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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia increases free radicals and oxidative stress that damage heart muscle cells. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) plays an important role in inflammation and cell damage. Radish leaves (Raphanus sativus) are known to have compounds that can control NFkB expression. Objective: To measure the effect of radish leaves on the expression of NFkB in heart muscle. Methods: The study design was experimental laboratory post test control group design. The subjects were diabetic male Wistar rats, weight 150-300 grams, 3-4 months old. Rats were divided into four groups and given treatment orally for 28 days. The 1st group received placebo. The 2nd group received glibenclamide 5 mg/kg BW/day. The 3rd and 4th groups received 50% and 100% ethanol extract of radish leaves. Heart NFkB was measured using immunohistochemistry. Results: Radish leaves ethanol extract 50% and 100% reduced NFkB in the heart muscle better than placebo and glibenclamide 5 mg/kg BW ((p=0.000). There was no difference between radish leaf extract 50% and 100% in reducing heart NFkB expression (p=0.876). Conclusion: Radish leaf extract 50% and 100% reduce NFkB expression better than placebo and glibenclamide 5 mg/kg BW.

Objective: To explore the effect of black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var niger) root extract on liver enzymes, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in mice with sodium valproate-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Thirty-two mice were divided into four groups: the control group received drinking water by gavage, the second group was administered with 100 mg/kg of sodium valproate, the third group received 300 mg/kg of black radish root extract, and the fourth group was given both sodium valproate (100 mg/kg) and black radish root extract (300 mg/kg). After 28 days, the mice were euthanized, and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), along with liver malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial parameters, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expression, and histopathological changes were assessed. Results: Sodium valproate caused hepatic damage in mice, characterized by elevated serum levels of liver enzymes, increased MDA and ROS levels and TNF-α gene expression, as well as histopathological alterations. The black radish root extract significantly alleviated sodium valproate-caused hepatic injury by decreasing the serum levels of ALT and AST, MDA, ROS, TNF-α gene expression, as well as mitochondrial impairment, but did not have a significant effect on sodium valproate-induced histopathological changes. Conclusions: The black radish root extract demonstrates protective effects against sodium valproate-induced liver injury, possibly through mitigating oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and inflammatory mediator expression.

Abstract Long-term application of chemical fertilizers has negative impacts on soil health, crop productivity, and ecosystems. Hence, organic substrates have been proposed as alternatives for enhancing soil health and plant growth parameters. Among them, vermicompost and vermiwash are widely used in the sustainable agriculture sector to enhance plant growth, yield, and soil fertility. Hence, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of vermiwash and vermicompost on the growth of Raphanus sativus L. Pot culture experiments were conducted in four groups which included: group A) control soil (10 kg pot−1), group B) soil (8.5 kg pot−1) + vermicompost (1.5 kg pot−1), group C) soil (10 kg pot−1) + vermiwash (1.5 L pot−1), and group D) soil (8.5 kg pot−1) + vermicompost (1.5 kg pot−1) + vermiwash (1.5 L pot−1), respectively. The results revealed that the plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher germination percentage (100%), number of leaves (32.08%), length of leaves (56.35%), width of leaves (28.05), area of leaves (100.22%), shoot length of plant (78.02%), chlorophyll concentration (42.72%), leaf relative water content (13.30%), fresh weight (65.61%), dry weight of leaves (57.59), and tuber yield (74.96%) when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C. Furthermore, the application of the vermiwash and vermicompost combination improved the soil's physicochemical properties, increased glycine betaine concentrations, and decreased proline accumulation. Hence, this study suggests that vermicompost and vermiwash may be a potential source of plant nutrients for sustainable crop production.

IntroductionThe thickening of radish taproots is primarily determined by secondary growth driven by the vascular cambium and is a highly intricate process regulated by plant hormones, transcription factors, and many metabolic pathways. Gibberellin (GA), a plant hormone associated with cell elongation, is essential in secondary growth. However, the mechanism through which exogenous GA3 regulates secondary taproot growth in radishes remains unclear.MethodsIntegrated morphological, anatomical, hormonal, and transcriptomic analyses of taproots in radishes treated with GA3 and its biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PBZ) were performed to explore their effects on taproot secondary growth and key regulatory pathways.ResultsGA3 significantly hindered taproot thickening by inhibiting the formation and maintenance of the vascular cambium, and PBZ promoted root development by increasing root length rather than root diameter. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2,014, 948, and 1,831 differentially expressed genes identified from the control vs. GA3, control vs. PBZ, and GA3 vs. PBZ comparisons, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in the biosyntheses of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways. GA3 significantly increased the levels of endogenous indole-acetic acid and the expression of auxin synthesis and signal transduction genes.DiscussionExogenous GA3 significantly inhibited the expression of genes involved in the maintenance and differentiation of vascular cambium, including WOX14, ER/ERL1, and XCP2. Exogenous GA3 affects root thickening in radishes primarily by regulating hormone signal transduction pathways, vascular cambium activity, and substance and energy metabolisms. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying taproot thickening in radishes and provide a valuable gene database for future studies.

The fungus Trichoderma harzianum is a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for use in agriculture. Its application stimulates the growth of radish microgreens, a short-cycle crop, standing out as an agricultural practice that meets the growing demand for healthier crops. This study aimed to evaluate the use of Trichoderma harzianum on the growth and quality of radish microgreens. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) with three treatments and eight replications. The treatments included a control, the application of the fungus on the seeds, and the application of the fungus on the substrate. The phytotechnical and post-harvest characteristics were evaluated. The application of the Trichoderma harzianum to the substrate resulted in a 19.75% increase in yield, a 19.87% increase in the conversion of seed mass into fresh mass, a 2.94% increase in the shoot dry mass, a 2.31% increase in water content, and a 28.29% increase in hypocotyl length compared to the control. The use of Trichoderma harzianum proved to be effective in promoting the growth of radish microgreens.

Abstract The 70 kD heat shock proteins (HSP70s) represent a class of molecular chaperones that are widely distributed in all kingdoms of life, which play important biological roles in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. However, this family has not been systematically characterized in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). In this study, we identified 34 RsHSP70 genes unevenly distributed within nine chromosomes of R. sativus. Phylogenetic and multiple sequence alignment analyses classified the RsHSP70 proteins into six distinct groups (Group A–F). The characteristics of gene structures, motif distributions, and corresponding cellular compartments were more similar in closely linked groups. Duplication analysis revealed that segmental duplication was the major driving force for the expansion of RsHSP70s in radish, particularly in Group C. Synteny analysis identified eight paralogs (Rs-Rs) in the radish genome and 19 orthologs (Rs-At) between radish and Arabidopsis, and 23 orthologs (Rs-Br) between radish and Chinese cabbage. RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression change of some RsHSP70s were related to responses to heat, drought, cadmium, chilling, and salt stresses and Plasmodiophora brassicae infection, and the expression patterns of these RsHSP70s were significantly different among 14 tissues. Furthermore, we targeted a candidate gene, RsHSP70–23, the product of which is localized in the cytoplasm and involved in the responses to certain abiotic stresses and P. brassicae infection. These findings provide a reference for further molecular studies to improve yield and stress tolerance of radish.

The escalating release of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into the environment poses a substantial threat, potentially leading to increased concentrations of zinc (Zn) in the soil and subsequent phytotoxic effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of ZnO NPs on Raphanus sativus (R. sativus) concerning its tolerance levels, toxicity, and accumulation. ZnO NPs were synthesized by the wet chemical method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of ZnO NPs (70 nm) on R. sativus grown in coir was evaluated. The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively. Interestingly, this dose had no impact on the indole acetic acid (IAA) content. Conversely, the use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs in the same medium led to a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in soluble protein content by 23.1%, accompanied by a notable increase in IAA by 31.1%, indicating potential toxicity. The use of atomic absorption spectroscopy confirmed the internalization of zinc in seedlings, with a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05). In control plants without ZnO NPs, Zn concentration was 0.36 mg/g, while at the highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/L, it significantly rose to 1.76 mg/g, causing leaf chlorosis and stunted seedling growth. This suggests potential health risks related to Zn toxicity for consumers. Given the adverse effects on R. sativus at concentrations above 1000 mg/L, caution is advised in the application and release of ZnO NPs, highlighting the importance of responsible practices to mitigate harm to plant life and consumer health. The study demonstrated the tolerance of R. sativus to high Zn levels, classifying it as a Zn-tolerant species.

In this study, we aimed to develop a novel directional electromagnetic field (EMF) application method for promoting plant growth using a solenoid coil-based cultivation system. The emergence of plant shoots from seeds, shoot elongation, root proliferation, and plant growth hormones were monitored in the presence of a directional EMF using our solenoid coil system. To observe the effect of the directional EMF on seed germination, radish and sugarcane seedlings were cultivated in the system. At the seed germination stage, the EMF applied had no significant effect on germination or growth. However, after germination, shoot growth was sensitive to a directional EMF, as it was promoted by different conditions in a plant-species-dependent manner. The maximum growth promotion rates were 25.65% ± 4.21% and 38.57% ± 12.81% for radish and sugarcane, respectively. Similarly, plant root proliferation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) analyses indicated that directional EMF application was associated with root proliferation and hormone synthesis. Plant growth in the experimental system proved controllable; either growth stimulation or reduction were possible as the system operating conditions were made to vary. Our findings indicate that the application of a specific directional EMF could serve as an electrical plant stimulant (or electrical fertilizer).

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important salad vegetable grown and consumed throughout the world for fleshy roots which has numerous categories– varying in root colour, size, shape and flavour. The uses of coloured radishes in the salads and their anthocyanins as colourants are gaining popularity because of the colour characteristics, health benefits as well as antioxidant activities. However, information on the genetic variability, heritability and inter-relationship of total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities in pigmented radish is very limited, but pre-requisite to initiate breeding programme; and therefore investigated in the present study. Radish genotypes were significantly diverse for all the antioxidants; differed by 4.98-fold for total phenolics, 36.16-fold for anthocyanins content, 4.96-fold for FRAP activity and 4.03-fold for CUPRAC activity; and the genotypes accounted for >97% of total variations. The meager differences between phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation reveals the greater role of genotypes and lesser influence of the environment on the biosynthesis and accumulation of antioxidants. Significantly positive correlations along with higher magnitude for anthocyanins content, total phenolics, FRAP activity and CUPRAC activity (r= 0.823 to 0.964) could be used as indirect selection criteria for improving levels of antioxidant compounds. The estimates of heritability and genetic advance indicate the role of additive and non-additive genes for biosynthesis of antioxidants and root development, respectively; therefore, recurrent selection would be the best breeding approach to improve both the traits simultaneously in coloured radish.

Convincing data regarding carcinogenic substances is very useful for handling materials correctly to avoid exposure to cancer-triggering substances in the body. To collect as much carcinogen data as possible, low-requirement carcinogen detection setups need to be developed. In this study, the first steps in the development of carcinogen detection through functional protein expression assessment are reported. Hydrazine sulfate, one of the well-known carcinogens chosen as a model material, was tested on germination of Raphanus sativus L., with various concentrations, namely 0 (control), 1, 10, and 100 mM. This plant was selected due to its characteristics showing a stable germination rate over a wide range of temperatures. Within a predetermined germination time, seeds and/or sprouts were observed and germination rate, protein concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured. The results showed that hydrazine sulfate slowed seed germination, and increased 72-h protein concentration but decreased alkaline phosphatase activity in the control group. This suggests that changes in alkaline phosphatase activity in seeds during germination have the potential to be a marker for cancer. In this research, it can be concluded that the method used can be applied as a first step to assess the carcinogenicity of a compound.

Soil pollution caused by heavy metals has emerged as one of the most significant environmental problems in the world. In such environments, specific plant species are able to grow, adapt and absorb heavy metals. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology in which higher plants are used to reclaim the contaminated environment. In this study, the possibilities of removing the pollution caused by Zn, which is applied to the loamy soil together with and without sewage sludge at increasing levels (0, 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 μg g-1), has been researched with certain hyperaccumulator plants such as Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus and Silene vulgaris grown in Bafra ecological conditions. In order to clean Zn added to the soil at increasing levels with or without sewage sludge by using phytoremediation technology, Silene vulgaris was found to remove the highest amount of Zn in the soil by producing the greatest amount of biomass in the ecological conditions of the region compared to Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus, and other hyperaccumulator plants grown in the plots. Significant differences were determined in the development of plants and Zn removal between the sludge treated and untreated plots. Water-soluble Zn, which was found at high levels in the cultivation of plants at 600 and 1200 μg g-1 Zn application doses in the sewage sludge treated plots, was determined at lower levels at the end of the harvest of the plants. In the application of increasing levels of Zn with sewage sludge, the lowest organic bound Zn was determined in the plots where Silene vulgaris was grown. The highest exchangeable Zn concentration was determined in soil samples taken after the harvest of the Raphanus sativus plant among the hyperaccumulator plants grown at all Zn application doses in the trials with and without sewage sludge application.

Chemical fertilizers can improve crop productivity, but irrational fertilization often results in low crop quality and yield, poor soil fertility, and severe environmental pollution. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted with a close focus on the cultivation of radish in high mountain regions, a widely cultivated root vegetable known for its nutritional value and economic importance. Here, a method of reducing chemical fertilizers combined with the application of organic fertilizers is proposed upon studying four different ratios of chemical and organic fertilizers, including control (375 kg·ha−1 chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer) and combinations (T1: 12% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T2: 20% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer; T3: 28% reduction in chemical fertilizer + 4500 kg·ha−1 organic fertilizer). Their effects on radish quality, yield, and soil environment were investigated. Compared with the control group, T2 significantly increased radish yield by 12.92% and improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugars, sulforaphane soluble solids, and titratable acidity in the radish roots by 10.62%, 2.15%, 50.00%, 26.90%, and 43.90%, respectively. The soil nutrient content was increased by the T2 treatment, with a 7.69% and 14.29% increase in total nitrogen and total phosphorus content, respectively, compared with the control. Moreover, soil urease activity, sucrase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and catalase activity were significantly enhanced by the T2 treatment, showing an improvement of 11.13%, 44.30%, 26.41%, and 9.33% compared with the control, respectively (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was increased in the T2 treatment, potentially helping to maintain better soil health and long-term fertility. In summary, a promising fertilizer management strategy is herein unveiled through the reduction of chemical fertilizers and the application of organic fertilizer that not only improves radish yield and quality but also optimizes the soil environment, providing an effective means for sustainable crop production.

Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of phytohormones that are involved in plant growth, development, and disease resistance. The isopentenyl transferase (IPT) and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) families comprise key enzymes controlling CK biosynthesis and degradation. However, an integrated analysis of these two gene families in radish has not yet been explored. In this study, 13 RsIPT and 12 RsCKX genes were identified and characterized, most of which had four copies in Brassica napus and two copies in radish and other diploid Brassica species. Promoter analysis indicated that the genes contained at least one phytohormone or defense and stress responsiveness cis-acting element. RsIPTs and RsCKXs were expanded through segmental duplication. Moreover, strong purifying selection drove the evolution of the two gene families. The expression of the RsIPT and RsCKX genes distinctly showed diversity in different tissues and developmental stages of the root. Expression profiling showed that RsCKX1-1/1-2/1-3 was significantly upregulated in club-resistant materials during primary infection, suggesting their vital function in clubroot resistance. The interaction network of CKX proteins with similar 3D structures also reflected the important role of RsCKX genes in disease resistance. This study provides a foundation for further functional study on the IPT and CKX genes for clubroot resistance improvement in Raphanus.

Spontaneous tumour formation in higher plants can occur in the absence of pathogen invasion, depending on the plant genotype. Spontaneous tumour formation on the taproots is consistently observed in certain inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers.). In this paper, using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina technologies, we have sequenced the genomes of two closely related radish inbred lines that differ in their ability to spontaneously form tumours. We identified a large number of single nucleotide variants (amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions, SNVs) that are likely to be associated with the spontaneous tumour formation. Among the genes involved in the trait, we have identified those that regulate the cell cycle, meristem activity, gene expression, and metabolism and signalling of phytohormones. After identifying the SNVs, we performed Sanger sequencing of amplicons corresponding to SNV-containing regions to validate our results. We then checked for the presence of SNVs in other tumour lines of the radish genetic collection and found the ERF118 gene, which had the SNVs in the majority of tumour lines. Furthermore, we performed the identification of the CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) and WUSCHEL (WOX) genes and, as a result, identified two unique radish CLE genes which probably encode proteins with multiple CLE domains. The results obtained provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms of plant tumour formation and also for future genetic and genomic studies of radish.

Contamination of vegetables with human pathogenic microorganisms (HPMOs) is considered one of the most important problems in the food industry, as current nutritional guidelines include increased consumption of raw or minimally processed organic vegetables due to healthy lifestyle promotion. Vegetables are known to be potential vehicles for HPMOs and sources of disease outbreaks. In this study, we tested the susceptibility of radish (Raphanus sativus) to colonization by different HPMOs, including Escherichia coli PCM 2561, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica PCM 2565, Listeria monocytogenes PCM 2191 and Bacillus cereus PCM 1948. We hypothesized that host plant roots containing bactericidal compounds are less prone to HPMO colonization than shoots and leaves. We also determined the effect of selected pathogens on radish growth to check host plant–microbe interactions. We found that one-week-old radish is susceptible to colonization by selected HPMOs, as the presence of the tested HPMOs was demonstrated in all organs of R. sativus. The differences were noticed 2 weeks after inoculation because B. cereus was most abundant in roots (log10 CFU – 2.54), S. enterica was observed exclusively in stems (log10 CFU – 3.15), and L. monocytogenes and E. coli were most abundant in leaves (log10 CFU – 4.80 and 3.23, respectively). The results suggest that E. coli and L. monocytogenes show a higher ability to colonize and move across the plant than B. cereus and S. enterica. Based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) approach HPMOs were detected in extracellular matrix and in some individual cells of all analyzed organs. The presence of pathogens adversely affected the growth parameters of one-week-old R. sativus, especially leaf and stem fresh weight (decreased by 47–66 and 17–57%, respectively). In two-week-old plants, no reduction in plant biomass development was noted. This observation may result from plant adaptation to biotic stress caused by the presence of HPMOs, but confirmation of this assumption is needed. Among the investigated HPMOs, L. monocytogenes turned out to be the pathogen that most intensively colonized the aboveground part of R. sativus and at the same time negatively affected the largest number of radish growth parameters.

Red radish is a nutritious root vegetable crop that has a short production cycle. Water deficit limits plant productivity, affecting its quantity and quality. Compost amendment offers a potential solution to mitigate water deficit effects. This study assessed the impact of compost manure rates (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and irrigation treatments (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of evapotranspiration) on ‘Crimson Giant’ red radish production. Significant differences in growth and quality were observed among these treatments. Compost rates of 75% and 100% improved leaf gas exchange, plant growth (leaf count, fresh weight, dry weight, and area; stem length), root development, total yield (root fresh weight, dry weight, diameter, and length), and root quality (vitamin C and total soluble solid and titratable acidity). The 100% compost and 100% irrigation combination achieved the highest yields. Under water deficit, applying 75% or 100% compost with 80% irrigation conserved 20% of water while maintaining radish output. Overall, compost amendment effectively enhanced red radish growth and production under water deficit.

ABSTRACT The postharvest quality and coloration of radish roots can be compromised by factors such as the type of cropping system and fertilization management. Therefore, the objective of this work was to estimate the postharvest quality indices and color parameters of radish roots in monocropping, as a function of different roostertree (Calotropis procera) biomass amounts, in two cropping seasons in a semi-arid environment. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks with five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of different roostertree biomass amounts: 16, 29, 42, 55 and 68 t ha-1 on a dry basis, incorporated into the soil. In each block, two additional treatments were added, one without fertilization (control) and the other with mineral fertilizer, for comparison purposes with the maximum efficiency treatment. The radish cultivar planted was Crimson Gigante. The radish characteristics evaluated were: pH, soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, total soluble sugar content (TSS), vitamin C (CV) and anthocyanin (A) contents, and roots color parameters (L*, C* and h°). The maximum flavor efficiency (SS/TA) and the total soluble sugar content (TSS) were achieved with the incorporation into the soil of 47.24 and 25.27 t ha-1 roostertree biomass, respectively. Higher concentrations of bioactive compounds (CV and A) were obtained when incorporating 35.79 and 45.85 t ha-1 green manure biomass. The color parameters values (L*, C* and h°) in the red radish roots were achieved in the biomass amounts of 40.39, 53.14 and 52.71 t ha-1 of roostertree.

Several scientific researchers have focused on biological activities of edible plants such as radish. However, there are no researches on the anticancer effect of this plant in human glioblastoma. Thus, aims of this study were to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and anticancer activities of Raphanus sativus bulbs aqueous and methanol extracts against U-87 MG cells. Five phenol compounds were found in aqueous extract using HPLC-DAD with syringic acid followed by protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and cirsilineol. The DPPH, ABTS, OH radical, iron (II) chelation and FRAP assays exhibited that aqueous extract shows high antioxidant activity. The chemical composition analysis of the methanol extract using GC-MS showed that 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (raphasatin) was the most abundant compound (20%). Cytotoxicity assessment by MTT method showed that methanol extract exhibited a significant cytotoxicity to U-87 MG cells with IC50 at 241.35 ± 15.21 µg/mL after 72 h while no effect was noted for aqueous extract. Dis-adhesion assay of the extracts as well as of raphasatin was assessed using different protein matrices (fibronectin, fibrinogen and poly-L-lysine) and the anti-proliferative effect was performed using doxorubicin as positive control. Methanol extract showed a high ability to inhibit cell adhesion to the used protein matrices with IC50 of 20.46 ± 2.52; 12.23 ± 1.41 and 16.21 ± 1.92 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, raphasatin strongly inhibited tumor cell adhesion with IC50 of 0.63 ± 0.09; 1.27 ± 0.18 and 0.95 ± 0.12 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, it totally blocked the proliferation of cancer cells at a dose of 0.5 µg/mL after 4 days of incubation. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the protective effect of R. sativus methanol extract and its major compound, 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate against U-87 MG cancer cells. Raphasatin may represent an innovative and promising tool for human glioblastoma treatment.

The nematicidal activity of radish bulb (Raphanus sativus) methanol (RME) and aqueous extracts (RAE) was tested against the second stage (J2) root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita model. The EC50 of RME after 3 d of J2 immersion in test solutions was 312 ± 65 μg/ml. However, no activity was noted for RAE (EC50 > 1,000 μg/ml). The chemical composition analysis of the methanol extract carried out by the GC–MS technique showed that 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (raphasatin) was the most abundant compound at 20%. This pure compound strongly induced J2 paralysis with an EC50 of 1.3 ± 0.2 μg/ml after 24 hr. Comparison with other 11 selected isothiocyanates with structure similarity showed that the double bond at position 3 of the alkyl side chain is important for nematicidal activity, followed by the sulfur group at position 5 and the benzyl group at position 2. In addition, raphasatin showed the highest nematicidal activity with the corresponding lowest antioxidant activity of about 92 ± 18 μg/ml. In conclusion, the results of this investigation reveal that R. sativus and its major compound raphasatin can be integrated into the pest management system.

IntroductionLong-duration missions in outer Space will require technologies to regenerate environmental resources such as air and water and to produce food while recycling consumables and waste. Plants are considered the most promising biological regenerators to accomplish these functions, due to their complementary relationship with humans. Plant cultivation for Space starts with small plant growth units to produce fresh food to supplement stowed food for astronauts’ onboard spacecrafts and orbital platforms. The choice of crops must be based on limiting factors such as time, energy, and volume. Consequently, small, fast-growing crops are needed to grow in microgravity and to provide astronauts with fresh food rich in functional compounds. Microgreens are functional food crops recently valued for their color and flavor enhancing properties, their rich phytonutrient content and short production cycle. Candidate species of microgreens to be harvested and eaten fresh by crew members, belong to the families Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Amarillydaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Cucurbitaceae.MethodsIn this study we developed and applied an algorithm to objectively compare numerous genotypes of microgreens intending to select those with the best productivity and phytonutrient profile for cultivation in Space. The selection process consisted of two subsequent phases. The first selection was based on literature data including 39 genotypes and 25 parameters related to growth, phytonutrients (e.g., tocopherol, phylloquinone, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, lutein, carotenoids, violaxanthin), and mineral elements. Parameters were implemented in a mathematical model with prioritization criteria to generate a ranking list of microgreens. The second phase was based on germination and cultivation tests specifically designed for this study and performed on the six top species resulting from the first ranking list. For the second selection, experimental data on phytonutrients were expressed as metabolite production per day per square meter.Results and discussionIn the final ranking list radish and savoy cabbage resulted with the highest scores based on their productivity and phytonutrient profile. Overall, the algorithm with prioritization criteria allowed us to objectively compare candidate species and obtain a ranking list based on the combination of numerous parameters measured in the different species. This method can be also adapted to new species, parameters, or re-prioritizing the parameters for specific selection purposes.

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Raphanus Sativus Linne herbal mixture (SRE) is a Chinese herbal medicine. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SRE as an active ingredient for 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) and to predict the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and involved pathways using network pharmacological analysis. Treatment with SRE accelerated the development of AD-like lesions, improving thickness and edema of the epidermis. Moreover, administering the SRE to AD-like mice suppressed immunoglobulin E and interleukin-4 cytokine and reduced T lymphocyte differentiation. In silico, network analysis was used to predict the exact genes, proteins, and pathways responsible for the therapeutic effect of the SRE against DNCB-induced AD. These results indicated that the SRE exerted protective effects on the DNCB-induced AD-like model by attenuating histopathological changes and suppressing the levels of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, the SRE can potentially be a new remedy for improving AD and other inflammatory diseases and predicting the intracellular signaling pathways and target genes involved. This therapeutic effect of the SRE on AD can be used to treat DNCB-induced AD and its associated symptoms.

Repeated exposure to pathogens leads to evolutionary selection of adaptive traits. Many species transfer immunological memory to their offspring to counteract future immune challenges. Transfer factors such as those found in the colostrum are among the many mechanisms where transfer of immunologic memory from one generation to the next can be achieved for an enhanced immune response. Here, a library of 100 plants with high protein contents was screened to find plant-based proteins that behave like a transfer factor moiety to boost human immunity. Aqueous extracts from candidate plants were tested in a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytotoxicity assay using human cancerous lymphoblast cells—with K562 cells as a target and natural killer cells as an effector. Plant extracts that caused PBMCs to exhibit enhanced killing beyond the capability of the colostrum-based transfer factor were considered hits. Primary screening yielded an 11% hit rate. The protein contents of these hits were tested via a Bradford assay and Coomassie-stained SDS-PAGE, where three extracts were confirmed to have high protein contents. Plants with high protein contents underwent C18 column fractionation using methanol gradients followed by membrane ultrafiltration to isolate protein fractions with molecular weights of 30 kDa. It was found that the 3–30 kDa and >30 kDa fractions had high activity in the PBMC cytotoxicity assay. The 3–30 kDa ultrafiltrates from the top two hits, seeds from Raphanus sativus and Brassica juncea, were then selected for protein identification by mass spectrometry. The majority of the proteins in the fractions were found to be seed storage proteins, with a low abundance of proteins involved in plant defense and stress response. These findings suggest that Raphanus sativus or Brassica juncea extracts could be considered for further characterization and immune functional exploration with a possibility of supplemental use to bolster recipients’ immune response.

O uso de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas é o método mais empregado pela eficácia, rapidez e menor custo, porém poucos são os produtos registrados à cultura da canola. Diante disso, objetivou-se com os trabalhos avaliar a seletividade (ensaio I) e a eficácia (ensaio II) de herbicidas aplicados de modo isolado ou associados em pré e pós-emergência da canola para o controle de plantas daninhas. Os experimentos foram instalados em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Em pré-emergência aplicou-se os herbicidas oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, flumiozaxin, trifluralin e em pós-emergência o fluazifop-p-butil, mais as testemunhas capinada e infestada. Foram avaliadas a fitotoxicidade e as características fisiológicas no ensaio de seletividade, e o controle das plantas daninhas nabo, azevém e aveia preta no experimento de eficácia. Nos dois experimentos determinou-se os números de síliquas por planta, de grãos por síliqua, densidade de plantas, massa de mil grãos e a produtividade de grãos. O oxyfluorfen aplicado em isolado ou associado ao fluazifop-p-butil ocasionou as maiores fitotoxicidades ao híbrido de canola Diamond. As menores fitotoxicidades foram observadas para o pendimethalin e ao fluazifop-p-butil aplicados em isolado ou associados. Todos os herbicidas testados causaram estresse na concentração interna de CO2, transpiração, condutância estomática, atividade fotossintética, eficiência do uso da água e de carboxilação. O flumioxazin e o fluazifop-p-butil aplicados em pré e pós-emergência da canola apresentaram os melhores resultados para os componentes de rendimento de grãos da cultura, especialmente maior produtividade, juntamente com a testemunha capinada no ensaio de seletividade. Nenhum dos tratamentos com herbicidas controlaram adequadamente o nabo (experimento 2), e a presença desta planta daninha afetou negativamente os componentes de rendimento de grãos da canola. O fluazifop-p-butil aplicado em isolado ou associado ao oxifluorfen, pendimethalin, flumioxazin e trifluralin apresentaram os melhores controles de azevém e aveia preta.

Taproot cracking, a severe and common physiological disorder, markedly reduces radish yield and commercial value. Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) plays a pivotal role in various plant developmental processes; however, its function in radish taproot cracking remains largely unknown. Here, 37 RsCDPK gene members were identified from the long-read radish genome “QZ-16”. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CDPK members in radish, tomato, and Arabidopsis were clustered into four groups. Additionally, synteny analysis identified 13 segmental duplication events in the RsCDPK genes. Analysis of paraffin-embedded sections showed that the density and arrangement of fleshy taproot cortex cells are important factors that affect radish cracking. Transcriptome sequencing of the fleshy taproot cortex revealed 5755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (3252 upregulated and 2503 downregulated) between non-cracking radish “HongYun” and cracking radish “505”. These DEGs were significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant–pathogen interaction KEGG pathways. Furthermore, when comparing the 37 RsCDPK gene family members and RNA-seq DEGs, we identified six RsCDPK genes related to taproot cracking in radish. Soybean hairy root transformation experiments showed that RsCDPK21 significantly and positively regulates root length development. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between radish taproot cracking and RsCDPK gene function.

This study was carried out in field of Sulimani Polytechnic University, Halabja Technical College of Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture Project Management, in 2021-2022 to test of different types of peat moss (Latvia, Iraq, Turkish, Germany, and Holland), and various level of peat moss (0,2.5, and 5 percent) on the growth and yield of radish plant (Raphanus sativus). This experiment was designed complied random block design (RCBD), with fifteen treatments and three replications. As results, the morphological properties (chlorophyll, leave tall, leave weight before and after dry, root tall, root diameter, root weight before and after dry, root and leaves dry, root and leaves water content) showed that the statistically not significant different between treatments. However, the highest chlorophyll was taken from treatment Iraq+ level 5 percent (23.967). Also, the highest leave tall, leave weight before dry, root dimeter, root tall, and root weight before and after dry was obtained from treatment that consist of Germany peat moss + level 5 percent (18.4 cm, 22.2 g, 8.4 cm, 39.157 mm, 58.433 g, 2.333 g) respectively. Also, the maximum of leaves weight (g) after dry was obtained from the treatment of Holland peat moss + level 5 percent (2,6 g). Furthermore, the interaction between treatment showed statically not significant different between them. Thus, application of peat moss is important to cultivation of radish and organic crop production. Even so, recommendation to the farm and scientist to use higher level that the level used in this study.

Plasmodiophora brassicae causes a serious threat to cruciferous plants including radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Knowledge on the pathogenic regularity and molecular mechanism of P. brassicae and radish is limited, especially on the metabolism level. In the present study, clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars were inoculated with P. brassicae Race 4, root hairs initial infection of resting spores (107 CFU/mL) at 24 h post-inoculation and root galls symptom arising at cortex splitting stage were identified on both cultivars. Root samples of cortex splitting stage of two cultivars were collected and used for untargeted metabonomic analysis. We demonstrated changes in metabolite regulation and pathways during the cortex splitting stage of diseased roots between clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars using untargeted metabonomic analysis. We identified a larger number of differentially regulated metabolites and heavier metabolite profile changes in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant counterpart. The metabolites that were differentially regulated in both cultivars were mostly lipids and lipid-like molecules. Significantly regulated metabolites and pathways according to the P value and variable important in projection score were identified. Moreover, four compounds, including ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, imipenem, ginsenoside Rg1, and 6-gingerol, were selected, and their anti-P. brassicae ability and effects on seedling growth were verified on the susceptible cultivar. Except for ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, the remaining could inhibit clubroot development of varing degree. The use of 5 mg/L ginsenoside Rg1 + 5 mg/L 6-gingerol resulted in the lowest disease incidence and disease index among all treatments and enhanced seedling growth. The regulation of pathways or metabolites of carbapenem and ginsenoside was further explored. The results provide a preliminary understanding of the interaction between radish and P. brassicae at the metabolism level, as well as the development of measures for preventing clubroot.

The allelopathic potential of classical energy crops (Panicum virgatum L., Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench, hybrids ‘Zubr’ and ‘Medovyi’) was studied by the energy of germination of biotesters’ seeds and their biometric parameters, as well as the selection of sensitive biotesters and test traits. Secale cereale L. and Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula Pers. were used as biotesters. The selectivity of secretions action has been proven – the aqueous extracts from the same energy plant caused different reactions in acceptor plants. The obtained results indirectly indicate the allelopathic potential of energy crops P. virgatum and S. saccharatum. A decrease in the germination energy of the biotester R. sativus var. radicula seeds as well as reduction of underground and aboveground parts of both R. sativus var. radicula and S. cereale were observed under the effect of aqueous extracts of studied energy crops. In order to confirm an allelopathic potential of energy crops, using multiple test signs of different biotesters is suggested.

Gastric ulcers can be caused by active inflammation due to impaired mucosal integrity, which causes local or widespread lesions. Gastric ulcers can occur due to the use of ethanol, which has a local effect on the gastric. Therefore, the continuous consumption of ethanol can damage gastric cells. Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus contain flavonoids, which are well-known to reduce stomach acid as a curative agent. The objective of this study is to see the effect of Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus juice as a preventive agent on alcohol-induced gastric ulcers in mice (Mus musculus). A combination of Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus was given at a dose of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kgBW. Specifically, Raphanus sativus was given at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, Pachyrhizus erosus at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, and positive control was included using sucralfate. The treatment was carried out for 12 days, and 1 hour after the last day of treatment, 20 ml/kgBW of ethanol induction was given 24 hours after the animals were dissected. The results showed that the index value of gastric ulcers in the normal group, negative control, and the combination of Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus juice given orally at a dose of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kgBW (Raphanus sativus at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, Pachyrhizus erosus at a dose of 300 mg/kgBW, and sucralfate as positive control) were 0; 4.00; 1.00; 1.33; 2.33; 2.67; 0 and 2.00. The results of the histopathological analysis also showed improvement in the gastric of mice fed with Pachyrhizus erosus juice. Therefore, it is inferred that treatment using Raphanus sativus and Pachyrhizus erosus juice can reduce the number of ulcers, increase ratio protection, and repair the cells in gastric histopathology. Additionally, giving a single dose of Pachyrhizus erosus juice results in a more significant gastric improvement.

This study investigated the degradation characteristics and conducted a risk assessment of four pesticides (Diniconazole, Dinotefuran, Metconazole, and Tebuconazole) in the leaves and roots of radish. Radish was cultivated in two greenhouse fields, and samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after pesticide application. Sample analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS, and the recovery rates ranged from 70.1% to 118.6%. The biological half-life of Diniconazole was found to be 6.2 days (leaf and root), Dinotefuran was 5.3 days (leaf) and 4.6 days (root), Metconazole was 9.3 days (leaf) and 3.2 days (root), and Tebuconazole was 8.0 days (leaf) and 5.1 days (root). After comparing the maximum residue limits (MRL) of each pesticide in Korea with the residues during the pre-harvest interval (PHI), Diniconazole showed a Hazard quotient (HQ) exceeding 1, indicating potential risks for true consumers. Furthermore, Tebuconazole showed an HQ of 0.3 or higher, indicating a significant level of risk.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) greens are consumed as a source of nutrition, and their polysaccharides such as rhamnogalacturonan-I possess certain beneficial properties. This study investigated the prebiotic effects of a radish green polysaccharide (RGP) on gut health and obesity. The prebiotic activity of RGP was evaluated based on the pH changes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration. The results showed that 0.5% RGP had a higher prebiotic activity score than inulin and increased SCFAs production in all five prebiotic strains. Moreover, RGP inhibited fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating its potential to reduce obesity. Overall, these findings suggested that the polysaccharide of radish greens has prebiotic effects and may serve as a beneficial prebiotic for gut health and obesity.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important Brassicaceous vegetable crop that is cultivated worldwide. The taste of radish can be described as pungent, sweet, and crisp. At present, the metabolic characteristics leading to differences in radish taste remain unclear, due to the lack of large-scale detection and identification of radish metabolites. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolome analysis was performed on the taproots of eight radish landraces. We identified a total of 938 metabolites, and each landrace exhibited a specific metabolic profile, making it unique in flavor and quality. Our results show that taste differences among the taproots of different radish landraces can be explained by changes in composition and abundance of glucosinolates, polyphenols, carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, and lipids. This study reveals the potential metabolic causes of variation in the taste and flavor of radish taproots.

The nutrient contents of Raphanus sativus L. (white radish) leaves (RSLs) and roots are known to have promising vital effects. We comparatively investigated the leaves and roots of R. sativus grown in Saudi Arabia to estimate the total phenol and flavonoid contents using the standard colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity of RSLs and R. sativus roots (RSRs) were measured by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Both extracts’ cytotoxic activity was assessed by MTT assay against several human cancer cell lines (A549, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7). High-performance thin-layer chromatography was used to identify and quantify the biomarker compound rutin in both extracts. The total phenolic content in RSLs (125.3 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g) was higher than that in roots (95.8 of GAE/g), whereas the flavonoid content (44.5 mg of quercetin equivalent [QE]/g) was almost double compared in RSR extract (24.4 of QE/g). Similarly, RSLs exhibited a higher antioxidative activity than RSRs in both DPPH (IC50 216.8 vs 359.7 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 326.7 vs 549 µg/mL) models. RSLs also demonstrated the highest antiproliferative efficiency against all cell lines, with IC50 values of 217–453 µg/mL. The reversed-phase-high-performance thin-layer chromatography results showed the presence of rutin (5.2 µg/mg) only in RSLs. Our study indicates RSLs as a promising source of bioactive compounds compared with roots.

Anthocyanin and peroxidase (POD) are important active compounds in Chinese red radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The effects of exogenous sucrose, mixture of fructose and glucose (F/G 1:1), and mannose on anthocyanin accumulation and POD activity were investigated in hypocotyls and roots of red radish seedlings. Sucrose was most effective in inducing anthocyanin accumulation and POD activity in both organs, followed by F/G; mannose caused only a little increase of anthocyanin content and POD activity in hypocotyls, but a decrease in roots. The distribution of anthocyanin accumulation was different between hypocotyls and roots in the presence or absence of sucrose. Anthocyanin was clearly induced in root tips and cortex under exogenous sucrose. Accumulation of anthocyanin was closely correlated to the increase of endogenous sucrose content rather than glucose or fructose content. Sucrose significantly induced the expressions of late anthocyanin biosynthetic genes by up-regulating Raphanus sativus myeloblastosis 1 and Raphanus sativus transparent testa 8 in both organs. The POD activity significantly increased following the remarkable accumulation of anthocyanin in hypocotyls under exogenous sucrose, which may be partially required for anthocyanin oxidation. In roots, the high POD activity might lead to a low anthocyanin content by degrading anthocyanin and diverting the metabolic flux to lignin synthesis.

Our study presents the investigation of the inhibitive performances of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) and Raphanus sativus (radish) hydroalcoholic leaves extracts on mild steel corrosion in acidic environments. The spinach and radish leaves extracts were obtained under green conditions (microwave assisted extraction and ethanol as biodegradable solvent). The extracts were added in the corrosive solutions at a concentration of 0.5 g·L-1. The inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4 solution by the plant extracts has been studied using the weight loss method. Both extracts inhibit steel corrosion in 0.1 M H2SO4, but Raphanus sativus extract proved slightly higher corrosion inhibition efficiency (78 %) than Spinacia oleracea the extract (75 %).

This paper presents a simple, ecofriendly, robust and inexpensive method for the preparation of radish (Raphanus sativus) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) extracts that are destined to be tested as green corrosion inhibitors. The obtained extracts proved to be stable in the corrosive media as no significant changes could be observed on the HPLC profile, nor on the UV and FTIR spectra of the extracts solubilized in either the acidic, alkaline or saline media.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of Raphanus sativus to the application of the herbicide tepraloxydim by analyzing photosynthetic and biometric characteristics of the plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and treatments were instituted when the plants had five expanded leaves. The herbicide tepraloxydim was applied at doses of 0, 75, 100, and 125 g of active ingredient per hectare (g a.i. ha-1). The herbicide dose of 125 g a.i. ha-1 led to a small decrease in the photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, effective quantum yield of PSII, rate of electron transport, and the concentration of chloroplastidic pigments in the leaves of R. sativus. On the other hand, there was a small increase in CO2 concentration in the substomatal chamber. The number of branches, leaves, flowers, plant height and dry mass of the stem and flowers were reduced more prominently in response to herbicide doses than the photosynthetic characteristics. Therefore, treatment with tepraloxydim inhibits the growth and formation of the leaves, branches and flowers of R. sativus at the stage of development analyzed. However, doses of 75, and 100 g a.i. ha-1 neither compromise the photosynthetic apparatus nor the stability of cell membranes.

Over the recent years the market demand for scaling up the production of European radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties and hybrids for open and protected production, varying in ripeness group, root shape and color, has drastically increased. Therefore, the expansion of genetic diversity and acceleration of the selection process are important. Doubled haploid technology considerably curtails the time required for creation of homozygous constant parental cell lines when in vitro microspore culture is used as the most promising method. For the first time, we were able to realize the full production cycle of DH plants of European radish by in vitro microspore culture up to inclusion of the produced material into the selection process. We have selected: preferable flower bud size, heat shock parameters, induction and regeneration media. It was revealed that linear length on the flower buds with the best possible stage of microspore development is genotype-specific: the flower bud length 2.8-3.3 mm is optimal for accessions of Rhodes and 3.7-4.2 mm is optimal for accessions of Teplichny Gribovsky. Heat shock at 32 °C for 48 hours is the most suitable for most genotypes. For the first time Murashige and Skoog based culture medium has been used for embryogenesis induction, and a major dependence of embryogenesis induction on the genotype x medium interaction was found. At regeneration and tiller stage it is advisable to add 1 mg/mL of benzylaminopurine and 0.1 mg/L of gibberellic acid to the medium, and rotting of micro-sprouts is performed with the use of hormone-free medium. Analysis of the produced regenerant plants by chromosome count and cell nucleus flow cytometry showed that 69 % of plants have a diploid chromosome set, 9 % have a haploid chromosome set, and 22 % have mixoploids and aneu-ploids chromosome sets. The seed progeny from doubled haploids and mixoploids were obtained by self-pollination, where all R1 plants had a doubled set of chromosomes. This study launches the development of an efficient method of radish doubled haploid production to be used in the selection process.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the anti-termitic potential of four common plant species, namely, Zingiber officinale, Raphanus sativus, Rosa indica, and Aloe vera. The worker and soldier cast of Heterotermes indicola were collected from Populus euramericana, old tree, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. The extracts of plant species were prepared using Soxhlet Extractor. HR 2118 Philips grinder was used to crush the dried plant material into fine powder. Different concentrations were prepared and 0.5 ml of each concentration was poured on the filter paper and placed in the petri plate (arena). In laboratory bioassay, fifty active workers and five soldiers of H. indicola were added into each arena. The biological activity of ethanolic extracts of these plants was evaluated after 24 h and upto 96 h. The ethanol extract of Z. officinale caused the highest mortality (100%), while the lowest mortality (68%) was observed in R. indica extract. The LT50 for Z. officinale were 24.34, 40.40 and 64.7 h, for the concentrations of 10%, 5% and 3%, respectively. The findings suggested that these plant extracts can provide environmental friendly management of H. indicola. In A. vera, significant mortality was observed against H. indicola, that is, 94%, 64% and 44% on the exposure of 10%, 5% and 3% concentrations, respectively. While, LT50 were 34.66, 65.59, and 100.1 hours against 10%, 5% and 3% concentrations, respectively. In R. sativus, the mortality of H. indicola was 76%, 50% and 30%, while LT50 against them was 59.10, 86.20, and 127.3 h, against the concentrations of 10%, 5% and 3%, respectively. Lowest mortality was observed in R. indica, that is, 68%, 44% and 30%, while LT50 were 64.17, 94.58 and 125.5 h at the concentrations of 10%, 5% and 3%, respectively. This study reports that the extracts of Z. officinale, A. vera and R. Sativus have the potential to be used for termite control, especially against H. indicola, in order to minimize the damage caused by it. Keywords: Aloe vera, Heterotermes indicola, LT50, Raphanus sativus, Zingiber officinale Copyright(c) The Author

Greenhouse experiment is carried out to explore the outcome of γ-radiation on physiological and genetic variation in red radish (Raphanus sativus) for two generations. Gamma rays from 60Co were used to penetrate red radish seeds with different dose levels (0.0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 Gy). Plants generated from irradiated seeds and from self-pollination of these plants, called M1 and M2 generations, respectively. Some morphological and physiological traits were then determined, and the genetic diversity of both generations was studied using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) and Conserved DNA-Derived Polymorphism (CDDP) molecular markers. All studied morphological traits (number of leaves/plants, leave height, root diameter, and root weight) were steadily improved by raising irradiation dose rate, reaching a cumulative raise at the irradiation doe level 40 Gy and decreased at dose level 80 Gy. Photosynthetic pigments of red radish plants released a notable increase by increasing gamma rays dose level for chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b) and carotenoids for 40 Gy dose rate. Proline content was elevated proportionally to the irradiation dose level, with the greatest increase seen at dose level of 80 Gy. Moreover, phytochemical screening was detected for the both two generations. Fourteen SCoT primers generated a total number of banding patterns of 194 with average 13.86 and the primer SCoT-33 released the highest number banding patterns (21). The percentage mean of polymorphism for all the SCoT primers was 74.66% and was 66.49 and 63.74% for M1 and M2 respectively. Furthermore, fifteen CDDP primers generated a total number of banding patterns of 186 and the primer CDDP-5 relieved the highest number of banding patterns (20). The percentage mean of polymorphism for all the CDDP primers was 73.41% and was 64.38 and 65.91% for M1 and M2 respectively. It could be concluded that gamma irradiation exhibited an appropriate variation in red radish M1 and M2 which was detected by SCoT and CDDP molecular markers.

Fusarium graminearum is the most important causal agent of head blight in wheat, and stalk and ear rot in maize. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of incorporation of Brassicaceae cover crops on Fusarium graminearum in a wheat-maize rotation. Five species belonging to Brassicaceae (Brassica juncea, Eruca sativa, Raphanus sativus, B. carinata, B. oleracea var. caulorapa L.) were used in the field experiment to investigate their potential to suppress F. graminearum inoculum in soil, disease incidence in maize and to reduce subsequent mycotoxin contamination in maize. Brassica juncea was found to contain the highest glucosinolate concentration in shoots (31 µmol g−1). Severity of ear rot and stalk rot in maize was not significantly reduced in the amended plots. Incorporation of R. sativus ‘Terranova’ significantly decreased the amount of F. graminearum DNA by 58% compared with the cultivated fallow treatment, however the DNA concentration was not significantly different to fallow uncultivated. Fusarium graminearum DNA and deoxynivalenol in maize was 50% lower after incorporation of B. oleracea var. caulorapa L. compared to after fallow treatment but the difference was not significant. The brassica crops used in the present field experiment were not effective in suppressing F. graminearum, therefore further studies to optimise the current approach are recommended.

Pickled radish (Raphanus sativus) is a traditional Asian ingredient, but the traditional method takes decades to make this product. To optimize such a process, this study compared the saponin content of pickled radishes with different thermal processing and traditional processes (production time of 7 days, 10 years, and 20 years) and evaluated the effects of different thermal processes on the formation of radish saponin through kinetics study and mass spectrometry. The results showed that increasing the pickling time enhanced the formation of saponin in commercial pickled radishes (25 °C, 7 days, 6.50 ± 1.46 mg g−1; 3650 days, 23.11 ± 1.22 mg g−1), but these increases were lower than those induced by thermal processing (70 °C 30 days 24.24 ± 1.01 mg g−1). However, it was found that the pickling time of more than 10 years and the processing temperature of more than 80 °C reduce the saponin content. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that the major saponin in untreated radish was Tupistroside G, whereas treated samples contained Asparagoside A and Timosaponin A1. Moreover, this study elucidated the chemical structure of saponins in TPR. The findings indicated that thermal treatment could induce functional saponin conversion in plants, and such a mechanism can also be used to improve the health efficacy of plant-based crops.

Fusarium graminearum is a globally important cereal pathogen, causing head blight in wheat, resulting in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Currently, triazole fungicides are used to suppress Fusarium graminearum, however, the declining effectiveness of triazoles and concerns over the safety of pesticides have led to the pursuit of safe alternative crop protection strategies such as biofumigation. In the present study, species belonging to Brassicaceae (Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus, Eruca sativa) were assessed for their biofumigation potential against F. graminearum and the glucosinolate profile of the brassicas was determined. In Petri dishes, mycelial plugs of Fusarium graminearum were exposed to frozen/defrosted leaf discs of brassicas collected at early-leaf, stem-extension, and early-bud stages. Additionally, F. graminearum inoculum was incubated in soil amended with chopped tissues of brassicas in a closed jar experiment. Glucosinolate analysis of the leaf tissue of brassicas revealed that the total glucosinolate concentration of B. juncea ‘Brons’ increased with advancing growth stage (24.5–51.9 µmol g−1). Brassica juncea leaf discs were effective against mycelial growth, while the sinigrin content in the leaf tissue corresponded to the level of suppression. At the stem-extension and early-bud stages, B. juncea ‘Brons’ showed 87–90% suppression with four leaf discs, and 100% suppression with eight leaf discs. Brassica juncea ‘Caliente Rojo’ leaf discs collected at the stem-extension stage showed 94% inhibition with eight discs. In the closed jar experiment, each brassica species significantly suppressed F. graminearum inoculum by 41–55%. The findings suggest that the brassica species investigated in the present study could be effective in reducing the inoculum of F. graminearum in soil prior to cereal production.

Radish is a short cycle horticultural product from family Brassicaceae. Between the insects found on radish leaves, potato green aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) is one of the main pests of this culture, causing economic damage. Synthetic fertilizers used in conventional crops can promote changes in the pattern of amino acids in plants, leading to a higher insect damage. The source of fertilization is one of the factors that could influence in the incidence of pests. The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of potato green aphid and other pests on radish plants grown with different doses of organic fertilizer. The experiment was carried under semi-field conditions, in Fortaleza (Ceará State). A completely randomized design was used, with six replicates. The treatments consisted of five doses of organic compost (0; 45; 60; 75; 90 t.ha-1). For the population survey of pests and natural enemies, counts were made in three evaluations (7, 14 and 21 days after sowing). The counting data were subjected to deviance analysis using a generalized linear model (GLM). It was observed significant differences in the number of adults M. persicae in the treatments of 75 and 90 t.ha-1. Presence of leafminer (Lyriomiza sp.) was observed on plants without and with the lower doses of organic fertilizer. Even using organic fertilizers that promote a slower liberation of nutrients, high incidence of pests (Mainly M. persicae) was observed on radish plants.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of efficient microorganisms (EM) on the productive performance of lettuce and radish. The experiment was carried out in an organoponic culture in the municipality of Matanzas, Cuba, from December 2017 to January 2018. Five treatments were studied: control (0), EM 8 mL m-2 at 0 days after the transplant (DAT) (EM 8-0), EM 8 mL m-2 at 15 DAT (EM 8-15), EM 10 mL m-2 at 0 DAT (EM 10-0), and EM 10 mL m-2 at 15 DAT (EM 10-15). A randomized complete block design was set with four replications per treatment. An ANOVA was applied to perform the statistical data analysis, and the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P

ABSTRACT In radish production, the choice of proper genotypes and irrigation regime is of great importance to achieve success. In light of this, the current study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of a few radish genotypes under different irrigation strategies. The plants were grown in the city of Unaí - MG, in Brazil, under field conditions, and during two cycles, one of 40 days (from February 28 to April 8, 2015) and other of 51 days (from May 9 to June 28, 2015). The experimental design was a randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement with four replications. The treatments consisted of four irrigation strategies (50, 75, 100, and 125% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc) applied by a dripping irrigation system, while subplots consisted of three radish cultivars (Comet, Saxa, and Crimson Giant). We evaluated the following parameters: root system depth, leaf chlorophyll content, shoot fresh matter, diameter and length of tuberous root, number, and mass of commercial and non-commercial tuberous roots, and water use efficiency. All the radish genotypes showed no differences for agronomic characteristics. Under Brazilian Cerrado conditions, the most suitable irrigation strategy for radish crops is 100% of ETc.

In order to assess the effects of green synthesized nanoparticles (GNPs) of Zn and Fe oxides on plant growth traits, photosynthetic capacity and nutritional quality of red radish (cv. Champion), two open field experiments were organised based on RCBD with four replicates. Treatments included: chicken manure, foliar application of ZnO + FeO (GNPs at a rate of 60 and 50 ppm, respectively), chicken manure plus ZnO + FeO (GNPs). This study revealed that growth and yield of radish plants significantly increased by ZnO + FeO nanoparticles application. The maximum vegetative growth, leaf pigments and root quality (diameter and weight) were recorded in plants treated with ZnO + FeO (GNPs) alone or in combination with chicken manure. Furthermore, the combined application of chicken manure with ZnO and FeO significantly improved the concentration of anthocyanins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, crude protein and carbohydrates contents in radish root than single treatment. Similar trends were noted in photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency and values of Zn and Fe contents. In addition, health risk index for Zn and Fe were less than 1, which indicated to red radish plants supplied with ZnO and FeO GNPs were free of risks on human health. It was concluded that combination between chicken manure and ZnO + FeO GNPs can be considered as appropriate strategy for improving yield and nutritional status of red radish.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to establish equations to estimate leaf area (LA) using length (L), width (W), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), length × width (L×W), width/length (W/L) of cress leaves as a leafy vegetable and radish leaves as a root vegetable. Research method: An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions to study the relationship between leaf dimension and weight with LA of these two vegetable plants. Observed LA was obtained by an automatic measuring device and leaf dimensions were measured by a ruler. Regression analyses of LA versus L, W, FW, DW, L×W and W/L led several models that could be used for estimating the area of individual cress and radish leaves. Findings: A linear model employing FW as an independent variable [LA=0.295 (Fresh W.)+ 1.430] resulted the most accurate estimate (R2 = 0.912, RMSE = 1.52) of cress LA. For radish, a linear model using W as an independent variable [LA=22.50 (W) + 7.46] showed the most accuracy (R2 = 0.874, RMSE = 11.26) for estimating LA. Validation of the regression models showed that the correlation between measured and simulated values using these equations was quite acceptable for radish and cress (R2 = 0.922, 0.876), respectively. Research limitations: Evaluation of more leafy vegetables possibly had better results. Originality/Value: The results showed that cress and radish LA could be monitored quickly, accurately, and non-destructively by using the leaf FW and leaf W models, respectively.

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are one of the most widely used metal oxide nanoparticles in biological applications because of their outstanding biocompatibility, affordability, and low toxicity. In biomedicine, ZnONPs have shown promise, particularly in the disciplines of anticancer and antibacterial fields. In comparison to other standard synthesis methods, the environmentally-friendly synthesis of metallic nanoparticles utilizing various plant extracts is a good option. The current research focuses on the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) from R. sativus leaf extract under various physical conditions (Precipitation method). Analytical methods were used to confirm and characterize the produced ZnONPs. The spherical nature of the produced nanoparticles was established by SEM analysis. The generation of very pure ZnONPs was confirmed by EDS data. The crystalline nature of the produced nanoparticles, with a particle size of 66.47 nm, was confirmed by XRD. The XRD graphs’ presence of the (100), (002), and (101) planes strongly suggest the production of wurtzite ZnO. The visual and infrared area exhibits transmissions of 84 percent in the pH 10 nanoparticles. The band gap of the nanoparticles increases from 3.34 to 3.38 eV when the pH increases. These nanoparticles were effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of several process parameters such as pH and temperature were investigated, and the best conditions were discovered to be pH 12 and 80 °C, respectively. The effect of ZnONPs was tested with human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and they showed significant cytotoxic results. Collectively, our data suggest that ZnONPs of R. sativus leaf extract inhibit breast cancer cell lines. The ZnONPs are, therefore, a prospective source of chemopreventive drugs that merit additional exploration in order to uncover lead compounds with cancer chemotherapeutic potential.

The CLE41 peptide, like all other TRACHEARY ELEMENT DIFFERENTIATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (TDIF) family CLE peptides, promotes cell division in (pro-)cambium vascular meristem and prevents xylem differentiation. In this work, we analyzed the differential gene expression in the radish primary-growing P35S:RsCLE41-1 roots using the RNA-seq. Our analysis of transcriptomic data revealed a total of 62 differentially expressed genes between transgenic radish roots overexpressing the RsCLE41-1 gene and the glucuronidase (GUS) gene. For genes associated with late embryogenesis, response to abscisic acid and auxin-dependent xylem cell fate determination, an increase in the expression in P35S:RsCLE41-1 roots was found. Among those downregulated, stress-associated genes prevailed. Moreover, several genes involved in xylem specification were also downregulated in the roots with RsCLE41-1 overexpression. Unexpectedly, none of the well-known targets of TDIFs, such as WOX4 and WOX14, were identified as DEGs in our experiment. Herein, we discuss a suggestion that the activation of pathways associated with desiccation resistance, which are more characteristic of late embryogenesis, in roots with RsCLE41-overexpression may be a consequence of water deficiency onset due to impaired vascular specification.