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Since 2012, the Republic of Mali has been facing numerous security challenges caused by the separatist uprising led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad and many non-State armed groups. This led to a loss of control by the authorities in several areas where the provision of public services and the operation of development programs were disrupted. The base of the economy - the agricultural sector - suffered, on the one hand, due to physical destruction of infrastructure and delays in the construction of new facilities due to limited financial and implementation opportunities, and on the other - due to limited access of households to agricultural resources and modern irrigation methods, which hindered the development of agriculture, expansion of acreage. The devastating consequences also affected other areas of the country. As a result, there is still an urgent need for humanitarian assistance, especially in the northern part of the country, and food insecurity due to the conflict and dependence on weather conditions remains a serious problem. Thus, money transfer programs from major international donors are one of the main sources of functioning of the economy and society of Mali. However, such dependence, in the end, does not benefit the country much in the context of long-term and sustainable development. This is confirmed by the difficulties that have arisen in recent years in connection with the imposed international sanctions. On the other hand, the country has quite attractive investment potential, but foreign investments pursue in most cases purely private interests of investors, ignoring the issue of social responsibility of business and not contributing to the restoration of the social and environmental spheres of Mali. In this regard, the study is devoted to the problem of sustainable development of the country and the possibility of using investment policy tools to implement policy objectives in this area. To this end, the formation and state of Mali’s sustainable development policy is analyzed; the dynamics of the main indicators reflecting the aspects of sustainable development are assessed; the world experience of implementing the concept of “green” investments that had positive environmental and social effects is reviewed. Conclusions are drawn about the need to revise and modernize the policy of attracting investments into the economy of Mali, which will provide additional opportunities for comprehensive development and increasing the level of independence.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the reasons for low efficiency of state social assistance based on a social contract and to prepare proposals for the program development and its inclusion in the state policy measures system to reduce the poverty level of the population of the Russian Federation. The program effectiveness problems have been studied in the chronology of its regulatory and methodological framework formation and development stages. By now the lack of significant results of the use of the social contract technology as a special type of state social assistance to low-income families in the research has been explained by the lack of a program’s theoretical model with target indicators defined at the basic stage and mechanisms for achieving them. As a possible solution to the problem of increasing the effectiveness of program, the prospects for its transformation into an activating type program have been examined. Various modifications of such programs are now widely used in international practice and recognized as effective tools in ensuring the growth and stabilization of income of poor people.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the evolution of interpretation of the poverty as a category. In addition, among the aims of the article is analysis of the dynamics of the poverty level in Ukraine and Lviv region as well as determination of the most effective economic factors affecting the poverty level. Methodology / approach. An analysis of the importance of the impact of annual growth of Ukraine’s GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and other possible factors on poverty level was carried out using statistical tools, namely the Pearson’s, Kendall’s, Spearman’s and Fechner’s correlation coefficients. Research methodology is a systematic approach to the study of the phenomenon of poverty using general scientific methods, as well as statistical methods. The questionnaire method was used to interview residents of cities and villages of Lviv region; methods of correlative-regression analysis were used to assess the importance of individual factors on the poverty level in Ukraine. Authors built VAR-model for the optimal analysis of the poverty level in Ukraine and factors of its influence. Results. After analyzing the value of the coefficient of determination, the authors concluded that the most significant factors of poverty in Ukraine are GDP per capita, PPP (R2 = 0.50), unemployment rate (R2 = 0.42), interest rates on loans (R2 = 0.21), inequality of income distribution (Gini index) (R2 = 0.20), taxes on income and profits (R2 = 0.15). GDP annual growth rate accounts for more than 64% of changes in poverty level in the second period. The value of the inequality of income distribution measured by the Gini index in the dynamics of the poverty level increases from 3.9% in the second period to 5.2% in the 10th period. In addition, value of the interest rate on loans and NBU’s account rate increase over time, accounting for approximately 10.0% and 2.4% of the variation in the level of poverty, respectively. Thus, level of interest rates is an important factor influencing the dynamics of poverty level in Ukraine. Originality / scientific novelty. An analysis of the dynamics of the poverty level in Ukraine was conducted, including a survey of residents of towns and villages in the Lviv region. A direct relationship between the interest rate on loans and the level of poverty has been established. In addition, the direct relationship between the inequality of income distribution and poverty level was confirmed. Practical value / implications. It is proposed to use the correlation coefficients of Pearson, Kendall, Spearman and Fechner to calculate the strength of connection between the poverty level and its economic factors. Authors suggest applying VAR-model for optimal analysis of the poverty level in Ukraine.

The article considers the actual problems of the methodology for constructing criteria used in determining low-income households. The purpose of the research is to clarify the criteria developed by Russian statistics based on the accounting of monetary features. The approach proposed in the research to combining monetary and material components allows forming multidimensional criteria reflecting the minimum required level of household provision with financial and material resources, as well as resource capabilities of various household groups. The estimates developed on its basis also make it possible to identify intergroup differences for household groups formed according to multidimensional characteristics. The approbation of the proposed approach in the research was carried out on the basis of the data from the Russian official statistics of living standards, developed under the section «Income, expenses and living conditions of households». According to the approbation results, the deprivation characteristics of the decile income groups of the Russian population were revealed by the level of their provision with housing conditions, durable goods and resources for improving housing conditions. On the basis of criteria developed taking into account non-monetary components, in the low-income households the research identified groups with the status of extreme, desperate and moderate poverty, as well as a group with increased risks of changes in property status. According to the estimates, in 2019 restrictions on housing conditions and the availability of durable goods were fixed in all decile groups of households with per capita monetary incomes up to 35 thousand. rub. per month. This level can be considered as a criterion determining the boundary below which the corresponding income groups of households can be classified as poor on the basis of material resources.

The article examines migration processes in the Kyrgyz Republic, analysing the dynamics of the population, natural increase, mortality, life expectancy of the population, and the level of poverty of the population. Diagnostics of changes in the demographic situation, as well as the intensification of migration processes, showed an increase in both quantitative and qualitative indicators of migration and in the forms and directions of movement of the migration vector. The findings suggest that migration processes have a significant impact on the socio-economic situation in the republic, the balance of the labour market, and changes in the economic and social situation of the population. These outcomes are often accompanied by a change in the vector of educational and professional training, and the expansion of the needs of people participating in migration.

The article illuminates current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine and substantiates the prospects for overcoming it, taking into account the necessity to increase the level of well-being of the population. Analyzing, systematizing and summarizing the scientific works of modern researchers, the theoretical aspects of the concept of «poverty» are considered and its substantive content is determined. As a result of the study, current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine are identified, taking into account the diagnosis of the impact on the standard of living of the population of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, hostilities and temporary occupation of territories. Thus, among the negative tendencies affecting the well-being of the population, it is worth noting the low level of incomes and their significant differentiation, a decrease in the level of employment and the shadowing of the economy. Therefore, first of all, to overcome poverty, it is important: to optimize the level of differentiation of incomes of the population based on the principle of social justice; to ensure the development of entrepreneurship, which will provide opportunities to create new jobs; to form effective mechanisms for price regulation and anti-inflationary policy; increase minimum social standards and create conditions for decent wages. The up-to-date statistical information on poverty levels, incomes and expenditures of the population, and other indicators of living standards is highlighted. The authors’ vision of the prospects for overcoming the problem of poverty of the population in Ukraine is substantiated on the basis of the determined directions for the implementation of leading foreign experience. In particular, the need for prospective measures aimed at reducing poverty in Ukraine has been identified, including the following measures: revising the minimum social standards and bringing them in line with the social standards of the developed EU countries; reducing the tax burden on the wage fund; development of entrepreneurship; improving the mechanisms for providing social support on the basis of increasing the targeting of payments and control over the targeted use of funds; deshadowing of employment and remuneration, development of non-traditional forms of employment and self-employment of the population; introduction of lifelong education, improvement of educational and scientific spheres; reimmigration of Ukrainians and creation of conditions for the realization of their potential in Ukraine; formation of effective mechanisms of the State regulation; budget financing, taking into account the priority of the social sphere. Prospects for further research in this area are to determine the priorities for improving the level of well-being of the population at the stage of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

Exacerbation of socio-economic challenges necessitates the assessment of the effectiveness of the social policy, and one of the indicators of which is the level of poverty. This highlights the feasibility of comparing existing methodological approaches to measuring poverty, substantiating their objectivity and the feasibility of using it to assess the effectiveness of the national social policy. The results of the study revealed the diversity of existing approaches to the definition of ‘poverty’, which combines economic, social, and political aspects; the existing approaches and criteria for determining poverty are summarized. The paper specifies the methodological features of assessing the scale of poverty within an objective approach to 1) monetary criteria (absolute and relative poverty line, other monetary limits in accordance with the methodology of the World Bank and the EU), 2) non-monetary poverty line (based on identifying multiple derivations deprivation). The author’s position is that the assessment of the extent of poverty should also be carried out within the framework of a subjective approach, which involves self-identification and self-assessment of their own standard of living (according to the survey). The analytical study of trends and scales of poverty according to all methodological approaches and criteria for its definition is carried out. The novelty of this study is to identify trends and the overall level of effectiveness of national social policy in terms of all indicators of poverty. According to the results of comparative analysis of poverty indicators, the author's position on the objectivity of their reflection of the level of effectiveness of national policy is substantiated, the advantages, disadvantages, expediency and reservations on the application of existing methodological approaches to determining poverty to assess the effectiveness of the social policy.

AimThis study aimed to explore the correlation between social determinants and overweight and obesity in children and youths with epilepsy.MethodsThe study data were derived from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) 2016–2017 and 2018–2019, a cross-sectional sample of young people aged 10–17. Three groups participated by weight: 423 in body mass index (BMI) 5th–84th group (normal weight), 108 in BMI 85th–94th group (overweight), and 124 in BMI ≥ 95th group (obesity). Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted. The three subgroups were divided to explore the correlation between social determinants and overweight and obesity.ResultsA total of 655 children were included. After adjusting for sex, age, race, use of cigarets, cigars, or pipe tobacco inside, afterschool activity, and physical activity, children in poor physical condition reported by their parents [OR = 1.573 (95% CI, 1.164–2.125)] were associated with overweight/obesity. There were negative correlations between parents with higher education and overweight/obesity, especially in children and youths with previous or current epilepsy groups. Also, overweight/obesity was correlated with the 200%–400% family poverty level (FPL) [the adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.156 (95% CI, 0.028–0.876)] and above 400% FPL [the adjusted OR = 0.121 (95% CI, 0.023–0.641)] in children and youths with mild symptoms of epilepsy, and above 400% FPL [the adjusted OR = 0.103 (95% CI, 0.023–0.460)] in children with moderate to severe epilepsy.ConclusionPoor physical conditions were correlated with obesity in childhood epilepsy. Parents with higher education and FPLs were negatively correlated to childhood obesity. Therefore, this study was intended to advocate for a greater emphasis on BMI for children and youths with epilepsy in families with lower-educated and low-income groups.

Economic development in Indonesia is a process of building a complete human being, so that it can improve the community welfare. The main goal of economic development is poverty alleviation. The government through Nawacita is committed to developing Indonesia from the periphery, including by increasing development in villages. One of the government expenditures aimed at reducing poverty in rural areas is through financial assistance, namely the Village Fund. In addition to village funds, the quality of human resources also determines the poverty levels in each region. The quality of human resources includes the dimensions of one's education and health. The research objective was to analyze the effect of village funds and the quality of human resources on the poverty level and community welfare in the regencies/cities of Bali Province. The data used is panel data for regencies/cities in Bali Province in 2015 – 2019 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency for Bali Province, the Bali Province Community and Village Empowerment Service and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DPJK)-Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The data analysis technique used in this study is descriptive statistics and path analysis. The results of the research analysis show that the village funds have no negative and insignificant effect on poverty levels. The quality of human resources has a negative and significant effect on the level of poverty. Village funds have no positive and insignificant effect on community welfare. The quality of human resources has a positive and significant impact on community welfare. The poverty levels have a negative and significant effect on community welfare. The Village funds indirectly have no significantly effect on community welfare through poverty levels. The quality of human resources indirectly has a significantly on community welfare through the poverty levels in the regencies/cities in the Province of Bali.

Regencies/cities in the Province of Bali as one of the areas experiencing problems with the rate of economic growth, income disparities and the development of poverty levels are not evenly distributed between regions These problems can be influenced by several factors, such as the tourism sector and the quality of human resources. Research purpose is to analyze the influence of the tourism sector and the quality of human resources on economic growth, income disparities and poverty levels in regencies/cities in Bali Province. The data used is secondary data, namely regency/city panel data in the Province of Bali in 2010-2019 which was obtained from the Central Statistics Agency for the Province of Bali. The data is then analyzed by path analysis using Partial Least Square. The results of the analysis show that the tourism sector and the quality of human resources have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The tourism sector and economic growth have a positive and significant effect on income disparities, but the quality of human resources has a negative and insignificant effect on income disparities. The tourism sector and economic growth have a negative and insignificant effect on the level of poverty and the quality of human resources has a negative but significant relationship to the level of poverty, while income disparity has a positive and significant effect on the level of poverty. The tourism sector indirectly has no significant effect on income disparities through economic growth, while the quality of human resources indirectly has a significant effect on income disparities through economic growth. The tourism sector and the quality of human resources indirectly have no significant effect on the level of poverty through economic growth and income disparities, while economic growth indirectly does not significantly affect the level of poverty through income disparities in regencies/cities in Bali Province.

The phenomenon of poverty has become a complex and chronic problem both at the national and regional levels. The province of East Nusa Tenggara is one of the provinces with the highest poverty rate in Indonesia. The development of the poverty rate in NTT reflects the heavy burden on the government in alleviating the poverty of its population. Most of the natural conditions in East Nusa Tenggara Province are arid and barren, drought and food insecurity seem to be routine disasters faced by NTT residents almost every year. so that the prevention requires an appropriate and sustainable strategy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of investment, capital expenditure, and the quality of human resources on economic growth and poverty levels in the districts / cities of NTT Province. As well as to analyze trends / trends in poverty levels in the districts / cities of NTT Province. This study uses secondary data for the period 2013-2018 from 21 districts and 1 city with 132 observations. The data analysis technique used path analysis. The results showed that investment, capital expenditure and human resource quality had a positive and significant effect on economic growth and investment, and capital spending, human resource quality and economic growth had a negative and significant effect on the level of poverty as well as investment, capital spending, and human resource quality directly affects the level of poverty through economic growth in the regencies / cities of East Nusa Tenggara Province. The trend / trend in poverty levels in districts / cities of East Nusa Tenggara Province show a trend of high poverty disparities between cities and villages in NTT.

The issue of poverty is still a strategic development issue carried out by the Bali Provincial Government. The poverty reduction efforts have been carried out by the regencies/cities of Bali Province with various development programs, but the number of poor people still shows that there is a level of poverty inequality between regencies/cities in Bali Province. This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of social and economic factors on poverty levels in the Bali Province, Indonesia. The social factors in question are population density, unemployment rate, education, and life expectancy. While several economic factors studied included investment, income distribution, and contribution of the agricultural sector. The data in this study are panel data covering socio-economic data and poverty levels in nine regencies/cities in Bali Province during the period 2007-2017. Data analysis was carried out with a quantitative approach using panel data multiple regression methods and equipped with descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed that education, investment, and the contribution of the agricultural sector has a negative effect on poverty levels. Population density, unemployment rate, life expectancy, and income distribution has a positive effect on poverty levels. Suggestions to policy makers, first, the regencies with low investment levels (Bangli, Karangasem, and Jembrana Regencies) to make innovative breakthrough efforts to attract investors to invest according to the potential of each region to support the sustainable development of Bali; and second, the consistency of pro-poor principles of social assistance spending policies.

The main problem in the current poverty reduction effort is related to the fact that economic growth is not evenly distributed. The research will classify based on the data of poor people obtained from Tibawa District by using data mining technique. Attributes to be used in classifying the population are Age, Education, Work, Income, Dependent, Status (Married / Unmarried). The method to be used is the Naïve Bayes Classifier method, which is one of the classification techniques in data mining. Based on the research, it is concluded that, the classification system of the poor in the administrative area of Tibawa sub-district, Gorontalo regency can be engineered and Based on the result of confusion matrix testing with split validation technique, the use of naïve Bayes classification method to the dataset which has been taken on the research object obtained the level of accuracy 73% or included in the Good category. While the Precision value of 92% and Recall of 86%.

An important indicator of the welfare and living standards of the population is the level of the poor population in the given country. As practice shows, in economically developed countries the policy in the population income sphere is one of the key elements of economic management. In countries with transforming economies such as Armenia, the problem of population income regulation is extremely topical. In resolving many of social policy issues the need to compare the living standards of families with different structures arises. The work is devoted to the construction of equivalence scales which take into account the actual purchasing power differences of similar incomes in different size households.

The poverty is a multifaceted and diverse phenomenon, it varies in time and space. In the economic literature, various approaches are used to measuring poverty. The article deals with the methods of measuring poverty in the Russian Federation. When analyzing the changes in the level of poverty and the main characteristics of the poor in Southern Russia, the authors relied on official statistical information published in editions of the Federal State statistics service. Poverty trends are revealed for the period of four years (2011-2014) in the dynamics and by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, within the Southern and North Caucasus Federal Districts. The authors identified poverty ratio changes in various Southern subjects of the Russian Federation. The level of well-being of the population and the poverty ratio fluctuations in the Southern regions of the Russian Federation are estimated. It is shown that the Southern regions are characterized by a low level of material well-being. The analysis revealed a trend of increasing the proportion of poor households in rural areas. Rural populations are the most vulnerable to the risk of poverty, mainly because of the high concentration of poor households and minimal income levels which increases the vulnerability of households. The analysis of the distribution of poor households according to their composition, revealed a high proportion of households consisting of three or more people. It is determined that the hallmark of Russian poverty is high “child poverty”. It is substantiated that the socio-economic indicators of poverty let identify the general trends in poverty levels of the subjects of Southern and North Caucasus Federal districts. The outcome of the present study consists in the withdrawal of the main priorities for combating poverty in the South of Russia.

The study aims to find out the direct and indirect effect of education, health, government investment and private investment on productivity as well as the poverty level in South Sumatera. The study used secondary data of 2004-2005 published by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DJPK) and other institutions. It used Path Analysis. The Result of the study show that (1) education, health, and government investment did not directly influence the productivity in South Sumatra, while the private investment directly and positively influenced the productivity in South Sumatra, (2) education, government investment, and private investment did not directly influence the poverty level in South Sumatra, while the health and productivity directly and significantly but negatively influenced the poverty level in South Sumatra, (3) education, health, and government investment indirectly did not influence the poverty level through the productivity in South Sumatra, while the private investment indirectly have significant and negative impact on poverty level through productivity in South Sumatera.

The article analyses main modern approaches to measurement of the index of human development at the world level by the UN Development Programme and at the national level in Ukraine. It identifies main components and stages of formation of national methods of measurement of the index of regional human development and also advantages of its renovated modern variant against the background of fighting poverty, analyses key directions of human development, which reflect main possibilities in ensuring the process of life, generalises the “living standard” category definition by works of domestic and foreign scientists, analyses dynamics of indicators of the index of human development of Ukraine for the period 2007 – 2012 and explains main reasons of drop of ratings of Ukraine in the world and conducts comparative analysis of tendencies of changes of the index of human development of Ukrainian regions in recent years.

The Czech Republic has recently experienced phases of economic growth and periods of economic crisis, this fact affects the standard of living and household behaviour and affects the formation of life-style. This paper deals with the income situation of households. The main source of data is EU SILC survey from the years 2005 to 2008.The result of the enquiry and processing of primary data is information about the average income per household member, the poverty level and the number of households at risk of poverty. For the formulation of income differentiation is used Gini coefficient. Attention is paid to factors that affect income inequality (the number of household members, social group, age). Information, about the income situation of households, is amended by following indicators of material deprivation. The paper also analyses the impact of social transfers on income inequality. The analysis and subsequent solving of the problem of income inequality may be contributed with further analysis of empirical data of this type.

Persistent trends in the dynamics of basic social indicators in Russia’s constituent territories are analyzed. Calculations are made and quantitative estimates are obtained of interregional differentiation of the social indicators by federal districts and the country as a whole. The presented analysis shows that despite the reduction of interregional disparities in the indicators of income level of the population, differentiation by the level of consumption of basic foodstuffs, housing conditions and availability of expensive durable goods is being enhanced. At the same time, the level of interregional differences in social services (health care) remains unchanged

Persistent trends in the dynamics of basic social indicators in Russia’s constituent territories are analyzed. Calculations are made and quantitative estimates are obtained of interregional differentiation of the social indicators by federal districts and the country as a whole. The presented analysis shows that despite the reduction of interregional disparities in the indicators of income level of the population, differentiation by the level of consumption of basic foodstuffs, housing conditions and availability of expensive durable goods is being enhanced. At the same time, the level of interregional differences in social services (health care) remains unchanged

This research is based on the facts: first that, Boyolali is one of the regions which implement intensively many kinds of program in solving the poverty which gets the finance from APBD, central government and international institutions, eventhough the proportion of the poor society increases significantly.The proportion of poor society increases 20,8% in 2002 becomes 38,26% in 2006. Second, seen from the regional development indicator, it is shown that between one region and the others has various levels of the varieties of development.The objectives of this research are: first, the understanding of the distribution and of the poverty level in this region. Second, the understanding of the relationship between distribution of poverty level and the regional development level. Third, the understanding of the factors which influence the regional development. The method used in this research is secondary data analysis. The analysis unit of this research is village. The data resources are taken from the report of the identification result of poor families and the primary data is taken from BAPPEDA Boyolali. The primary data is a number of poor families, the regional scope and the use of farmland, the long street to account the regional accessibilities and the number and the distribution of social and economical facility in each village. The result is presented on the map with the analysis unit of the village. The represented map are the distribution level of poverty per village. To determine the relationship between the level of poverty and regional development uses the technique of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis technique used is the analysis of the map of poverty distribution, analysis map of regional development and harmonious relationship between the level of regional development and poverty. The quantitative analysis technique used is the analysis of correlation statistic product moment.The results of this research are: first, there is distribution variation of poverty level, there is relationship between distribution of poverty level and natural resources endowment.The region with lower resources endowment (up land region) have higher poverty level than the region with higher natural resources endowment (law land region) and conversel. Second, there is negative relationship between regional development level and poverty level.Third, the factors which influence the level of regional development are the economical and social facility of the region and accessibilities.