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Background Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and distress are more common in undergraduates compared to age-matched peers. Mental ill health among students is associated with impaired academic achievement, worse occupational preparedness, and lower future occupational performance. Research on mental health promoting and mental ill health preventing interventions has shown promising short-term effects, though the sustainability of intervention benefits deserve closer attention. We aimed to identify, appraise and summarize existing data from randomized control trials (RCTs) reporting on whether the effects of mental health promoting and mental ill health preventing interventions were sustained at least three months post-intervention, and to analyze how the effects vary for different outcomes in relation to follow-up length. Further, we aimed to assess whether the effect sustainability varied by intervention type, study-level determinants and of participant characteristics. Material and Methods A systematic search in MEDLINE, PsycInfo, ERIC, and Scopus was performed for RCTs published in 1995–2015 reporting an assessment of mental ill health and positive mental health outcomes for, at least, three months of post-intervention follow-up. Random-effect modeling was utilized for quantitative synthesis of the existing evidence with standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g) used to estimate an aggregated effect size. Sustainability of the effects of interventions was analyzed separately for 3–6 months, 7–12 months, and 13–18 months of post-intervention follow-up. Results About 26 studies were eligible after reviewing 6,571 citations. The pooled effects were mainly small, but significant for several categories of outcomes. Thus, for the combined mental ill health outcomes, symptom-reduction sustained up to 7–12 months post-intervention (standardized mean difference (Hedges’ g) effect size (ES) = −0.28 (95% CI [−0.49, −0.08])). Further, sustainability of symptom-reductions were evident for depression with intervention effect lasting up to 13–18 months (ES = −0.30 (95% CI [−0.51, −0.08])), for anxiety up to 7–12 months (ES = −0.27 (95% CI [−0.54, −0.01])), and for stress up to 3–6 months (ES = −0.30 (95% CI [−0.58, −0.03])). The effects of interventions to enhance positive mental health were sustained up to 3–6 months for the combined positive mental health outcomes (ES = 0.32 (95% CI [0.05, 0.59])). For enhanced active coping, sustainability up to 3–6 months was observed with a medium and significant effect (ES = 0.75 (95% CI [0.19, 1.30])). Discussion The evidence suggests long-term effect sustainability for mental ill health preventive interventions, especially for interventions to reduce the symptoms of depression and symptoms of anxiety. Interventions to promote positive mental health offer promising, but shorter-lasting effects. Future research should focus on mental health organizational interventions to examine their potential for students in tertiary education.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la osteoporosis constituye un problema social, económico y de salud pública con características de epidemia en los países desarrollados, que nos obliga a preparar y difundir programas de promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedades, porque se conocen los factores de riesgo y se dispone de métodos diagnósticos para cuantificar la masa ósea y su pérdida. El estudio de los factores que influyen en la salud es un aspecto importante dentro de un planteamiento sociopolítico que aspire al logro de la estabilidad de las sociedades. OBJETIVOS: analizar la incidencia de los aspectos socioeconómicos en el desarrollo de la osteoporosis, así como valorar la responsabilidad social de la comunidad científica en el planteamiento de posibles soluciones. DESARROLLO: los costos del tratamiento de la osteoporosis son cuantiosos y la tendencia es que se incrementen aún más, no obstante, a pesar de que Cuba atraviesa serias dificultades en el orden económico ocasionadas, sobre todo, por el bloqueo económico impuesto por el gobierno de EE. UU., el estado cubano ha mantenido una atención priorizada al sector salud, que incluye el desarrollo de un sistema de atención que cubre a toda la población y que ha hecho posible alcanzar y sostener importantes logros en esta esfera. CONCLUSIONES: las restricciones impuestas a la adquisición de suministros y tecnologías médicas de procedencia norteamericana para su empleo en Cuba, han causado considerables perjuicios a los servicios de la salud pública. La osteoporosis requiere de acciones con otras entidades fuera del sistema de salud para prevenirla, y de una acción directa sobre los factores de riesgo que la provocan. Los profesionales de la atención primaria se enfrentan a problemas éticos y legales por la alta demanda de los servicios de salud y sociales de estos pacientes.INTRODUCTION: the osteoporosis is a social, economic and of public health problem characterized by epidemics in developed countries compelling us to prepare and to diffuse programs or health promotion and diseases prevention due to the know risk factors and the availability of diagnostic methods to quantify the bone mass and its loss. The study of the factor influencing in health is an important feature in the sociopolitical planning to achieve the stability of societies. OBJECTIVES: to analyze the incidence of socioeconomic features in the development of osteoporosis, as well as to assess the social responsibility of scientific community in approach of the potential solutions. DEVELOPMENT: the costs of the osteoporosis's treatment are substantial trending to increase even more, however, despite the serious Cuban difficulties in the economic order mainly because of the economic blockade imposed by the United States government , the Cuban state has maintained a prioritized care to health field including the development of a care system covering all the population and that make possible to obtain and maintain significant achievements in this sphere. CONCLUSIONS: the restrictions imposed for purchase of supplies and medical technologies of American origin to use in Cuba, have caused significant damages in the public health services. The osteoporosis requires of actions with other entities out of the health system for its prevention and of a direct action on the risk factors provoking it. The primary care professionals face ethics and legal problems due to the high demand of health and social services for these patients.

The “Grupo de Estudios en Sistemas Tradicionalesde Salud” from the School of Medicineof Universidad del Rosario, in agreement withthe “Instituto de Etnobiología”, has designed atraining course for a new health agent (the communityhealth manager) meant to consider inits curriculum the difficulties, deficiencies andsuccesses of the Primary Health Care Program.In particular, we have attended OMS suggestionsin terms of adequate training of local leaderswho should look for self-responsibility and selfdeterminationin health care coverage. account diverse cultures and traditions in orderto offer health care models able to consider culturalparticularities, epidemiological profiles,and contextual possibilities, with an interculturalpoint of view. Hence, the training course’s objectiveis to offer working tools so that communityleaders be able to value and promote traditionalhealth knowledge and practices; seek for foodsecurity by means of recovery of traditionalproductive systems or adaptation of appropriatetechnologies; environment conservation; use ofmedicinal plants especially in self-care, andstimulation of community and institutionalhealth promotion activities.Preliminary evaluation suggests that thisnew health agent will be able to set bridgesbetween communities and health care offersavailable, always looking for healthy ways oflife, culturally and environmentally friendly

Actualmente la promoción y prevención de salud ocupan un lugar cimero en el mundo de la Estomatología, por lo que se impone evaluar y renovar nuestros programas de forma tal que sea cada vez más preventiva y educacional, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de nuestros pacientes. La población geriátrica ha mostrado una crecimiento intenso a escala nacional e internacional, cuyo estimado de la población mayor de 60 años ascenderá para el 2010 un 17 % o más. Esto hace reflexionar que cada día más personas sobrepasan las barreras cronológicas que el hombre ha situado como etapa de vejez, lo que ha convertido al envejecimiento poblacional en un reto para las sociedades modernas, ya que aunque se considera como uno de los logros más importantes de la humanidad, al mismo tiempo se transforma en un problema, si no se es capaz de brindar soluciones adecuadas a las consecuencias que del mismo se derivan. Esta revisión bibliográfica pretende actualizar conocimientos sobre la necesidad de aplicar un programa de promoción y prevención que beneficie a los pacientes con 60 años o más, rehabilitados o no protésicamente.At the present time health promotion and prevention has a significant place in Stomatology world, this is necessary to assess and to renovate our programs in such a way that each time it be more preventive and educational, to improve life quality of our patients. Geriatric population has showed a intense growing at national land international scale, whose estimate of the people older than 60 years will increase for 2010 year in a 17% or more. We must to think about that every day more persons exceed the chronologic barriers placed by men as a stage of old age, converting thus population aging in a challenge for present societies, since although we consider it as one of more important achievement of the mankind, and at the same time it is transformed in a problem, if we not be able to give proper solutions to consequences derived from it. These bibliographic reviews try to update the knowledges on need of to apply a promotion and prevention program that being of benefit for patients older than 60 years or more, rehabilitated or not from the point of view prosthestic.