermore, sympathetic understanding with tourists was most fostered by residents from the perception of positive contact with tourists. These findings offer a novel theoretical framework for scholarly investigation and provide practical insights for tourism managers regarding strategies to influence residents’ community citizenship behavior.

Over the past decade, urban villages across Java Indonesia that used to be slums were transformed into colorful villages and have become tourist destinations. Each urban village represents their local identities by creating colorful murals, promoting local food and organized festivals which expressed their unique heritage. The participatory art projects conducted in urban villages were aimed to shape place identity. Artist and residents collaboratively developed place narration and art themes. The participatory art project helps urban village residents to reimagine their place, connect ideas with place’ history and culture. This study aims to understand how art and design are incorporated within the creation of place identity through participatory action. This study uses a qualitative approach to examine the mapping and engagement strategy applied in the creation of place identity in urban villages in Java Indonesia. Research data collected through in-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews, field observations, participant observation, photographs and visual archive documentation and supported by literature study. This article highlights several key points taken from case studies in three urban villages in Java. The findings of this study are to introduce a conceptual framework of the participatory art model for place identity formation in urban villages.

The hypothesis of this totally novel research in Serbia is that the way in which place may influence the identity of international students integrates a part of their individual identities, but also influences the variability of identities deriving from various contextual factors of the student migration's origin. Cities can be observed through their respective role in shaping and transforming the international students' identity. The goal is to examine emotional and functional attachment of international students to the city in which they study, in comparison to these two components of attachment to the place of their origin. The testing of theoretical standpoints is based on qualitative research through focus-group interviews with three designed groups of respondents and the results of this testing will be additionally validated later in triangulation with questionnaires and interviews as complementing research techniques and approaches.

There is a growing interest in understanding development processes and opportunities in small and medium-sized towns that so far did not attract much attention in mainstream urban theory. Conventional growth-oriented approaches fail to capture the complexity of local development and policy-making processes because they prioritise production factors and underrate the role of discourse and place-based identity. This paper aims to explore the linkages between narratives, place identity, and local development. As local actors try to make sense of a place’s past and future, they select, contribute to, and mobilise various local narratives. Multiple narratives feed into and are part of a place’s identity that defines a frame for possible development options. The paper uses the case of Zeitz in Saxony-Anhalt (Germany) to analyse the evolution of local development narratives from the 1970s until today. The paper concludes that: i) narrative-making is not a linear process; narratives, spatial imaginaries and local identity are complex, dynamic, and interconnected with each other; ii) local narratives help to construct a coherent imaginary of a place and are mutually intertwined with local development and policies; and iii) local narratives are interdependent with external events and strategies requiring a multiscalar relational perspective on local development processes.

Social scientists have long considered place attachment to be an important factor in promoting environmentally sustainable behaviours among individuals. Raymond and colleagues have developed a five-factor place attachment measure, comprising place dependence, nature dependence, place attachment, family bonding, and friendship bonding, that encompasses most of the differentiations made and that has been amply tested for validity and reliability. However, the bulk of these confirmatory studies have been conducted in Western societies, neglecting people in the Global South and particularly people living in unstable, environmentally fragile regions such as slum areas. This study aims to fill this omission by testing the psychometric qualities of the five-factor place attachment measure in Indonesian slums using a dataset collected by the Resilient Indonesian Slums Envisioned (RISE) project. The dataset consists of a random sample of 700 respondents, living in slum areas of the cities of Bima, Manado, and Pontianak. We split the dataset into two and run factor analyses in EFA (N = 325) and CFA (N = 375) modes. Most notably, our results suggest a four-factor scale, in which place and nature dependences are merged into a single dimension. This finding seems logical considering that those living in urban slums are likely to have their natural surroundings, such as a river and its banks, as part of their living space. Overall, our study extends the use of place attachment to disaster-prone slum contexts that are often overlooked and, thus, supports the line of research that promotes environmental sustainability among people especially vulnerable to ecological changes.

Hands-on, out-of-doors, environmental citizen and community science invites a wide range of publics to participate in data collection in the spaces and places local to them; that is, placed-based science. Understanding whether and how participants are attached to those places can inform all aspects of project/program design. Building on sense of place theory, we advance a multidimensional framework from which to conceptualize, evaluate, and describe people-place bonds in environmental citizen science, using survey responses from participants in the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST). Results provide evidence that place attachment is strong, with aspects of place identity resonating much more strongly than place dependence. We explored six dimensions of place attachment relevant to COASST participants and found attachment to be asymmetrically multidimensional, dominated by nature-environment bonding, with secondary strengths in science community bonding, self-identity, and science affinity. The participant population displayed relatively low attachment strength along the friends and family axis, and no resonance within the dimension of social rootedness. We also found shifts in the multidimensional “shape” of attachment as a function of time in the program, with individuals persisting over 10 years stronger in almost all dimensions. These findings raise important questions for the field of participatory science about the significance of people-place bonds, how place attachment shifts over time, and the impacts of that attachment on citizen science outcomes around behavior, decision making, and policies connected to place.

The study is an in-depth analysis of residential and mixed-use areas to evaluate the dynamics of landscape identities and their link to human behaviours. This was done by examining the Maitama Amusement Park and the Durban Neighborhood Park in Nigeria's Abuja Central Business districts. The research highlights the significance of Abuja and points out that its unique attribute, and purposeful design, to reinforce unity amongst diverse ethnic groups is imperative for contextualizing the research in the study area. In this way, the study showed that reactions to landscape identities cross and leap beyond ethnic boundaries and that the landscape is a behaviour modifier of ethnic biases. Furthermore, the study highlights the landscape's multiple dimensions and forms to show that it is an ambulatory, dynamic, and fluid phenomenon, inseparably linked with human behaviours and socio-spatial environments.

Despite increasing calls for the development of a circular economy, extractive industries are gaining renewed relevance in Europe. The European Commission's plan to expand domestic sourcing of lithium to scale up the production and use of electric vehicles has been met with social resistance from affected communities who mobilize to protect their livelihoods, and nature. The growing conflicts emerging around global battery supply chains highlight the importance of examining justice-related concerns around current decarbonization strategies. This article takes a political ecology approach that combines the concepts of place and anticipation to examine negotiations around a proposed lithium mine in the Barroso region in northern Portugal. Drawing on 27 qualitative semi-structured interviews and ethnographic research in August 2021, we explore how local residents engage in the politics of anticipation around the mine. The study has two main findings: (1) While local supporters hope to benefit from the project economically, opponents expect it to undermine agricultural traditions, counteract plans for expanding tourism services, and as known from mining areas in the past, drive displacement and rural injustices. (2) As opponents feel restricted in their ability to participate in decision-making around the project, they act upon the future through defensive resistance, connecting across multiple scales and drawing on place-based symbols to mark differences from dominant ideas on extractive development. The study suggests that local activists' experiences of being disregarded in their concerns and demands indicate that plans to expand resource extraction in the name of the green economy are giving rise to new sacrifice zones.

Place is an aggregate of meanings based on the emotional connection between people and a physical locality, fraught with social and cultural significances. It provides a spatial anchor for memory construction, value perception, and emotional experience for individuals and groups. Among the variegated factors that contribute to the construction of place, collective memory assumes a prominent role. On the one hand, local material conditions and landscapes provide clues and references to the past, essential for the construction of collective memory. Conversely, collective memory is embedded in the ongoing negotiation and production of locality and spaces, which contributes to specific ways of narrating a fluid and dynamic place identity. Taking Xinzhuang Village in Binchuan County, Yunnan Province as a case study, this article analyzes the process of place reconstruction based on local collective memory in the context of red tourism development, focusing on its specific spatial manifestations of memory and analyzing how collective memory participates in the production of local cultural identities. The fieldwork results show that different local actors in the village participate in the remaking of collective memory differently and with different priorities. The reconstruction of collective memory is accompanied by the continuous negotiation of identity, social relations, and communal organization. Collective memories give rise to shared patterns of everyday life and symbolization: reconciling the relationships between different groups. Specific attributes of place provide the basic building blocks of collective memory, which in turn reshapes material spaces and local cultural performances. Place identity, and vice versa, continuously strengthen collective memory in the construction of a red tourism destination. Collective memories facilitate the creation of a renewed local context. In this context, collective memories are performed and regenerated in embodied practices such as rituals and tourism behaviors, which constantly inject new cultural connotations into place reconstruction. At the same time, collective memory continuously guides spatial practices and the production of social and material spaces. This paper concludes that place elements not only trigger the recall, storage, and recreation of memory in the context of red tourism but also express the local characteristics, cultures, and identities reconstructed by collective memory. In this process, the landscape construction of Xinzhuang village endows collective memory with stability and persistence, and we argue that place concretizes and contextualizes collective memories. Thus, the interaction between memory and place both enhances the place identity and memory, especially for those who inhabit the place. The cultural landscapes, and local discourses constructed by collective memory have become the most significant local attributes in the process of expressing placeness. In response to the view that the place is understood as continuous change and dynamic construction, this paper understands collective memories as fluid, dynamic and socially negotiated, and clarifies the dialectical, mutually constitutive relationships between place and memory. It addresses the relative dearth of research on the construction and reconstruction of collective memory from the perspective of place and place identity.

"Place identity" is an important concept that measures personal place emotion and reflects the complicated dynamic relationship between personal identity and one's local environment. Enterprise communities (ECs) are a major type of gated, walled-off residential spaces. They were built and managed mostly by the state or collectively owned enterprises during the planning economy period, and many are still employed in urban China. Understanding the place identity of EC residents is of great significance for community renewal, neighborhood revitalization, and sustainable urban development. Using the Northwestern First Printing and Dyeing Factory community as a typical example, this paper uncovers the changes and mechanisms of personal place identity under the influence of social environment changes and community transformation using grounded theory, while discussing its policy implications. The main results are as follows: first, 13 open coding items, such as cognitive change of identity, reduced familiarity, weakened social interaction, and dilapidated housing construction were defined; further, four axial codings, including personal identity changes, emotional memory changes, identity change in social life, and physical environment identity, were set, and an analysis framework on the change of residents' place identity in the ECs (selective coding) was built. Second, the residents' personal awareness in ECs has changed from Danwei people in the era of planned economy to social people in the market economy period and to left-behind elderly groups in the future. Third, inherited collective memory maintains the residents' positive place identity. Alienation of social interaction and socialization of community management weaken place identity. The dilapidated material environment and backward support facilities cause the residents to experience negative identity. Fourth, residents build their own and local identity in the interaction between the EC environment and society that accompanies their life and growth, and the identity changes along with the variation of external social environment and internal individual characteristics. External factors such as state-owned enterprise reform and housing policies have led to enterprise transitions and changes in social space in the ECs, affecting residents' emotional experience and identity. Internal factors such as length of residence, individual characteristics, psychological factors, and individual experiences all have an effect on identity. These jointly shape the residents' place identity and can alter its processes. Finally, this work is helpful in providing insight into socialist work-unit communities for Chinese transformation and renewal, deepens the understanding of traditional residential space succession theory arising from residential suburbanization, residential segregation, inner-city renewal, gentrification, and polarization of living space, enriches the case types of place identity theory in view of the unique value and function of the ECs, and provides a reference to carry out the renewal of old communities more successfully.

From a communication perspective, it can be considered that the identity of a brand is defined by the one who transmits the message, while the image of it is the actual image developed in the mind of the receiver. Brand identity is how the brand owner wants it to be perceived, but on the other hand, brand image is how the brand is perceived. The present study highlights some of the structures associated with brands and places, clarifying, from a theoretical point of view, the two important characteristics related to the universe of brands, namely identity and image. These are analysed from the perspective of the conditioning of places, through identity (e.g., local, national) and national stereotypes (with various connotations on the image of the respective place).

Using qualitative research methods and taking Wulin in Jinjiang, Quanzhou City as an example, this study investigated the construction characteristics of Qiaoxiang's place meaning superposition from three aspects: entity dimension, social relations and local values, and revealed the superposition process of the place meaning of Qiaoxiang under the background of tourism development and the resulting place identity problems of different subjects including overseas Chinese. The study found that: (1) The superposition of place meaning under the dislocation of man and land is mainly completed through transmission mechanisms such as imagination and tourism system, which makes the overseas Chinese "absent in form" but "present everywhere in content" in Qiaoxiang, and promotes the transformation of Wulin into a place pattern mixed with tradition and modernity. (2) The superposition of place meaning has the attribute of relationship, and multivariate interactions are the remarkable features during its formation. The place meaning is essentially a manifestation of the man-land relationship. When the man-land relationship is no longer determined by the traditional geographic relationship or kinship, the weak bond relationship between man and land cannot be consolidated by the place meaning, which is manifested as the alienation of the relationship of "overseas Chinese-family members-hometown". (3) In terms of local values, the place meaning of Qiaoxiang has experienced a meaning superposition from the home scale to the national and ethnic scales, highlighting the selective representation of power on the place meaning in the context of tourism, and dynamically displaying the controversy on the orientation of spatial values of different subjects and the guidance of the national mainstream cultural values to the local. (4) In the context of tourism development, the superposition of the place meaning of Qiaoxiang has triggered the instrumental and selective "shopping cart" identity of overseas Chinese and the differentiated identity of local residents, and the identity structure of different subjects is full of tension, differentiation and even conflict.

Place branding often builds upon gastro-cultural features. Yet, the convergence point between gastro-cultural place identity and the experience on offer could (and should) further benefit from contemporary studies in emerging fields, such as value co-creation and the identity-based approach to place branding. This study contributes towards this direction by examining the practices of relevant actors with main place branding authority. Drawing from their online information and presence, a thematic analysis of relevant brands in Greece and Turkey illustrates that operand and operant resource integration reflect the synergies developed between the gastronomic culture in, for, of the place. Further, actors’ intention to co-create the brand influences and is influenced by the brand. Theoretical and practical insights are derived from this study, which may direct future research and inform policymakers about sustainable, inclusive approaches.

Color is one of the most dominant tools for designing compelling environments. It holds aesthetic value and has significance when assessing design elements. Color is the design element that charms us, emotionally and mentally, and is considered the most influential instrument in the hands of the designer as it is permanently stored in our memory. Colors are fundamental features of our visual sensitivity and environmental experience. In addition, it has the power to attract people to space and is used to encode the place by linking color to certain brands in complex globalized networks. To reflect, an increase in branding has been one of the most effective marketing phenomena nowadays, and has been included in most commercial business’ strategies. Branding places today has been modified deeply from the perspective of identity and image viewpoint. The overall design of a building and its spaces should reflect a clear purpose; moreover, it is beneficial to establish controlled and reliable rules and hidden agreements between the brand and client through color. This paper questions; How brand design creates a lasting appearance that bridges today with where the brand will grow over time? What is the color brand strategy to create place identity and space communication? How branding feeds into globalization, which has become significantly relevant, increased market entry, and efficiency of international travel? Since the relationship of color to space is one of the main objectives of active design to create a suitable agenda for specific functions, a thorough theoretical examination of the mental and physical impacts of color has been conducted, and an analytic study of the branding of companies specialized in providing mobile phone services in Egypt has been incorporated. The objective of this is to facilitate the bridging of emotional connections between clients, cities, and regions to accelerate brand growth and integrate color as a branding principle in Interior Design.

Public spaces are essential for any city as they define place character; they are the meeting point for social and cultural actions. Place attachment is moulded by the tie between individuals and places. The research examines the historic streets, which are remainders of their period when the pedestrian flow was predominant and had exceptional qualities that supported social action. The changed settings nowadays might have changed people’s views and the investigation was made to question and check individual’s common memory and their sensitive ties to the historic streets. The four streets from the Walled City of Lahore were selected upon their significance of history and usage. The questionnaires were prepared and the fieldwork analysis was conducted face to face and selected streets were investigated in the terms of, place attachment, identity, and memory. The outcome proved that there is a promising feeling of attachment towards the selected streets and lacking qualities of a street can be improved if look closely at the worthy streets. The study addressed an important issue of marginalization and the results from the Shah-Almi street shows that their act will create the walled city streets to lose their identity as it is formed by its users.

Within environmental psychology, the restorative environment is receiving increasing attention due to its favorable impact on people's mental recovery, stress reduction, and psychophysiological well-being. Flow theory, as one of the foundations of positive psychology, is a popular theoretical framework for understanding human flourishing and well-being. The restorative environment is suggested to facilitate flow experience and city identity from the perspective of positive environmental psychology. Nonetheless, systematic research investigating them all together can hardly be traced. Thus, through a preliminary review of 169 relevant studies retrieved from the data source, this work proposes a novel theoretical model in which people's interactions within the restorative environment facilitate their experience of flow and perceived city identity. Additionally, this research provides conceptual guidance for city workers to engage in nature-based intervention and leisure therapy for improved well-being. Overall, this review endeavors to contribute to developing urban workers' restoration, happiness, and well-being from both practical and theoretical perspectives.

Today the Livonian core area includes 14 coastal villages on the northern Courland peninsula in the northwest of Latvia. Yet, the manifestations of Livonian intangible heritage can be observed in several cultural landscapes as Livonians once inhabited territories along the Gulf of Rīga, extending into modern Estonian lands and the lower course of the Gauja and Daugava Rivers. Despite the indigenous origin of Livonian culture, these manifestations are often marginalised and not immediately visible. This paper seeks to describe the first comparative findings from the international research project “Re-voicing cultural landscapes: narratives, perspectives, and performances of marginalised intangible cultural heritage”, which brings together researchers from four European universities, incl. the University of Latvia and the University of Tartu. Kokkuvõte. Lolita Ozoliņa, Valts Ernštreits, Kadri Koreinik, Ieva Vītola: Liivi vaimse kultuuripärandi manifestatsioonid Lätis ja üle piiri Eestis: raamistamas märkmeid välitöödelt. Nüüdsel ajal tuntakse liivi alana Kuramaa 14 rannaküla Loode-Lätis. Ometi leidub liivi vaimse kultuuripärandi märke nii mõnelgi pool mujal – neil kultuurimaastikel, kus piki Liivi lahe vasak ja paremkallast kulges liivlaste asustus, mis ulatus koguni Koiva ja Väina jõe alamjooksule ja üle riigipiiri Eestissegi. Vaatamata liivi kultuuri põlistele juurtele on need märgid aga marginaalseks kahandatud ja sestap silmale peidetud. Artikkel võtab kirjeldada ja võrrelda esmaseid andmeid rahvusvahelisest uurimisprojektist “Kultuurimaastike hääle taasleidmine: marginaliseeritud vaimse kultuuripärandi narratiivid, väljavaated ja toimimine”, mis toob kokku teadlasi neljast Euroopa ülikoolist, sh Läti ja Tartu ülikoolist. Kubbõvõttõks. Lolita Ozoliņa, Valts Ernštreits, Kadri Koreinik, Ieva Vītola: Līvõd vaimliz kultūr pierāndõks manifestātsijd Lețmōl ja iļ rubīž Ēstimōl: tǟdõlpanmizt nurmtīestõ. Paldīņiz āigal amā jemīņ neku līvõd jeltõbkūož ātõ tundtõb 14 Kurmō rāndakillõ – Līvõd rānda. Sīegid līvõd vaimliz kultūr pierāndõks um liedtõb ka mūsõ – nēši kultūrmōnistis, kus mȯlmõd pūol Piškīzt mīerda vaņši aigši jelīztõ līvlizt, ja mis ulātizt Koiva ja Vēna jougūd sōņ ja iļ rubīž ka Ēstimōlõ. Vaņtlõmõt līvõ kultūr muinizt jūrd pǟl, se pierāndõks ni um sōnd jo pientizõks ja sīestõ ka siļmšti urgtõd. Kēra nīžõb ja ītlõb ežmiži tuņšlimiztieutidi rovvõdvailizõs tuņšlimizprojekts “Kultūrmōnistõd īel ūd pǟl lieudimi: margināliz vaimliz kultūr pierāndõks naratīvõd, tulbizt võimizt ja pīlimi”, mis tūob īdõkubbõ tuņšlijiži nēļast Eirōp iļīzskūolst, nänt siegās ka Tartu ja Lețmō Iļīzskūolst.

This study investigates the mechanism of how sensory experiences influence visitors’ digital engagement with a destination through establishing a strong bond and identification between a destination and tourist utilizing a two-step process. First, visitors’ sensory experiences in a destination are identified through a content analysis of online review comments posted by visitors. Afterward, the effects of those sensory experiences on visitors’ digital engagement through destination dependence and identification with that destination are examined. Findings suggest that sensory experiences are critical antecedents of visitors’ bond and identification with a destination. Visitors’ positive destination-related sensory experiences increase their dependence on and identification with the destination, and this dependence and identification positively influence their digital engagement behavior on social media.

This paper aims to analyse new architectural works that were created within the ruins of castles and fortifications. The contribution addresses the question whether it is possible to indicate common features in these types of objects, by studying what changed and how it changed in the complexes of historic ruins by introducing a new layer: a new form in their space. The analysis covers eight complexes of castle ruins located in Europe, all being important elements of local historical heritage, all preserved in their historical forms as permanent ruins. Such places are characterised by high imageability, which is conducive to maintaining interest, despite political or ideological changes. The need to introduce new functions, which is connected with this interest, raises questions related to preserving the identity and authenticity of the place, while at the same time building relationships with modern architecture.The research concerned examples from Europe, mostly post-competition works. Research and analysis have shown that all the objects are characterised by well thought-out urban solutions and carefully selected locations of new buildings within the existing historic ruins, thereby helping maintain the structural order between the existing and the new spatial forms. Interventions within the castle ruins were carried out using modern architectural language, using modern techniques and solutions, with great attention to detail. They are characterised by the abstraction of new forms and the creative reinterpretation of existing architectural elements and material solutions of the monuments. The consciously applied contrast of forms and materials means that the historical heritage is being rediscovered, enriched with new, currently necessary functions. In all the described works, the introduction of new spatial experiences within existing objects constituted a significant value. The examples analysed show that the experience and analysis of the broadly understood historical, urban and architectural context are conducive to the creation of valuable architectural works. The characteristics of these examples may contribute to a broader debate on the dialogue between historical heritage and contemporary architecture.

This investigation aims to study the perception of “foreign” tourists regarding the destination image of Luanda, thus evaluating the impact of place identity, optimal distinctiveness and authenticity on positive and negative emotions and how these emotions can influence satisfaction, affective attachment and the intention to revisit. For the analysis of statistical data, the Structural Equation Model was used. Results were based on a sample of 252 tourists. This research showed that place identity influences positive and negative emotions, while optimal distinctiveness and authenticity only impact the positive emotions of the tourist. It was further evidenced that positive and negative emotions have a positive influence on satisfaction, but only positive emotions have an impact on affective attachment and intention to revisit. This investigation shows how positive and negative emotions may link the tourists’ perceptions when visiting Luanda to the relationship they want to maintain with the city and to their willingness to return.

In response to the sustainable development goal of agriculture put forward by the United Nations, countries have introduced a series of agricultural environmental protection policies. However, the effectiveness of these policies has been hindered by insufficient responses from farmers. This study begins with the fundamental logic of farmers’ production behavior and first introduces family and place identities into the theoretical analysis framework of farmers’ environment-friendly production behavior (EPB). Using primary survey data for farmers from the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu, a hierarchical regression and simple slope analysis models were developed to verify how family and place identities affect farmers’ EPB. The potential moderating effect of place identity on the relationship between family identity and farmers’ EPB is further investigated. The results show that improving family identity has a significantly negative effect on farmers’ EPB, while improving place identity can significantly promote farmers’ EPB. Compared with respondents who have a low place identity, the inhibitory effect of family identity on farmers’ EPB is significantly weakened for those who have a high place identity, which suggests that farmers with a high place identity are more likely to engage in EPBs in agricultural production. This study highlights the importance of considering the economic logic toward maximizing family economic interests and the social logic oriented toward collective interests in the decision-making process of agricultural environmental policies.

This study explored the overall visual elements of arcade buildings and streetscapes from the perspective of tourists and then evaluated their influence on the identity and emotion of places. The scope of the research was to take the arcade building in the port area of Shantou Small Park in Guangdong, China, and apply the eye-tracking experiment method and semantic difference method. This entailed collecting the eye-tracking data of 16 people, implementing 334 questionnaires for evaluation, verifying the correlation between the visual elements and place identity emotions, and then screening out the visual elements that affect place identity through correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that plaque text morphological richness (p = 0.045 < 0.05, and the regression coefficient B = 0.146), the color brightness of plaque text (p = 0.031 < 0.01, and the regression coefficient B = 0.171), window morphological richness (p = 0.038 < 0.05, and the regression coefficient B = 0.106), window color brilliance (p = 0.047 < 0.01, and regression coefficient B = 0.094), and plant color brilliance (p = 0.029 < 0.05, and the regression coefficient B = 0.154) are five visual element evaluation factors that have a significant correlation with the identity and emotion of places. Although the fineness of architectural decoration is negatively correlated with place identity, it is not obviously significant. The research results provide reference for the visual control design of arcade buildings.

Theater as a place, but also as a field of human and team activity involving the creation of performances performed in the presence of the viewer, has a centuries-old history. This study aims at examining the links between theatre architecture/space and public spaces, trying to answer to what extent these objects have become attractors in its space and how they affect the activity of cultural and social life. The subjects of the study are Warsaw theatres, both historical and contemporary, in the context of their impact on the surrounding public spaces. A specific methodology was elaborated to evaluate potential impacts. According to the spatial relations between the theatre and its surroundings, they are clustered in the following typologies: emanation, isolation, and interference theatre. The research methods applied for defining and solving the scientific problem are: (i) critical analysis, (ii) comparative analysis, (iii) observation without intervention, and (iv) intuitive method based on the author’s personal experience. The conclusions are based on empirical research, with particular emphasis on the research material obtained by field research. The results of the research allow one to draw conclusions regarding the influence of theatrical places on public spaces in the city structure. The mission of the theater is changed, activating events and building social bonds. Theater space and its surroundings are shaped in accordance with these new standards and social expectations to be transformed into a public space of a cultural nature. Thus, presently, urban theatrical space is a site for spectacle, with a social and cultural mission. Theater space and its surroundings should be shaped in accordance with changing standards and social expectations, and it should be a public space of a cultural nature.

The protection, activation, and utilization of the cultural heritage has attracted increasing attention from the international community. Cultural heritage is an important carrier for inhabitants to promote their local identity and express the emotions and geographical memory of local communities. The Linear Cultural Heritage Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, which once played an important historical role, is at the critical point between decline and revival. With its traffic and economic function declining daily, its heritage value is gradually being manifested in people's nostalgic mood and emotional recall. By investigating residents' perceived and expected value of the cultural heritage at several important stations along the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, this paper explores the realistic basis of value reconstruction and excavates the multiple values of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, which can contribute to the scientific protection and sustainable utilization of the linear cultural heritage of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. The survey covers such issues as the economy, transportation, culture, society, ecology, tourism, spiritual attribution, local identity, and international contacts. By comparing the data collected using the Richter scale, the paper explores the differences between the twelve common factors of perceived value and expected value. It was found that the local identity of the residents along the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway is mainly reflected in the functional turn, value reproduction, and tourism development; the perceived value and expected value of the residents along the railway are identical, and there are obvious differences,which are embodied in five aspects: frontier stability, economic development, international trade, ecological environment and national integration. The research concludes that: First, the residents along the railway consistently affirm the cultural heritage value of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, expressing an optimistic and supportive attitude toward its future functional turn, value reproduction, and tourism development. Second, the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway is a common element of the local memories of residents along the line, the source and symbol of their common cultural and local identities. The protection and utilization of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway is a continuation of the local context that will greatly enhance the national spirit. Finally, the residents have different expectations for the future development of the railway. The overall utilization of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway is not equal to sustaining the development of the whole railway. Attention should thus be focused on the sections with better resource conditions and foundations for tourism. The theme of the whole railway should be unified, and an international tourism route can be opened jointly with Vietnam at an appropriate time.

This article aims to present, in a synthetic and theoretical manner, the perspectives associated with the theory of branding, such as economics, psychology, public relations, sociology, and the ways in which brands become icons through creative interaction with their environment and the applicability of the model in the sphere of place branding. Within the sociological approach, there is a certain paradigmatic position, as part of the interdisciplinary social theory of neo-Marxism, a school of thought that expresses a moderate position, with socio-economic influences, between the cultural approach and the theory of iconic brands, and the postmodern anti-branding movement, both positioned in a constructivist-interpretivist paradigmatic scheme, the latter being analysed in the second part of the article.

This paper explores the Wancho communities in the Longding District of Arunachal Pradesh, located in the north-east of India, analysing their architecture in its traditional cultural and geographical context. Through a phenomenological study of the landscape and architecture of the Wancho, it reveals how these communities create forms and inscribe their particular patterns upon the landscape, resulting in a unique built expression. Phenomenology emphasizes lived experience and enquires into the related concepts of space and place, understanding how physical phenomena are inscribed with meanings. Accordingly, the Wancho settlements in Arunachal Pradesh have been seen through the lens of lived-experiences that provide them with meanings. In Wancho settlements the emotional and subjective attachment of the community to their place is strong, and is reflected through the material reality of the village and its environment. Seen as a whole, the settlements integrate climatic and other natural environmental factors, as well as the cultural institutions, values and practices of these people, which are also reflected through the craft and local skills of the community. The traditional Wancho settlements are “read” here by considering their landscape and townscape as “texts”.

Between October 2019 and August 2020, Beirut underwent an unprecedented sequence of events in its recent history, starting with massive anti-government protests, followed by an economic and financial meltdown, coupled with the Covid-19 pandemic, and ending with an explosion in the port that devastated large parts of the metropolis. As a city-newcomer and urban design student from the Technische Universität Berlin, researching the theme of borders in fragmented cities for my master’s thesis, I was faced with a city-in-flux for 200 days, where mobility restrictions and safety measurements, as impacted by Covid-19, led to the exclusion of field investigation as a primary source of information. Hedging against the limitations imposed, I developed and tested a methodology that involves analyzing tourist maps as an alternative reconnaissance tool for urban designers. On the example of the Beirut port blast area, namely Gemmayze and Mar Mikhael, this study includes the decomposition of three tourist maps of Beirut in order to extract and verify their data and, furthermore, reconstruct the identity and image of the neighborhoods through this secondary resource. The analytical framework brings together the theories of place and space that exist in the different disciplines of spatial studies: social science’s The Production of Space by Lefebvre; urban geography’s Place and Placelessness by Relph; environmental psychology’s The Psychology of Place by Canter; and urban design’s Components of the Sense of Place by Punter and Montgomery. By exemplifying what it means to be a foreigner and a researcher exploring tourist maps in Beirut during this particular time, this article aims to encourage interdisciplinary approaches in urban studies and to critically reflect on atypical and underutilized tools for studying contemporary cities under extraordinary conditions of change.

The sustainability transitions literature acknowledges the importance of place for building a more sustainable world. Although some researchers have studied place analytically and made contributions toward developing sustainable communities across the globe, and others have directly discussed the structural aspects of places, the sustainable transitions literature has not fully reconciled place specifics with their implications for sustainability. This research explores how members from the small community of Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada, link their sense of place to their understanding of sustainability and considers the implications of this for sustainability transitions. Through an interdisciplinary, mixed methods approach, this work develops three propositions regarding sustainability as it relates to sense(s) of place. First, we found that within the Campobello community, sustainability was linked directly to individuals’ senses of place, place identities, and place attachments. Second, we found that there were slight variations in islanders’ concepts of sustainability related to these place-related constructs. Third, we found that although this community’s sustainability conversations were dominated by place-specific rather than global sustainability discourse, this was not always the case. As a result, the importance of more deeply exploring the normative nature of sustainability transitions is intensified. Understanding how place specifics connect with views of sustainability in a small island community allows us to deeply explore the role of place in sustainability transitions.

Well-functioning communities provide a range of material and psychological resources that enhance well-being. The degree to which individuals see themselves as part of the local social group, or local social identity, i.e., the social identification with the community of the place where people are living, may play an important role in enhancing happiness and well-being, as well as relationships of people with their own living environment, i.e., place attachment. We hypothesized that local social identity influences well-being via specific components of place attachment to the residential city/town, i.e., place identity, social relations, and lack of resources (which is the opposite of place dependence). We measured local social identity, individual well-being, interdependent happiness, and place attachment in a sample of N = 375 participants. We tested our hypotheses by conducting a series of mediation analyses with local social identity as an independent variable, individual well-being and interdependent happiness as dependent variables, and place attachment subfactors, i.e., place identity, social relations, and lack of resources, as mediators. Results showed that the relation between local social identity and both individual well-being and interdependent happiness was positively mediated by place identity and social relations, while the lack of resources emerged as a negative mediator only in the relation between local social identity and individual well-being (not for interdependent happiness). Practical implications and future developments are discussed.

Due to its positive effects on the economy, tourism is a significant aspect in the development of a country. Therefore, it is necessary to improve facilities at tourism destinations as well as to especially increase the local people’s self-esteem in order to maintain such destinations. The study aims to examine self-esteem referring to the assessments given by tourists and residents in which such assessments can be used to improve the maintenance of tourist attractions in a region. As one of the regencies in North Sumatera Province, Karo owns great tourism potentials due to its various natural attractions as well as cultural richness. However, many of these attractions are not well maintained so self-esteem is considered as a solution. This study has measured four aspects namely evaluation, pride, attachment, and commitment which must become parts of Karo’s identity. This study used the mix method which utilized a combination of 360 questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The findings show that the aspects of pride, attachment, and commitment became the positive features by the local residents although the assessment to the aspect is poorly evaluated. Moreover, the quality of infrastructures available at main tourism destinations was proved to increase also the residents’ quality of life.

Aims & Backgrounds: Iranian historic bazaars are the dynamic hotspots of the cities that have a vital role in shaping a sense of place attachment. Among these, Tabriz Historic Bazaar with its unique characteristics is very important. The present study aims at determining the place identity components and their effects on the place attachment among business owners at Tabriz Historic Bazaar. Methodology: The present correlational study was conducted among business owners at Tabriz Historic Bazaar in 2018 and 374 people were selected randomly for the research. For data collection, questionnaire with 36 components in 6 dimensions were used. Data analysis was carried out using Spearman Correlation and Multiple Regression tests. Findings: Results demonstrated that the coefficient of the most important place identity components with place attachment was significant at p

The article presents the results of a comparative study examining the relationship between different types of social identity (ethnic, national, and place identity), acculturation strategies (assimilation, integration), and psychological adaptation (satisfaction with life and self-esteem) of Russians in two sociocultural contexts: Latvia and Georgia. Participants were 320 Russians in Latvia (M = 42,89; SD = 21,19), and 312 Russians in Georgia (M = 31,11; SD = 11,67). Path analysis was used to test the relationships. The results showed that national and place identities related to integration in both countries. Direct effects of place identity on psychological well-being are universal for the studied countries, while relationships of national and ethnic identities with well-being are context specific. Indirect positive effects of national and place identities on self-esteem through integration are universal in Latvia and Georgia.

Place identity is an architectural concept that cannot be ignored in the architectural culture of the Kurdistan region of Iraq, where it represents the image of the ego in the direction of architectural Specificity. The study is based on the impact of this concept on the shaping of design idea in architectural education, Whereas the previous theories that have been considered this concept provide a fragmented description, The research problem identified by the knowledge deficit on the impact of place identity factors in shaping the design idea of the products of architectural students, Through the methodology of the study we were able to identify the basic variables that constitute the place identity in both intellectual and physical ways and how to measure its impact in formulate the design idea for students, To the conclusion that the reflection of the intellectual aspect of place identity is proportional to the general cognitive perception of students (as the stages Progress) at the expense of physical aspects.

The study concentrated on social attitudes towards landscape heritage and the how the place of living was perceived in the context of the transformation of the rural landscape that is currently taking place. The following question was formulated: Are individuals’ approaches to landscape and their attachment to their place of living essential in terms of landscaping and future landscape changes? The research revealed that individual perceptions of rurality and the historical traditional rural landscape (HTRL) varied in different groups of interviewees. Nevertheless, observing the loss of the landscape’s beauty was a traumatic experience, and destructive changes to the landscape were difficult to accept for most of individuals who had spent their lives in the countryside and who felt a strong sense of patrimony. Conversely, the HTRL presented a less important value to other respondents, thus the destruction they observed of the local heritage induced less painful feelings in them. Overall, the results suggest that it is one’s personal interest that will ultimately decide about his/her preservation of the HTRL in the nearest future.