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Abstract Background To unravel the evolutionary history of a complex group, a comprehensive reconstruction of its phylogenetic relationships is crucial. This requires meticulous taxon sampling and careful consideration of multiple characters to ensure a complete and accurate reconstruction. The phylogenetic position of the Orestias genus has been estimated partly on unavailable or incomplete information. As a consequence, it was assigned to the family Cyprindontidae, relating this Andean fish to other geographically distant genera distributed in the Mediterranean, Middle East and North and Central America. In this study, using complete genome sequencing, we aim to clarify the phylogenetic position of Orestias within the Cyprinodontiformes order. Results We sequenced the genome of three Orestias species from the Andean Altiplano. Our analysis revealed that the small genome size in this genus (~ 0.7 Gb) was caused by a contraction in transposable element (TE) content, particularly in DNA elements and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Using predicted gene sequences, we generated a phylogenetic tree of Cyprinodontiformes using 902 orthologs extracted from all 32 available genomes as well as three outgroup species. We complemented this analysis with a phylogenetic reconstruction and time calibration considering 12 molecular markers (eight nuclear and four mitochondrial genes) and a stratified taxon sampling to consider 198 species of nearly all families and genera of this order. Overall, our results show that phylogenetic closeness is directly related to geographical distance. Importantly, we found that Orestias is not part of the Cyprinodontidae family, and that it is more closely related to the South American fish fauna, being the Fluviphylacidae the closest sister group. Conclusions The evolutionary history of the Orestias genus is linked to the South American ichthyofauna and it should no longer be considered a member of the Cyprinodontidae family. Instead, we submit that Orestias belongs to the Orestiidae family, as suggested by Freyhof et al. (2017), and that it is the sister group of the Fluviphylacidae family, distributed in the Amazonian and Orinoco basins. These two groups likely diverged during the Late Eocene concomitant with hydrogeological changes in the South American landscape.

A novel MADS-box transcription factor from Pinus radiata D. Don was characterized. PrMADS11 encodes a protein of 165 amino acids for a MADS-box transcription factor belonging to group II, related to the MIKC protein structure. PrMADS11 was differentially expressed in the stems of pine trees in response to 45° inclination at early times (1 h). Arabidopsis thaliana was stably transformed with a 35S::PrMADS11 construct in an effort to identify the putative targets of PrMADS11. A massive transcriptome analysis revealed 947 differentially expressed genes: 498 genes were up-regulated, and 449 genes were down-regulated due to the over-expression of PrMADS11. The gene ontology analysis highlighted a cell wall remodeling function among the differentially expressed genes, suggesting the active participation of cell wall modification required during the response to vertical stem loss. In addition, the phenylpropanoid pathway was also indicated as a PrMADS11 target, displaying a marked increment in the expression of the genes driven to the biosynthesis of monolignols. The EMSA assays confirmed that PrMADS11 interacts with CArG-box sequences. This TF modulates the gene expression of several molecular pathways, including other TFs, as well as the genes involved in cell wall remodeling. The increment in the lignin content and the genes involved in cell wall dynamics could be an indication of the key role of PrMADS11 in the response to trunk inclination.

Abstract Background Soil microorganisms are in constant interaction with plants, and these interactions shape the composition of soil bacterial communities by modifying their environment. However, little is known about the relationship between microorganisms and native plants present in extreme environments that are not affected by human intervention. Using high-throughput sequencing in combination with random forest and co-occurrence network analyses, we compared soil bacterial communities inhabiting the rhizosphere surrounding soil (RSS) and the corresponding bulk soil (BS) of 21 native plant species organized into three vegetation belts along the altitudinal gradient (2400–4500 m a.s.l.) of the Talabre–Lejía transect (TLT) in the slopes of the Andes in the Atacama Desert. We assessed how each plant community influenced the taxa, potential functions, and ecological interactions of the soil bacterial communities in this extreme natural ecosystem. We tested the ability of the stress gradient hypothesis, which predicts that positive species interactions become increasingly important as stressful conditions increase, to explain the interactions among members of TLT soil microbial communities. Results Our comparison of RSS and BS compartments along the TLT provided evidence of plant-specific microbial community composition in the RSS and showed that bacterial communities modify their ecological interactions, in particular, their positive:negative connection ratios in the presence of plant roots at each vegetation belt. We also identified the taxa driving the transition of the BS to the RSS, which appear to be indicators of key host-microbial relationships in the rhizosphere of plants in response to different abiotic conditions. Finally, the potential functions of the bacterial communities also diverge between the BS and the RSS compartments, particularly in the extreme and harshest belts of the TLT. Conclusions In this study, we identified taxa of bacterial communities that establish species-specific relationships with native plants and showed that over a gradient of changing abiotic conditions, these relationships may also be plant community specific. These findings also reveal that the interactions among members of the soil microbial communities do not support the stress gradient hypothesis. However, through the RSS compartment, each plant community appears to moderate the abiotic stress gradient and increase the efficiency of the soil microbial community, suggesting that positive interactions may be context dependent.

Abstract Background Despite representing the largest fraction of animal life, the number of insect species whose genome has been sequenced is barely in the hundreds. The order Dermaptera (the earwigs) suffers from a lack of genomic information despite its unique position as one of the basally derived insect groups and its importance in agroecosystems. As part of a national educational and outreach program in genomics, a plan was formulated to engage the participation of high school students in a genome sequencing project. Students from twelve schools across Chile were instructed to capture earwig specimens in their geographical area, to identify them and to provide material for genome sequencing to be carried out by themselves in their schools. Results The school students collected specimens from two cosmopolitan earwig species: Euborellia annulipes (Fam. Anisolabididae) and Forficula auricularia (Fam. Forficulidae). Genomic DNA was extracted and, with the help of scientific teams that traveled to the schools, was sequenced using nanopore sequencers. The sequence data obtained for both species was assembled and annotated. We obtained genome sizes of 1.18 Gb (F. auricularia) and 0.94 Gb (E. annulipes) with the number of predicted protein coding genes being 31,800 and 40,000, respectively. Our analysis showed that we were able to capture a high percentage (≥ 93%) of conserved proteins indicating genomes that are useful for comparative and functional analysis. We were also able to characterize structural elements such as repetitive sequences and non-coding RNA genes. Finally, functional categories of genes that are overrepresented in each species suggest important differences in the process underlying the formation of germ cells, and modes of reproduction between them, features that are one of the distinguishing biological properties that characterize these two distant families of Dermaptera. Conclusions This work represents an unprecedented instance where the scientific and lay community have come together to collaborate in a genome sequencing project. The versatility and accessibility of nanopore sequencers was key to the success of the initiative. We were able to obtain full genome sequences of two important and widely distributed species of insects which had not been analyzed at this level previously. The data made available by the project should illuminate future studies on the Dermaptera.

Abstract The technique RT-qPCR for viral RNA detection is the current worldwide strategy used for early detection of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. RNA extraction is a key pre-analytical step in RT-qPCR, often achieved using commercial kits. However, the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic is causing disruptions to the global supply chains used by many diagnostic laboratories to procure the commercial kits required for RNA extraction. Shortage in these essential reagents is even more acute in developing countries with no means to produce kits locally. We sought to find an alternative procedure to replace commercial kits using common reagents found in molecular biology laboratories. Here we report a method for RNA extraction that takes about 40 min to complete ten samples, and is not more laborious than current commercial RNA extraction kits. We demonstrate that this method can be used to process nasopharyngeal swab samples and yields RT-qPCR results comparable to those obtained with commercial kits. Most importantly, this procedure can be easily implemented in any molecular diagnostic laboratory. Frequent testing is crucial for individual patient management as well as for public health decision making in this pandemic. Implementation of this method could maintain crucial testing going despite commercial kit shortages.

Temporal control of transcriptional networks enables organisms to adapt to changing environment. Here, the authors use a scaled-up cell-based assay to identify direct targets of nitrogen-early responsive transcription factors and validate a network path mediating dynamic nitrogen signaling in Arabidopsis.

After decades of commercialization, genetically modified (GM) crops continue to generate controversy. Countries have developed different GM regulatory styles based on their risk frames, institutional arrangements, and participation modes. Our objective was to understand the development of Chile’s unique regulatory style. We reconstructed the use and regulatory evolution of the technology, identified key actors in the controversy, and compared Chile with other approaches. Chile’s style is ambivalent: restricting commercial use to seed-export but permissive in other domains. This approach reflects a market-caution framing of the issue focused on developing a promising agriculture sub-sector. Thus, Chile became a southern seed nursery for the GM industry. Opponents responded by framing their concerns around a basic demand for public information and transparency. Our case illustrates the challenges and relevance of discussing new technologies in emerging democracies. Access to information, early debates and greater transparency are key to evaluate new technologies in these contexts.

Abstract The anuran Rhinella spinulosa is distributed along the Andes Range at altitudes that undergo wide daily and seasonal variation in temperature. One of the populations inhabits geothermal streams, a stable environment that influences life history traits such as the timing of metamorphosis. To investigate whether this population has undergone local adaptation to this unique habitat, we carried out transcriptome analyses in animals from two localities in two developmental stages (prometamorphic and metamorphic) and exposed them to two temperatures (20 and 25 °C). RNA-Seq, de novo assembly and annotation defined a transcriptome revealing 194,469 high quality SNPs, with 1,507 genes under positive selection. Comparisons among the experimental conditions yielded 1,593 differentially expressed genes. A bioinformatics search for candidates revealed a total of 70 genes that are highly likely to be implicated in the adaptive response of the population living in a stable environment, compared to those living in an environment with variable temperatures. Most importantly, the population inhabiting the geothermal environment showed decreased transcriptional plasticity and reduced genetic variation compared to its counterpart from the non-stable environment. This analysis will help to advance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that account for the local adaptation to geothermal streams in anurans.

Studies conducted in rodents subjected to chronic stress and some observations in humans after psychosocial stress, have allowed to establish a link between stress and the susceptibility to many complex diseases, including mood disorders. The studies in rodents have revealed that chronic exposure to stress negatively affects synaptic plasticity by triggering changes in the production of trophic factors, subunit levels of glutamate ionotropic receptors, neuron morphology, and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. These modifications may account for the impairment in learning and memory processes observed in chronically stressed animals. It is plausible then, that stress modifies the interplay between signal transduction cascades and gene expression regulation in the hippocampus, therefore leading to altered neuroplasticity and functioning of neural circuits. Considering that miRNAs play an important role in post-transcriptional-regulation of gene expression and participate in several hippocampus-dependent functions; we evaluated the consequences of chronic stress on the expression of miRNAs in dorsal (anterior) portion of the hippocampus, which participates in memory formation in rodents. Here, we show that male rats exposed to daily restraint stress (2.5 h/day) during 7 and 14 days display a differential profile of miRNA levels in dorsal hippocampus and remarkably, we found that some of these miRNAs belong to the miR-379-410 cluster. We confirmed a rise in miR-92a and miR-485 levels after 14 days of stress by qPCR, an effect that was not mimicked by chronic administration of corticosterone (14 days). Our in silico study identified the top-10 biological functions influenced by miR-92a, nine of which were shared with miR-485: Nervous system development and function, Tissue development, Behavior, Embryonic development, Organ development, Organismal development, Organismal survival, Tissue morphology, and Organ morphology. Furthermore, our in silico study provided a landscape of potential miRNA-92a and miR-485 targets, along with relevant canonical pathways related to axonal guidance signaling and cAMP signaling, which may influence the functioning of several neuroplastic substrates in dorsal hippocampus. Additionally, the combined effect of miR-92a and miR-485 on transcription factors, along with histone-modifying enzymes, may have a functional relevance by producing changes in gene regulatory networks that modify the neuroplastic capacity of the adult dorsal hippocampus under stress.

Although not fully understood, molecular communication in the rhizosphere plays an important role regulating traits involved in plant–bacteria association. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is a well-known plant-growth-promoting bacterium, which establishes rhizospheric and endophytic colonization in different plants. A competent colonization is essential for plant-growth-promoting effects produced by bacteria. Using appropriate mutant strains of B. phytofirmans, we obtained evidence for the importance of N-acyl homoserine lactone-mediated (quorum sensing) cell-to-cell communication in efficient colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana plants and the establishment of a beneficial interaction. We also observed that bacterial degradation of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a key role in plant-growth-promoting traits and is necessary for efficient rhizosphere colonization. Wildtype B. phytofirmans but not the iacC mutant in IAA mineralization is able to restore promotion effects in roots of A. thaliana in the presence of exogenously added IAA, indicating the importance of this trait for promoting primary root length. Using a transgenic A. thaliana line with suppressed auxin signaling (miR393) and analyzing the expression of auxin receptors in wild-type inoculated plants, we provide evidence that auxin signaling in plants is necessary for the growth promotion effects produced by B. phytofirmans. The interplay between ethylene and auxin signaling was also confirmed by the response of the plant to a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase bacterial mutant strain.

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Plants adapt to changes in N availability partly by changes in global gene expression. We integrated publicly available root microarray data under contrasting nitrate conditions to identify new genes and functions important for adaptive nitrate responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Overall, more than two thousand genes exhibited changes in expression in response to nitrate treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana root organs. Global regulation of gene expression by nitrate depends largely on the experimental context. However, despite significant differences from experiment to experiment in the identity of regulated genes, there is a robust nitrate response of specific biological functions. Integrative gene network analysis uncovered relationships between nitrate-responsive genes and eleven highly co-expressed gene clusters (modules). Four of these gene network modules have robust nitrate responsive functions such as transport, signaling and metabolism. Network analysis hypothesized G2-like transcription factors are key regulatory factors controlling transport and signaling functions. Our meta-analysis highlights the role of biological processes not studied before in the context of the nitrate response such as root hair development and provides testable hypothesis to advance our understanding of nitrate responses in plants.

Es la tricomoniasis vaginal entidad de mucha importancia en la práctica médica diaria, no solamente por la enorme incidencia de este parasitismo, como por la variada sintomatología que ella presenta ,muchas veces espectacular por su dramatismo. Y, se le debe prestar particular atención al poder patógeno del flagelado Trichomonas Vaginalis como agente etiológico responsable de colpitis e infecciones urinarias bajas, porque las estadísticas de los distintos autores dan una frecuencia de infestación, variable entre el 10 y el 60 por 100 entre todas las enfermas que presentan el síntoma leucorrea, y el 80 por 100 en las que sufren una colpitis.

Deafblindness is a type of dual disability wherein both visual and auditory capabilities are significantly impaired. Special communication methods have been developed for the deafblind community, yet these methods require that both people involved have prior knowledge and training to successfully communicate; limiting deafblind people’s social interactions, particularly in academic settings. This paper describes the development of a device that enables two-way communication between a severe to profoundly deafblind user and a hearing person with no prior knowledge of Braille and no additional intermediaries. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) scheme for speech recognition was designed and implemented along with the development of an algorithm capable of developing both text-to-speech and Finger-Braille-to-text conversion. Lastly, a system integration via 3D modelling and additive manufacturing was carried out to deliver a functional prototype. The resulting device aims to allow deafblind students to send and receive information entirely in finger Braille, using buttons and vibrotactile feedback, while the hearing tutor receives auditory messages and speaks to reply, making the educational experience as familiar as possible for both parties. Users testing the device achieved an average typing accuracy of over 95% and demonstrated understanding of commands transmitted through the device’s components.

The genetic code is a set of regulatory principles that control the translation of information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) into a sequence of amino acids. This study proposes a model starting from the relationships between its physicochemical properties of nucleobase in the codons. We employed a binary metric and the Kronecker product to represent the physicochemical properties of nucleobases in a vector space. This state space has a hierarchical order, with self-similarity and symmetry properties in the hydrogen bonds of triplets. The state space can be mapped under linear transformations to a toroidal geometry with allometric properties. Furthermore, this geometric representation highlights a charge symmetry that exists in amino acids and in the distribution of essential and non-essential amino acids. These results describe a state space between codon-anticodon interactions that can be interpreted as Bell states. This suggests that there is a quantum phenomenon involved in the mechanisms of information storage in DNA. In addition, toroidal geometry can be used to represent the sequences of codons of the mRNA that encode the sequence of amino acids of the proteins to find similarities or homologies between evolutionary related species.

Let X be a smooth fan and denote its set of endpoints by E(X). Let E be one of the following spaces: the natural numbers, the irrational numbers, or the product of the Cantor set with the natural numbers. We prove that there is a smooth fan X such that E(X) is homeomorphic to E and for every homeomorphism h : X → X , the restriction of h to E(X) is the identity. On the other hand, we also prove that if X is any smooth fan such that E(X) is homeomorphic to complete Erdős space, then X is necessarily homeomorphic to the Lelek fan; this adds to a 1989 result by Włodzimierz Charatonik.

La noción de destrucción atraviesa el proyecto de textil y performance como una forma de construir. Generalmente lo entendemos como algo negativo, me interesa trabajarlo como una forma de contradicción al ser la destrucción lo que germina la diversidad creativa. Uno de los principales objetivos es sin destrucción no hay experimentación. Son dos los momentos del proyecto: la destrucción/acción y los textiles. En el primero por medio del performance propongo una experiencia estética para despertar en el espectador una sensación de fragilidad desde la contemplación. En la destrucción de objetos, está implícito el sonido de los golpes y ver salir volando fragmentos que funcionan como detonadores de emociones de contingencia. En el segundo momento del proyecto por medio registros textuales y dibujísticos para ensamblar textiles, propiciando orden después del caos. Los pedazos no coinciden entre uno y otro por lo que las irregularidades y huecos destacan el desajuste.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of deaths globally, and while several diagnostic systems were proposed, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard. However, diagnostic reagents, including enzymes used in RT-PCR, are subject to centralized production models and intellectual property restrictions, which present a challenge for less developed countries. With the aim of generating a standardized One-Step open RT-qPCR protocol to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical samples, we purified and tested recombinant enzymes and a non-proprietary buffer. The protocol utilized M-MLV RT and Taq DNA pol enzymes to perform a Taqman probe-based assay. Synthetic RNA samples were used to validate the One-Step RT-qPCR components, demonstrating sensitivity comparable to a commercial kit routinely employed in clinical settings for patient diagnosis. Further evaluation on 40 clinical samples (20 positive and 20 negative) confirmed its comparable diagnostic accuracy. This study represents a proof of concept for an open approach to developing diagnostic kits for viral infections and diseases, which could provide a cost-effective and accessible solution for less developed countries.

RESUMEN A primera vista, poco tienen en común los acontecimientos que marcaron el colapso definitivo de la monarquía española en el Nuevo Reino de Granada (1819) y en Nueva España (1821). Este artículo desmonta esa impresión mediante una comparación sistemática, que examina las innegables diferencias de ambos fenómenos, ahonda en sus semejanzas menos perceptibles y señala puntos de contacto. De la consideración conjunta de estas dos rupturas, que dieron lugar a los Estados nacionales mexicano y colombiano, surgen algunas claves que permiten comprenderlos mejor, trascender los esquematismos con que suelen analizarse individualmente y restituirles su fascinante complejidad.

Los liposarcomas son neoplasias malignas raras que se originan en el tejido adiposo, con mayor frecuencia en el retroperitoneo. De todas las variantes histológicas, el diferenciado es el más común y el de mejor pronóstico. El diagnóstico se establece con pruebas imagenológicas con o sin ayuda de biopsia. El tratamiento consiste en la resección completa del tumor, que puede o no acompañarse de terapia adyuvante. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 41 años con distensión abdominal y pérdida de peso, en el que se confirma un liposarcoma retroperitoneal mediante una TC abdominal, por lo que fue sometido a una resección quirúrgica completa que resultó exitosa. El paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente y se mantuvo sin recidivas durante el seguimiento. Se concluye que el diagnóstico y terapéutico varían de acuerdo con las características del tumor y su riesgo de recidiva; por lo que hasta la actualidad continúa siendo un desafío multidisciplinario.

Objetivo. Estimar la supervivencia a cinco años por cáncer cervicouterino y sus factores asociados en pacientes mexica­nas, cuya atención fue financiada por el Fondo de Protección contra Gastos Catastróficos (FPGC) del Seguro Popular durante el periodo 2006-2014. Material y métodos. Se analizó la base de datos de las pacientes mencionadas y se vinculó con el Subsistema Epidemiológico y Estadístico de Defunciones. Se hizo un análisis de supervivencia a cinco años por etapa clínica y factores asociados, mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier y los modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados. La supervivencia global por cáncer cervicouterino a los cinco años fue de 68.5%. Los factores asociados fueron la etapa clínica (locoregional [HR=2.8 IC95% HR: 2.6,3.0] y metastásica [HR=5.4 IC95% HR: 4.9,5.9]) com­parada con la etapa temprana y la edad (HR=1.003 IC95% HR:1.001,1.004). Conclusiones. Las mujeres que lograron el acceso a la atención del cáncer cervical financiadas por el FPGC tuvieron una supervivencia ligeramente superior a las reportadas en otros estudios.

El siguiente artículo reflexiona en torno a determinados cambios que las actuales estructuras y políticas universitarias han catalizado transversalmente al interior de las escuelas de arquitectura. A partir de los resultados de una investigación doctoral (Barrientos, 2020) y una serie de entrevistas realizadas en Chile y España a académicos de diversas escuelas que se consignan en esta comunicación, se develan relaciones entre el contexto eminentemente práctico e íntimo del proceso formativo y aquel administrativo e institucional, los que en conjunto definen un espectro dentro del cual las comunidades formativas disciplinares devienen. Desde una mirada intimista y un enfoque cualitativo, osamos aproximarnos a un sondeo del inefable espíritu universitario contemporáneo que, dentro de este espectro, emerge en las escuelas de arquitectura. Esto, con el objetivo de enunciar un principio de reflexión informada y actualizada en torno a los efectos que tienen los abstractos marcos normativos en el mundo dinámico y eminentemente vital de la formación universitaria y vislumbrar futuros posibles en tiempos de cambio.

Resumen Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre la importancia histórica de la dimensión bélica de los procesos de desintegración y colapso de las monarquías ibéricas en América y de establecimiento de los Estados nacionales a partir del ámbito mexicano como estudio de caso. Una de sus intenciones es mostrar la pertinencia del concepto “cultura de guerra” para evaluar los múltiples impactos de aquellos conflictos en las sociedades iberoamericanas del primer cuarto del siglo XIX y las formas en que individuos, grupos y comunidades modificaron sociabilidades, organización y conductas a partir de la violencia y la movilización armada. Con el énfasis puesto en las prácticas, las experiencias y las intenciones de los sujetos involucrados en la guerra revolucionaria de Nueva España que resultaron en la independencia de México, la propuesta evalúa las perspectivas de los combatientes, los no combatientes y los impulsos institucionales de control, vigilancia y seguridad del nuevo orden.

Los únicos virreyes que efectivamente gobernaban en la América española en 1821 y que habían sido designados para ello por Fernando VII fueron obligados por sus propias cúpulas militares a renunciar al mando. Este artículo analiza comparativamente ambos fenómenos y recupera su importancia y significados históricos a través del examen de sus caracterizaciones históricas e historiográficas y sus contextos, marcos institucionales, argumentos e instancias involucradas. La propuesta consiste en observar, a partir de los golpes, la capacidad de injerencia política de las fuerzas armadas en el proceso de descomposición del orden de la monarquía española en América y de construcción de los estados nacionales determinados tanto por el constitucionalismo cuanto por la guerra.

This study describes, to some extent, the VCC contribution as an early stimulation of the macrophage lineage. Regarding the onset of the innate immune response caused by infection, the β form of IL-1 is the most important interleukin involved in the onset of the inflammatory innate response. Activated macrophages treated in vitro with VCC induced the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway in a one-hour period, with the activation of transcriptional regulators for a surviving and pro-inflammatory response, suggesting an explanation inspired and supported by the inflammasome physiology. The mechanism of IL-1β production induced by VCC has been gracefully outlined in murine models, using bacterial knockdown mutants and purified molecules; nevertheless, the knowledge of this mechanism in the human immune system is still under study. This work shows the soluble form of 65 kDa of the Vibrio cholerae cytotoxin (also known as hemolysin), as it is secreted by the bacteria, inducing the production of IL-1β in the human macrophage cell line THP-1. The mechanism involves triggering the early activation of the signaling pathway MAPKs pERK and p38, with the subsequent activation of (p50) NF-κB and AP-1 (cJun and cFos), determined by real-time quantitation. The evidence shown here supports that the monomeric soluble form of the VCC in the macrophage acts as a modulator of the innate immune response, which is consistent with the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome actively releasing IL-1β.

In a paper by Bella, Tokgös and Zdomskyy it is asked whether there exists a Tychonoff space X such that the remainder of Cp(X) in some compactification is Menger but not σ-compact. In this paper we prove that it is consistent that such space exists and in particular its existence follows from the existence of a Menger ultrafilter.

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the formation of vascular channels lacking endothelial cells. These channels are lined by tumor cells with cancer stem cell features, positive for periodic acid-Schiff, and negative for CD31 staining. The term VM was introduced by Maniotis et al. (1), who reported this phenomenon in highly aggressive uveal melanomas; since then, VM has been associated with poor prognosis, tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and drug resistance in several tumors, including breast cancer. It is proposed that VM and angiogenesis (the de novo formation of blood vessels from the established vasculature by endothelial cells, which is observed in several tumors) rely on some common mechanisms. Furthermore, it is also suggested that VM could constitute a means to circumvent anti-angiogenic treatment in cancer. Therefore, it is important to determinant the factors that dictate the onset of VM. In this review, we describe the current understanding of VM formation in breast cancer, including specific signaling pathways, and cancer stem cells. In addition, we discuss the clinical significance of VM in prognosis and new opportunities of VM as a target for breast cancer therapy.

Este artículo analiza cuáles son, según Duncan Kennedy, las causas de la negación del contenido ideológico en algunas sentencias judiciales. Se acepta que las sentencias tienen dicho contenido, el que es negado por los jueces. Sin embargo, se impugna la afirmación de que la causa de la negación es psicológica y se presentan razones para creer que ella es, en realidad, institucional.

Este artículo analiza cuáles son, según Duncan Kennedy, las causas de la negación del contenido ideológico en algunas sentencias judiciales. Se acepta que las sentencias tienen dicho contenido, el que es negado por los jueces. Sin embargo, se impugna la afirmación de que la causa de la negación es psicológica y se presentan razones para creer que ella es, en realidad, institucional.

Este artículo analiza cuáles son, según Duncan Kennedy, las causas de la negación del contenido ideológico en algunas sentencias judiciales. Se acepta que las sentencias tienen dicho contenido, el que es negado por los jueces. Sin embargo, se impugna la afirmación de que la causa de la negación es psicológica y se presentan razones para creer que ella es, en realidad, institucional.

Caso de enseñanza que aborda el análisis metodológico de un servicio público hospitalario; la nueva jefatura se enfrenta a una situación crítica con sus profesionales que debe solucionar en menos de tres meses.

Este artículo analiza cuáles son, según Duncan Kennedy, las causas de la negación del contenido ideológico en algunas sentencias judiciales. Se acepta que las sentencias tienen dicho contenido, el que es negado por los jueces. Sin embargo, se impugna la afirmación de que la causa de la negación es psicológica y se presentan razones para creer que ella es, en realidad, institucional.

Este artículo analiza cuáles son, según Duncan Kennedy, las causas de la negación del contenido ideológico en algunas sentencias judiciales. Se acepta que las sentencias tienen dicho contenido, el que es negado por los jueces. Sin embargo, se impugna la afirmación de que la causa de la negación es psicológica y se presentan razones para creer que ella es, en realidad, institucional.

Este artículo analiza cuáles son, según Duncan Kennedy, las causas de la negación del contenido ideológico en algunas sentencias judiciales. Se acepta que las sentencias tienen dicho contenido, el que es negado por los jueces. Sin embargo, se impugna la afirmación de que la causa de la negación es psicológica y se presentan razones para creer que ella es, en realidad, institucional.

In Chile, in the contingent public debate about the alarming indicators of the prevalence of infectious diseases (such sexually transmitted ones), two factors stand out as determinants: inefficient or scarce preventive campaigns and the poor level of self-care among immigrants. To develop an analytical perspective, a simplified mathematical model is proposed that quantitatively expresses the impact of these factors. Furthermore, we intend to show how these factors working together act within the epidemic of the disease. Despite the simplicity of the proposed argument, a better understanding may address theoretical recommendations for the control and prevention of the disease.

Many bacterial communities display oscillations throughout the day; it has been shown that in humans, the healthy gut microbiome also shows fluctuations in the abundance of bacterial community, related with feeding times and sleep cycles. Likewise, in human milk there are beneficial bacteria that undergo changes in the same time interval and are transferred to the newborn by breastfeeding, colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this work was to identify changes in the bacterial diversity of human milk throughout the day. Human milk samples were collected from a single donor three times during the day (morning, afternoon, night) for 5 consecutive days, and bacterial DNA was extracted. Bacterial diversity was characterized by high-throughput DNA sequencing of 16S rDNA libraries, and taxonomy was assigned by comparison of sequences against a database. Finally, the significant differences in relative abundance and alpha and beta diversity were determined. The analysis of human milk displayed changes in the bacterial diversity during the day, with significant changes in the Shannon diversity index. Our data show that human milk seems to be affected by the daytime change, and these changes could influence the infant gut microbiota.

The incidence of asthma and obesity is increasing, therefore they have been classified as public health problems; epidemiology suggests a link between these diseases. It has been detected a relationship between the body mass index and lung function, moreover some works show a direct correlation between the aforementioned index and severity of asthma. By a search for articles in indexed journals from medical databases with the key words asthma and obesity: pathogenesis, inflammation, adipokines, hypoxia, nutrition, pregnancy, this paper deeps in the knowledge about basic elements that offer an asthma and obesity link. It was found that the association between body mass index and asthma is more frequent in women. Asthma and obesity might be influenced by genetic elements and fetal programming; at the same time obesity could influence asthma by several mechanisms such as inflammation, hormones and mechanical respiratory dysfunction. The existing coincidence between several inducers and factors which exacerbate these diseases as well as in some molecular routes shows a potential relation between both pathological entities.

De acuerdo con el Centro Internacional de Casos del TEC de Monterrey (2014) , el método de casos es un modo de enseñanza en el que los alumnos construyen su aprendizaje a partir del análisis y discusión de experiencias y situaciones de la vida real, siendo así un caso la descripción de una situación por la que atraviesa una organización o individuo. Desde esta perspectiva, el método del caso tiene un objetivo didáctico para fortalecer las competencias directivas, gerenciales y de emprendimiento de los estudiantes. Ante la necesidad de educar líderes en el campo de los negocios, algunas universidades han utilizado el método del caso para favorecer el proceso de aprendizaje de las principales competencias profesionales. En algunas, el caso de estudio constituye uno de los recursos más usados, por su poder para describir situaciones reales de negocios que los estudiantes deben enfrentar. En el proceso, los estudiantes aprenden tanto los contenidos teóricos de los cursos, como de la experiencia de ponerlos en práctica durante el análisis de un caso (González, 2013). El caso de enseñanza “Los Trigos Limpios”, tiene por aprendizaje esperado: “Implementar actividades de capacitación, aportando de manera responsable, colaborativa y comprometida al logro de objetivos comunes, según los requerimientos de los trabajadores de la empresa”. José Rojo con su socio y amigo, hace diez años formaron la panadería “Los Trigos Limpios”, fueron incrementando poco a poco tanto productos como recursos humanos a su emblemática panadería. El socio de José, después de un viaje al extranjero y la evidente demanda por modernizar los procesos, incorporar productos saludables, tiene la inquietud de capacitar a sus colaboradores. “Una panadería hoy debe contar con productos con insumos orgánicos, saludables y en la línea del cuidado del medioambiente, usando maquinarias de alta tecnología”, fue el relato que ambos socios finalmente comprometieron en esta nueva etapa donde los colaboradores serán capacitados, el financiamiento mediante un crédito de consumo es la alternativa más viable y también más rápida; no obstante, el beneficio fiscal de usar una franquicia tributaria es también interesante. Ambos socios defienden sus posturas frente a la decisión urgente de “Los Trigos Limpios”.

El presente artículo analiza, por una parte, la construcción historiográfica de los realistas entendidos como los opositores a los movimientos independentistas hispanoamericanos, en general, y novohispanos, en particular y, por otra parte, en consonancia con el estudio de los lenguajes políticos, los usos del término realista en el ámbito de la monarquía española con particular énfasis en los años de la crisis política y en el contexto del conflicto independentista de la Nueva España. Por último, la investigación da cuenta del desarrollo del fenómeno miliciano novohispano en tiempos de la guerra insurgente para destacar las implicaciones de los distintos cuerpos a partir de sus denominaciones.