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This study aims to investigate whether the Polish economy operates under a wage-led or profit-led economic regime. By analysing how changes in income distribution affect consumption, investment, and net exports, insights are gained into the nature of the economic regime, facilitating evidence-based policy formulation and fostering sustainable economic development in the country. The long-term impact of an increase in the profit share on economic growth is found to be significantly negative, giving rise to the conclusion that the Polish economy was in a wage-led regime from 2001 to 2022. The estimated total marginal effect of an increased profit share on output, including multiplier mechanisms, is –0.22.

This study aims to investigate the impact of import dependence on exports on the relation between aggregate demand and functional distribution of income in the Turkish economy. To achieve this, the model proposed by Stockhammer, Hein, and Grafl (2011) was employed and applied to the Turkish economy throughout 1988-2019. The findings indicate that the demand regime was wage-led in Türkiye throughout the sample period, and the integration of import content of exports into the analysis renders the demand regime even slightly more wage-led. Subperiod analyses show that even though the negative effect of a higher labor share in total income on net exports has doubled in absolute value from the 1995-98 subperiod to the 2008-18 subperiod, the positive effect of a higher labor share on private consumption expenditures did not only counterbalance but exceeded it, while its negative effect on private investment remained relatively small and constant over the subperiods. Our findings also show that the integration of import content of exports into the analysis also rendered all the subperiods moderately more wage-led.

The neoliberal reforms since the 1980s have resulted in rapid globalization paralleled by worsening income distribution. In this paper, I first show that most countries worldwide (58 of 81) have experienced a decline in the labor share of income, or the wage share, during 1950-2019. Second, I estimate the demand and distributive regimes from 81-country panel data based on the neo-Goodwinian model. At the global level, the short-run estimation shows that the distributive regime appears to be Marxian/profit-squeeze and the demand regime exhibits profit-led. I further separate the estimation into two groups: advanced and developing countries. The estimation still confirms the profit-led/profit-squeeze regimes in both groups, even though the demand and distributive regimes are stronger in advanced economies. In the long run, the results reveal a global race to the bottom: a decline in the long-run wage share. Neither positive nor negative gain is founded on capacity utilization in advanced and developing countries.

ABSTRACT Most contributions in the academic literature identify a positive effect of transport infrastructure on land prices. However, their short-run dynamics has not been routinely analyzed. One of the reasons for this lack of research is because neoclassical urban land economics models underlie, in some cases implicitly, most of the available literature on the topic. In this theory, land values converge to their long-term trends regardless of short-term shocks. We build upon post-Keynesian monetary circuit theory to design a spatial urban economics testing framework, building upon the contributions of Abramo (2011) and Alfonso (2007, 2017). In this tradition, short-term shocks have long-term effects on the spatial distribution of land values due to radical uncertainty. Our case study is Transmetro, a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project in Barranquilla (Colombia). We use static and dynamic panel-estimation to test the short-run dynamics of spatial land price adjustments during 2000-2010, including the construction and delivery years 2006-2010. This case study offers a good assessment opportunity because of featuring prominent problems and delays. We find volatile short-run adjustments that run counter to neoclassical predictions, while resembling spatial land price adjustments exposed to radical uncertainty.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to investigate the long run sustainability of a growth path led by multiple non-creating capacity autonomous expenditures in a demand led-supermultiplier model for a small open economy. Using two different models the results show that it is impossible to have in the same model long-term economic growth driven by the non-capacity creating component of domestic demand, exogenous income distribution, long-run balance between productive capacity and aggregate demand and balance of payments equilibrium. Economic viability of the balanced-growth path demands growth to be led by exports, at least for small open economies.

This paper examines, from the perspective of Post-Keynesian economics, the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the employment rate in 18 post-transitional European countries from 1995 to 2021. Using a two-step system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) panel data estimator, we test the hypothesis that the employment impact of investment depends on the interaction of FDI and domestic investment in terms of crowding-in and crowding-out relationships, assuming that this relationship is sensitive to the sectoral distribution of FDI stock. Our findings suggest that the reallocation of FDI inflows from the manufacturing sector to the less labour intensive financial and information and communication technology (ICT) sectors tends to reduce the employment effect of FDI both directly and indirectly by reducing the magnitude of the crowding- in effect of FDI on domestic investment. The outcome of our study is of great interest to economic policy makers. If foreign investment displaces domestic investment and reduces employment in high value-added sectors, policies intended to attract foreign capital could be challenged and undermined. Otherwise, if foreign and domestic investment in sectors with high added value are complementary, it justifies policies aimed at attracting foreign investment.

This article evaluates the potential of the Post-Keynesian literature on growth models to gain influence over the Varieties of Capitalism approach within Comparative Political Economy. It shows that the future analytical strength of the latter approach depends, primarily, on the ability to consolidate macroeconomic principles consistent with a dynamic reality. On the other hand, Post-Keynesian macroeconomic foundations allow financialised growth models to capture the importance of power struggles in long-term growth as well as to integrate crises as recurrent and inherent phenomena to capitalist economies. That said, Post-Keynesian challenge to become a beacon within CPE lies on moving beyond country-based analyses towards the construction of a systematic association between, on the one hand, the institutional aspects shared between countries and, on the other hand, their classification on growth models.

This contribution examines recent developments in post-Keynesian macroeconomics teaching through an analysis of five textbooks: Blecker and Setterfield (2019), Hein (2014; 2023), and Lavoie (2014; 2022). The focus is on Hein’s latest book, Macroeconomics after Kalecki and Keynes (2023), which aims to provide a comprehensive and teachable post-Keynesian macroeconomic model, by covering topics such as effective demand, policy coordination, distribution and growth, finance-dominated capitalism, and ecological constraints. The review discusses Hein’s textbook in a comparative way, highlighting points of strength and aspects that should be explored further, particularly (but not related to) the field of climate change and environmental constraints to growth. Overall, it is argued that Hein's book contributes to the literature on post-Keynesian economics and provides a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students in the field.

The traditional Lockean justification of property rights has been argued to be no longer valid in a world in which much wealth does not derive from acquisitions of natural resources, and in which much property, such as money, is intangible. This means that libertarians need to reconsider whether and why property rights are justified for objects that fall outside of the scope of the Lockean justification. This paper gives a justification of property rights in relation to modern money, which uses the self-ownership principle as its central premise. Since modern money is a form of credit, I start with a justification of credit property rights. I then consider both money under gold convertibility and present-day fiat systems, showing that the justification of credit property rights remains valid under these conditions.

During the twentieth century, Joan Robinson introduced Marx's political economy into academic discussions of economic thought. This article argues that Robinson's work generates a proposal for academic integrity in economic ideas through an ethical vision of Marx's discourse and an epistemic critique of orthodox economic theory. Robinson's research shows that economic theory has been characterized by hiding the interests of the bourgeoisie, consolidating an "unethical behavior". Following Macfarlane's (2009) work on virtue theory, it is possible to identify in Robinson's production virtues that can enhance the academic integrity of economists.

The traditional Lockean justification of property rights has been argued to be no longer valid in a world in which much wealth does not derive from acquisitions of natural resources, and in which much property, such as money, is intangible. This means that libertarians need to reconsider whether and why property rights are justified for objects that fall outside of the scope of the Lockean justification. This paper gives a justification of property rights in relation to modern money, which uses the self-ownership principle as its central premise. Since modern money is a form of credit, I start with a justification of credit property rights. I then consider both money under gold convertibility and present-day fiat systems, showing that the justification of credit property rights remains valid under these conditions.

The issue of whether money supply is a dependent or an independent variable remains a debating one, especially with the ongoing development and innovation of institutions, tools, and financial, monetary, and banking derivatives. In general, we can say that there are two trends of thought about the issue under consideration. The first trend views money supply as an exogenous variable because the monetary authority can control and monitor it. The second one views money supply as an endogenous variable because Federal Bank has no ability to affect it, especially when nominal or money income is changed and reflected on money multiplier and money supply, and also when the monetary authority cannot restrict the monetary expansion as a result of different factors related to the economy structure or related to other non-economic factors.

In a monetary economy capital is a fund. This idea is captured by the circuit of capital. We define a circuit for fixed capital and argue that it is closed when the fund that initiates it is recovered in a present value sense. The circuit of newly invested fixed capital must be equivalent to the comparable direct circuit of money. This is the condition for monetary equilibrium in the sense of Keynes. From this equivalence it is possible to determine what the imputation for fixed capital must be, implying a definitive income distribution. The solution implies that capital assets that last longerthan the period of the circuit earn pure rent.

The paper analyzes structural alterations in the financial and economic environment and systematizes the institutional environment of a modern financial market. The analysis focuses on the types of financial innovations and their impact on the qualitative state and stability of the financial system. The paper and investigates the principal causes of a financial crisis 2008–2010. The author critically analyzes the neoliberal economic policy, specifies its abstractness and deep internal contradictions. The paper indicates the main forms of expression of financialisation of the modern economy. On the example of the US economy, it is shown that the structural imbalances formed over the past decades and led to the system crisis phenomena. On the basis of interrelation between the finance and business sector, we reveal the stages of development of the capitalist system. It is proved that the instability is the manifestation of endogenous factors in the development of financial and economic system. The theoretical-methodological and practical approaches to the formation of a modern financial policy are actualized.

A finalidade deste trabalho é atentar para um tema ainda muito pouco investigado: os Sistemas de Moeda Local (SML), que são, grosso modo, um acordo feito entre pessoas de uma comunidade para o uso de um meio de pagamento com validade restrita ao espaço onde vivem. Para o alcance desse objetivo, procurou-se realizar um levantamento da literatura nacional e internacional existente acerca do tema, fez-se um exercício de teorização com base na teoria pós-keynesiana e efetuou-se o estudo exploratório de um caso brasileiro, o Banco Bem − situado na cidade de Vitória/ES. O intuito não é inferir resultados concludentes − o que seria precipitado dado o seu caráter recente − mas aumentar sua compreensão e apontar suas potencialidades e limites.The aim of this paper is to investigate towards a relatively unexplored area: the Local Money Systems (LMS), that are, in short, an agreement amongst the population of a community to use a mean of payment which is valid only in that particular space where they live. To achieve such objectives, it was made a survey of the existent national and international bibliography on this topic, an exercise of theorization based on the post-keynesian theory and an exploratory study of a Brazilian case, the Banco Bem located in the city of Vitória/ES. The goal was not to infer concluding results − which would be precipitate because of its early character − but to expand its understanding and to indicate its potentialities and limits.

A post-keynesian macro-dynamic model of simulation. The objective of this article is to present the structure and the simulation results of a one-sector macro-dynamic model that embeds some elements of the post-keynesian theory. The computational simulation of the model replicates some important features of capitalist dynamics as the phenomenon of cyclical growth, the long-run stability of the profit rate and functional distribution of income, the maintenance of idle-capacity in the long-run and the occurrence of a single episode of deep fall in real economic activity, which is in accordance with the rarity character of great crashes in the history of capitalism. Moreover, the simulation results show that a great reduction in inflation rate will be followed by an increase of financial fragility, increasing the like-hood of a great depression. As a policy advice derived from the simulation results, we can state that the Central Bank should never promote big reductions in inflation rate.

In this paper, attention is made to study the foundations, patterns, assumptions, logics and hypothesis of macro-economic studies. Also, we try to search the causes of delay in the emergence of macro-economics in relation to micro-economics. Then we shall discuss the Keynesian revolution and analyze the frameworks of macro functional equations. The main emphasis would be on the conditions and assumptions of Keynesian, post-Keynesian, Hicks-Hansen and Friedman theories. We shall also discuss the rational expectations theories and the cause and effect relationship of different conditions in the framework of macro-economic theories. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of subjects, positions and notions of macroeconomics for the researchers and students.

In a monetary economy capital is a fund. This idea is captured by the circuit of capital. We define a circuit for fixed capital and argue that it is closed when the fund that initiates it is recovered in a present value sense. The circuit of newly invested fixed capital must be equivalent to the comparable direct circuit of money. This is the condition for monetary equilibrium in the sense of Keynes. From this equivalence it is possible to determine what the imputation for fixed capital must be, implying a definitive income distribution. The solution implies that capital assets that last longerthan the period of the circuit earn pure rent. JEL codes: D33, D46, E11, E12, E25

This study examines the income distribution and demand formation pattern of the Japanese economy using the VAR model. The post-Keynesian model is used for theoretical reference. The VAR model in this paper includes income distribution, consumption growth rate, export demand, GDP, and capital accumulation. The results of this study indicate that between 1985 and 2008, the profit-led demand formation pattern was dominant in the Japanese economy. In this regime, both domestic and external demands have a positive relationship with GDP growth. In the bubble period, favourable macroeconomic performance was sustained by active consumption and investments realized from the rise in asset prices and improvement in economic outlook. However, after the bubble burst, a rise in wage share did not maintain consumption demand, and investment demand stagnated due to the deterioration of profitability, stock adjustments, and a credit crunch. Hence, the Japanese economy has failed to realize a domestic demand-led growth sincethe 1990s. After 2002, export demand expanded and profit share recovered, which induced investment expansion. Consequently, there was an improvement in the Japanese macroeconomic performance, led by external demand, until the subprime shock occurred.

This paper explores the similarities between post-Keynesian Economics (PKE) and Regulation Theory (RT). It is argued that, despite important differences between these traditions, the analytical contents of PKE and RT display broad similarities with respect to their treatments of the income-generating process, the crisis-prone nature of capitalism, and the institutional contingency of capitalist growth and development. This thesis is then exemplified and substantiated with reference to the 2007—2009 financial crisis and “Great Recession”. Specifically, it is shown that important strands of both PKE and RT characterize and were successful in anticipating the crisis as resulting from the exhaustion of a financialized growth process.

By synthesizing stock-flow consistent models, input–output models, and aspects of ecological macroeconomics, a method is developed to simultaneously model monetary flows through the financial system, flows of produced goods and services through the real economy, and flows of physical materials through the natural environment. This paper highlights the linkages between the physical environment and the economic system by emphasizing the role of the energy industry. A conceptual model is developed in general form with an arbitrary number of sectors, while emphasizing connections with the agent-based, econophysics, and complexity economics literature. First, we use the model to challenge claims that 0% interest rates are a necessary condition for a stationary economy and conduct a stability analysis within the parameter space of interest rates and consumption parameters of an economy in stock-flow equilibrium. Second, we analyze the role of energy price shocks in contributing to recessions, incorporating several propagation and amplification mechanisms. Third, implied heat emissions from energy conversion and the effect of anthropogenic heat flux on climate change are considered in light of a minimal single-layer atmosphere climate model, although the model is only implicitly, not explicitly, linked to the economic model.

Resumo A ocorrência de bruscas elevações/contrações nos preços dos ativos financeiros se constitui num fenômeno recorrente ao longo do desenvolvimento do capitalismo. Para a teoria pós-keynesiana, a própria natureza dos mercados financeiros e o seu funcionamento tendem a causar crises, sem a necessidade de um elemento exógeno. Harvey (2010) apresenta um modelo esquemático que explica as causas endógenas das crises financeiras, englobando os mercados de crédito, de ativos financeiros e de câmbio. No presente artigo apresentamos uma formalização do modelo de Harvey com o intuito de analisar as crises causadas por distorções nos mercados de ativos financeiros. O modelo apresenta uma contribuição no sentido de formalizar as relações entre o comportamento especulativo, o humor dos agentes e o seu estado de confiança. O modelo também trata da relação entre os preços dos ativos e a economia real, considerando uma relação de realimentação entre ambos. Os resultados estão completamente alinhados com as proposições de Keynes e dos pós-keynesianos a respeito da precificação de ativos e de crises nesses mercados.

Nowadays, the output gap is a key measure used to guide economic policies that aim at stabilizing activity or at fighting inflation. Within the Eurozone, this measure is institutionalized and mobilized by the European Commission in order to estimate the structural budget balances in European Union member states. How to evaluate an output gap and how to use such an estimation are two important issues. Designating the difference between the actual output and the maximum potential output, the output gap depends on what is meant by « potential output ». Yet, the definition of an unobservable activity level is problematical and economists have developed unclear and/or controversial technics to produce estimations. This paper has two main objectives. The first objective is to show that estimating the output gap can be done in a simpler way as usually performed. The second objective is to recall that the economic policy should aim at guaranteeing full employment. We propose two measures of the output gap ; one is based on the rate of capacity utilization, the other is estimated on the basis of the level of unemployment.

This article deals with post-Keynesian theory, which is one of the heterodox schools of thought in economics. We first list the main features of heterodox schools of thought, and then list the specific features of post-Keynesian economics. We then identify six theories and public domains where one can claim that post-Keynesian economics has had an impact over the last decade. We then attempt to describe the historical and current presence of post-Keynesian economics in Quebec and partly in Canada. A whole section is devoted to the 1954 book of Maurice Lamontagne, a former professor at Laval University and a former federal minister. This book still generates surprise today because several pages could have been written by contemporary post-Keynesians. We also show the fundamental role played by the department of economics of McGill University in keeping alive post-Keynesian thought in Quebec and also in Ontario.