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In recent decades, antimicrobial resistance has become a major global public health problem. A distinct category of pathogens, known by the acronym ESKAPE, has become of particular concern because of their ability to escape the effects of available antimicrobial treatments. This acronym represents a select group of pathogenic bacteria, some of which are highly resistant to antibiotics and can cause severe and potentially fatal infections. The term "ESKAPE" is an acronym derived from the initials of these bacteria and includes Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. Antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens is fuelled by several factors, including overuse and misuse of antibiotics, natural selection and transfer of resistance genes between bact. To meet this challenge, the global community is engaged in multiple efforts, including research and development of new antibiotics, improving practices in the use of these drugs and promoting antimicrobial research and education. In the fight against pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance, we face a constant challenge in contemporary medicine, with significant implications for healthcare delivery and public health.

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful invaders. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of probiotics in regulating immune responses. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that benefit the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts thus they have attracted attention for their potential to positively influence the functioning of the immune system. The gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiome, which play a fundamental role in shaping the immune system. Probiotics, mainly bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, are integral components of this microbial community. The interaction between probiotics and the immune system occurs through the gastrointestinal-immune axis, a two-way communication system between the digestive tract and the immune system.

Respiratory and digestive diseases of bacterial origin in pigs can cause severe symptoms with major economic impact on farms. Out of all the pathogens, E. coli represents an important factor in the occurrence of enteric syndrome, producing significant material damage by decreasing productivity, associated with increased production costs associated with low profitability indices. In this sense, the present study proposes highlighting the main epidemiological aspects and etiopathogenic in pigs around the weaning age from 16 pig breeding units located in the western part of Romania. The objectives of the study were: the identification of specific anatomical-pathological lesions, bacteriological examination, and biochemical identification of pathogenic germs using the API 20E method. From the biological material taken from the pigs, 139 samples were collected from the lungs, portions of the liver, small intestine, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, which were later microbiologically analyzed. In descending order, E. coli was identified in most samples, followed by Streptococcus suis and β-haemolytic E.coli equally. With a much lower incidence, the microbiological examination showed Salmonella spp and Pasteurella multocida relevant, and pathogens from the genus Klebsiella spp, Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mannhemia haemolytica had a sporadic incidence. In conclusion, the diseases identified in the 16 farms in Banat studied were predominantly digestive and were mostly caused by E. coli, which had high incidence rates, especially in the pig youth categories. The most common anatomic-pathological changes identified were: abdominal distension, loops of the small intestine full of gas, the contents of the colon having a pasty-watery consistency with much thinned walls, proliferative ileitis, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and a distended stomach with a gelatinous content. Acknolegdements This work appeared within the project: Program for increasing performance and innovation in doctoral and postdoctoral excellence research - PROINVENT, Contract no. 62487/03.06.2022 POCU/993/6/13 - SMIS code: 153299

The mammary glands are the main site of milk synthesis and secretion, and its conditions such as mastitis are the common cause of decreased milk production. For this reason, knowledge of the anatomy of the mammary gland in its various stages is esirable, in order to understand the necessary elements of the physiology, pathology and management of various mammary diseases. In this bibliographic report, the main elements of anatomy (internal and external structure), morphology, histology and cytology of the mammary gland are presented, as well as the cellular elements of milk synthesis and secretion.

Peptic ulcer disease is a chronic condition that affects a significant number of people worldwide, estimated at approximately 10% of the global population. This is the result of an imbalance between aggressive factors, such as gastric juice and its increased acidity, and the defense mechanisms of the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Aspects such as exposure to certain substances or infection with bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are considered triggers in the development of peptic ulcers. Risk factors include frequent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and high levels of stress. Conventional treatments for peptic ulcers include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists, which are effective in decreasing gastric acid secretion. However, these treatments may be associated with side effects and may lead to recurrences or unwanted interactions with other medications. In contrast, natural approaches and complementary therapies have gained popularity in the management and treatment of peptic ulcers. Medicinal plants and their active compounds have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory and protective properties of the stomach lining. Some plants such as Curcuma longa or Angelica keiskei have been studied for their potential to reduce inflammation and promote ulcer healing, as well as other natural preparations such as royal jelly or propolis, derived from beekeeping. For example, royal Jelly is known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which can help reduce irritation of the gastric mucosa and heal ulcers. Angelica keiskei, with its active compounds, has demonstrated the ability to protect the mucosa and reduce the excessive production of gastric acid. Turmeric, rich in curcumin, is another ingredient studied for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may support healing and reduce peptic ulcer symptoms.

The main objectives of the use of anti-infectives in farm animals are: the protection of animal and public health; responsible use and optimization of the effectiveness of each antibiotic / relevant diseases, now and in the future; Permanent training of interested parties: professionals in the field, farmers, etc. In this resume of the presentation from the SNEC - 2023 program, the phenomenon of resistance is defined and the main aspects of interest for practicing veterinarians are presented by using some suggestive examples related to the topic of installing resistance to anti-infective structures.

The presentation brings information about the developments in the trade with veterinary products, comparative, in the world, in Europe and in Romania in the light of the One - Health approach, the evolution of the relevant legislation, up to EU Regulation 2019/6 and its implementation. Data are presented on the counterbalancing of commercial trends related to veterinary medicines which, from the preponderance towards farm animals, are slowly moving towards companion animals. Here, too, a projection of the global pharmaceutical products market is made, as well as the slice allocated to a.u.v. products, the global portfolio allocated to animal health, the current situation in Romania as well as the main global producers of veterinary drugs. In the second part of this presentation, there is a reminder of new medical orders according to the current legislation, as well as an example of how to write the ATC-vet electronic ordinance (Anatomical - Therapeutical - Chemical).

Aluminum, a contentious trace element found in the environment, has been demonstrated to have harmful effects on both humans and animals. In contrast, Sempervivum tectorum, an evergreen plant, has been found to offer numerous beneficial effects for both humans and animals. Therefore, this study aims to assess the protective effect of S. tectorum on certain reproductive biomarkers in male rats exposed to aluminum. Thirty-five Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: NTC (no-treatment control) received distilled water; NC (negative control) received drinking water containing 1 mg/L aluminum sulfate (AS); E1 received 1 mg/L AS along with an 8% S. tectorum extract; PC (positive control) received only 8% S. tectorum extract; E2 received 1 mg/L AS for three months followed by 8% extract for one month. The study analyzed testosterone, LH, FSH, body weight, and the histological structure of the testis, epididymis, and prostate, as well as the levels of zinc, manganese, copper, and iron in these organs. Significant decreases in body weight, testis, and epididymis size were observed in the aluminum-exposed groups compared to the control, whereas these decreases were not significant in the S. tectorum-treated groups compared to the control. Aluminum exposure led to significant decreases in testosterone and LH levels, with FSH levels showing a nonsignificant decrease in males, which were mitigated significantly by the administration of the plant extract. Histological analysis revealed alterations in the testis, epididymis, and prostate of the AS-exposed groups, including necrosis of seminiferous tubule epithelium and Leydig cells in the testis, and basal epithelial necrosis in the epididymis and prostate. Aluminum levels increased in all organs studied, while levels of zinc, copper, iron, and manganese decreased, showing a negative and significant correlation with aluminum levels. The aqueous extract of S. tectorum demonstrated a protective effect on certain studied biomarkers in male rats affected by aluminum exposure.

This manuscript details the pathological mechanisms of the establishment of gastric ulceration, and details its stages, both in terms of mechanisms of action and in terms of histological changes found in the gastric mucosa. Also, a synthesis is made of all types of gastritis classification, established diagnostic methods, and histological evaluation of gastric tissue by biopsy, developed in the last five decades globally in human use, which can also help to introduce them into veterinary medicine. The last part of the article is dedicated to established experimental models of gastric ulcer induction, in laboratory animals (mice/rats), supporting young researchers/veterinary or human doctors, for the development of new drug formulations with as few adverse effects as possible and low costs for both human and veterinary medicine.

Neoplasia is defined as a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and invasion with dissemination from the primary site to other sites in the body. The following paper presents different types of tumors both malignant and benign in dogs and cats; the increased rate of cancer, the symptoms of oncological nature, the diagnosis of different neoplastic formations with the help of general and specialized clinical examinations, the treatment and the chances of survival of animals. Metastasis in different tissues or organs by lymphatic or blood route occurs in advanced stages of cancer.

Centella asiatica or Brahmi~Gotu Kola is a plant used since ancient times as a medicinal plant in countries such as India, Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. The plant is considered to be one of the most useful plants for revitalizing nerve cells, which is why in India it is known as the "brain plant" or used to treat skin conditions and heal wounds. The plant is still often used in two traditional branches of Indian medicine, Ayurveda and Unani. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica extract ointment in thermally injured mice. This study was performed on a total of 12 Balb/c mice aged 24-26 weeks, which were divided into two groups: one experimental and one control. The duration of the experiment was 14 days, with collections of biological material on days 3, 7, and 14 of the experiment. In the case of the tested ointment, clinical healing occurred after the 9th day of treatment by debridement of the formed crust and highlighting a regeneration epithelium

The prostate is an accessory gland and a component of the male reproductive system. This is found only in some species of mammals and differs morphologically, chemically, and physiologically between species. This paper describes in chapter 1, the basic elements of the prostate (structure, functions, macroscopic and histological characteristics). In chapter 2, the description and activity of atorvastatin are presented, and in chapter 3, two recognized phytotherapeutic remedies are presented: sea buckthorn and grapes (in the form of the compound). In the second part, a study is proposed that investigates the effect of fat consumption on the histological structure of the prostate in a murine model. Through histological investigation of the prostate, this study aimed to comparatively evaluate whether atorvastatin has any healing role on the prostate mirrored in cytoarchitecture and also what is the role of phytotherapy on prostate cytoarchitecture.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of stress on the main physiologic indicators: body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, urinary cortisol and creatinine levels and fecal corticosterone in juvenile rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). One seven-week old group-reared rabbits were kept in individual isolation for 24 hours in metabolic cages. This caused the increase at the skin level of the mean body temperature measured, from 31.2°C to 31.5°C, also an increase of the mean heart rate, from 201 beats/min. to 217 beats/min. and an increase of the mean respiratory rate from 47 respirations/min. to 55 respirations/min. At the end of the individual isolation period, the average urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio was of: 9.09 x 10-6 and the average value of fecal corticosterone was 557 ng/g. Isolation of group-reared individuals, represents a stress factor that influence the welfare of animals used in scientific experiments, in this respect, fecal corticosterone and urinary cortisol measurements represent an useful non-invasive method for the stress assessment in laboratory animals used for scientific purposes.

This review is about acupuncture defining elements as one of the safest methods that can be used also in veterinary therapy. In the past 20 years many veterinarians in Europe started to practice in their offices only in animal acupuncture. Acupuncture is a complex system of diagnosis, treatment and diseases prevention, based on body’s reflex action, due to the skin’s stimulation with needles. Treatment involves precise points (acupoints) influencing on skin’s surface in conjunction with certain internal organs and body functions. The aim is to strengthen and stimulate body’s own homeostatic mechanisms. Knowing the acupoints and at what level can act in good sense, results can lead to eg.: pain inhibition, increased cardiac output, cough reflex suppression, bone healing and others causing therapeutic effects in a great variety of animal diseases. The indications of acupuncture are as: primary therapy, adjunctive therapy support, or back-up therapy, as alternative one, when allopathic treatments are insufficient. Acupuncture can be used simultaneously with traditional therapies being compatible with non-traditional and holistic veterinary approaches (eg. homeopathy, chiropractic). Aplicability of acupuncture is presented from Asian and Western perspective, are presented acupuncture’s current theories (eg electrical, humoral, neurophysiological), directions, main indications, limitations vs. indications, advantages, disadvantages etc.

The aim of research was to evaluate the therapeutic and economic efficiency (daily individual weight gain / observation period) of two available tiamulin fumarate antibiotic conditionings (one oral and one injectable) in a farm environment, were Brachyspira evolution was suspicioned and confirmed. The experiment was conducted in a pig growing and fattening unit from Timis County, constituted as an intensive system. The sick piglets manifested acute clinical signs, mainly: drowsiness, enophtalmia, kyphosis and the sanguinolent diarrhoea in all cases. Clinical and morphopathologic suspicion was confirmed by the laboratory and bacterioscopic examination, which ascertained the presence of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Consequently, were chosen 48 ill piglets from the age group of 35 to 45 days and three experimental therapeutic (T) and one Control (C) groups were constituted as follows: group T1 - oral way treatment for five consecutive days with Tiamutin 45% soluble granules (Ceva), at doses of 6 and 8 mg.kg.bw., (for group T2) and respectively Tiamutin 10% injectable (Dopharma) (T3), 8mg.kg.bw-1 I.M., four consecutive days. Study duration was 21 days, revealing the economic superiority of the oral conditionings vs. injectable of tiamulin fumarate and also the therapeutic efficiency of this form as primal choice in the enteric disease outbreaks.

The present study emphasize the effect of R. crispus and L. barbarum 6% aqueous extract on blood sugar level in Alloxan induced diabetes in rats. The rats were divided in five groups: one non-diabetic control and four experimental groups with induced diabetes mellitus after 40 mg/kg b.w. intravenous administration of 2% Alloxan. One group was kept as diabetic control and in the other three groups was administered 6% aqueous extracts of R. crispus, L. barbarum or a combination of the extracts during seven weeks. The better results were obtained in case of L. barbatum (goji) extract administration followed by the R. crispus (yellow dock) extract. The combination of the two extracts has proven to have a weaker effect than the extracts given separately.

The study emphasize the effect of H. rhamnoides and S. marianum 6% aqueous extract on blood sugar level in Alloxan induced diabetes mellitus in rats. The rats (200g and 3 months age) were divided in five groups: one non-diabetic control and four experimental groups with induced diabetes mellitus after 40 mg/kg b.w. intravenous administration of 2% Alloxan. One group was kept as diabetic control and in the other three groups was administered 6% aqueous extracts of H. rhamnoides, S. marianum or a combination of the extracts during seven weeks. The stronger effect was obtained in case of H. rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn) extract administration followed by the S. marianum (Milk thistle) extract. The combination of the two extracts proven to have a stronger effect than the extracts given separately.

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) essential oils are intensely investigated worldwide for the beneficial properties, due to the specific bioactive compound’s structure. (1) Background: This study characterized the structure of the Pimpinella anisum essential oil and evaluated its antimicrobial properties. (2) Methods: An evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity targeted strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), and levure Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for structure identification, and the optical density mass loss was applied for the analysis of different dilutions of aniseed essential oils antimicrobial activity. (3) Results: A total of 13 compounds were identified, of which trans-anethole was in the highest proportion (72.49%), followed by limonene (10.01%), anisole (5%), and α-pinene (3.26%). The results obtained and statistically analyzed, utilizing one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, indicated the antimicrobial activity (p < 0.001) of anise essential oil. (4) Conclusion: Anise essential oil is a promising phyto-remedy with important antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Inhibition high percentages were found for the p. aeruginosa and S. aureus strains, but also excellent antifungal activity against C. albicans was ascertained.

(1) Background: The resistance levels of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., etc., isolated from the nasal cavity and the rectum of Dama dama deer from three hunting grounds in Western Romania were assessed. (2) Methods: The analysis was completed using the diffusimetric method, compliant with CLSI reference standards, and with Vitek-2 (BioMérieux, France), on 240 samples. (3) Results: The results were statistically analyzed (by one-way ANOVA) revealing that in four of the ten E. coli strains isolated from animals, 87.5% (p < 0.001) resistance was found. E. coli strains were resistant to cephalexin (100%); seven strains were resistant to cephalothin and ampicillin; six were resistant to cefquinome and cefoperazone; five were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; and four were resistant to ceftiofur. However, E. coli was sensitive to amikacin (100%). The most efficient structures were beta-lactams, amikacin, and imipenem, to which all 47 strains studied (100%) were sensitive, followed by nitrofurantoin, to which 45 strains (95.7%) were sensitive, neomycin, to which 44 strains (93.6%) were sensitive, ceftiofur, to which 43 strains (91.5%) were sensitive, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and marbofloxacin, to which 42 strains (89.4%) were sensitive. (4) Conclusions: In wild animal populations, where a human presence is frequently reported, including a constant presence of domestic animals, despite the perceived low risk of emerging resistance to antimicrobials, resistance is likely to develop frequently.

The environmental risk analysis for veterinary medicinal products is an assessment of their possible evolution, exposures and effects and is structured according to the EMEA/CVMP/ERA/418282/2005-Rev1[1], VICH GL6 (Phase I) and GL38 (Phase II) guides. The three primary components of a quantitative risk assessment are: exposure assessment, effects assessment, and risk characterization. Based on the indication of use of the veterinary medicinal product, the exposure assessment begins with the release of the active substance into the environment, and while taking into account the drug's fate and distribution, develops a predicted environmental concentration (PEC). The effects assessment begins with toxicity data and applies an assessment factor (AF) to it resulting in a predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). The risk characterization includes development of a risk quotient (RQ) that is calculated by dividing the PEC by the PNEC. If RQ ≥1 assessment moves to next tier. The paper presents an algorithm for calculating the initial risk for soil, groundwater, surface water and sediment under the action of the active ingredient in the analyzed veterinary medicinal product. Based on this calculation algorithm, a specialized interactive software has been developed to allow rapid and convenient determination of environmental risk for veterinary medicinal products. It is a very useful tool for environmental risk assessment specialists.

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The qualitative trials were conducted by exposing earthworms to diverse contaminants sources using standard earthworms’ avoidance tests (considered useful ab initio indicators). For two years, we observed the Jiu River pollution points. We observed soil traits in 15 sampling points from two neighboring Romanian counties where Jiu River flows, by evaluating the risk of pollution on Eisenia fetida earthworms. The ISO: 11268-2:2015 acute static test was used, following the ethological and bodily features of E. fetida earthworms for 14 days, and then the results obtained for clean soils vs. those presumed polluted were statistically analyzed. Results disclosed statistically significant values (p < 0.05) for the two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons tests used for the soil samples thought to be polluted. The mortality percentages by location/replica/year/county find out a high statistical correlation documenting observations related to soil samples gathered from 10 m (p < 0.01) and 30 m (p < 0.001). Compared with the control, the statistical analysis of Relative Growth Rate (RGR) (p < 0.05) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) (p < 0.01) confirmed that, in the case of soil samples collected from 10 and 30 m from the Jiu River’s axis, the earthworms did not gain weight, qualitatively attesting the pollution suspicion/presence of chemical factors potentially pernicious for earthworms.

Reptiles are potential reservoirs of bacteria that could be transmitted, thus becoming a zoonotic hazard. (1) Background: This three-year investigation surveyed the pathological status of 398 pet reptiles: chelonians, snakes (venomous/non-venomous), and lizards. The main pathological entities found were related to the skin, the sensory organs, the digestive system, the respiratory system, the cardiovascular system, the urinary system, the genitalia, the osteo–muscular tract, surgical issues, tumors, and intoxications. (2) Methods: In 25 individuals treated with antibiotics, no clinical healing was recorded, for this reason, an antimicrobial resistance profile analysis of the 43 samples gathered was processed. An antibiogram was performed using the VITEK®2 ID-GP (bio-Mérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) automated platform, with 22 bacterial strains being isolated. (3) Results: The statistics (ANOVA) revealed that the most common disease category was diseases of the digestive system, followed by diseases of the skin, respiratory system, nervous system, and reproductive system. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) between disease incidence and reptile species was reported, with correlations found between all species and diseases diagnosed. The most common bacteria isolated were Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Salmonella spp., but Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter spp., and Proteus spp. were also identified. (4) Conclusions: These microorganisms revealed degrees of resistance against penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The animals can be categorized according to their sensitivity to diseases in the following order (most sensitive to least sensitive): chelonians, venomous snakes, non-venomous snakes, and lizards.

The antibacterial activity of four bacterial standard strains that are naturally encountered in humans and animals was investigated by using bioactive compounds from commercial essential oils of Juniperus communis that were collected from the Western Romanian Carpathians. The Juniper communis essential oils, volatile compounds, were recognized through the GC–MS methodology by comparing identified spectra with those held in the NIST 02, Wiley 275 library. The ratio of each component was calculated based on the peak areas of the GC, without utilizing correction factors. The CLSI standardized micro-dilution was used to determine antimicrobial activity, employing 10−3 dilutions of fresh culture, with inoculums equivalent to a standard of 0.5 McFarland being prepared for testing. Four bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), were investigated, using 96-well micro-dilution plates. Over each micro-dilution well, the essential oils were poured, introducing gradually 2, 4, 8, and 10 µL/well, respectively. The results were expressed as ±SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, considering the differences statistically provided when p < 0.05 or lower. The juniper essential oil originating from the Western Romanian Carpathians is rich in four main volatile compounds: β-pinene (34.02%), 1α-pinene (30.43%), p-cymol (20.25%), and β-myrcene (10.20%). The juniper communis essential oil reduced bacterial density for all four strains tested, but compared to Gram-negative bacteria, in our case; a considerably higher antibacterial effectiveness was detected for Gram-positives, with peak reduction of Staphylococcus aureus, recommending the Romanian essential oil as a beneficial antibacterial resource.

In the recent decades, hyperlipidemia has considerably increased with the development of machine life. It has been accompanied by diseases such as hypothyroidism, liver and kidney diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, as well as obesity and can cause complications such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, increased risk of stroke, and fatty liver disease. Currently, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and its related diseases has increased in developing as well as developed countries. In the most cases, drug therapy is needed to control and treat hyperlipidemia. However, problems related to conventional drugs including adverse events (digestive complications such as indigestion, bloating, constipation along with neurologic complications such as myopathy and neuralgia. In addition to the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity). Growing rate of hyperlipidemia and its related complications despite the availability of these drugs dissatisfaction of patients with these drugs, emergence of complications induced by their prolonged use, as well as high drug costs have increased tendency to complementary and alternative treatments for the control and treatment of this disease. In this regard, traditional medical information of each region as well as identification and utilization of medicinal plants of that area may have an important role in identifying new medicines with plant origin for alternative treatments. In addition to endogenous antioxidants, there are exogenous antioxidants. The beneficial effects of foods have been linked to the presence of bioactive compounds and other nutrients. Examples of biomolecules that have antioxidant potential are phenolic compounds such as isoflavones, phenolic acids, catechins, chlorogenic acids, anthocyanins, and terpenes. Thus, plants have been described as an alternative to the development of new drugs applied to treatment of many diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, ulcers, depurative blood and cancer.

In achieving a successful treatment in animals there are many factors that must be examined by a veterinarian. These elements, often neglected, are the difference between being or not successful in their therapeutical management. For these reasons, in this LLL paper it was envisaged a remembrance of useful major practical issues related to: drug formulation, dosage regimens, safety limit, counter-indications, side effects, drug interactions etc., and the associations of good nature which are reach practitioners in the field.

The association between hyperthyroidism and chronic kidney disease is often seen in geriatric cats making the therapeutic protocol of hyperthyroidism more difficult. A reversible therapy with methimazole like drugs is recommended when assessing the gravity of renal failure or other affection influenced by thyroid hormones. Chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus are common conditions knowns as coexisting affections in older cats that may be caused or cause hyperthyroidism. This case follows the evolution of a hyperthyroid cat whose therapeutic protocol undergoes repeated changes due to the presence of co-existing affections.

The cardiovascular and renal system suffer a series of hemodynamic changes under the action of excess thyroid hormone. The pathogenity of this excess can be reduced once the primary disease, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, is under treatment. When treatment is not efficiently administered, the secondary disorders will become permanent and the quality and expectancy of life will be reduce. This is why the effects and the consequences of the thyroid hormones needs to be fully understood.

The case study was conducted between October and January 2015, on 7 dogs of different breeds and ages, which at clinical examination showed varying degrees of lameness. The dogs behavior and state of consciousness, their attitude in standing, decubitus and at walk and the presence of involuntary movements was assessed through inspection. Palpation was used to feel muscular tonus, local temperature and sensibility. Postural reactions were highlighted by carrying out forced positions of each limb, thus highlighting the proprioceptive sensitivity. By testing the spinal reflexes the reactions of the forelimbs and hind limbs were evaluated, seeking the state of normality, or the absence, diminution or exacerbation of these reflexes. Also, diagnostic imaging was performed consisting of simple radiographs, were performed for the cases that entered the clinic. In the case of digital X-rays, X-rays are passing through the subject being examined are filtered, then touch a plate of sensors able to convert signals generated into digital information with an image appear on the computer screen. Interpretation of results was done by assessing the degree of dysplasia, and the Norberg-Olson angle and stage. This study used digital radiography as imaging technique; the device was Rx-M EVO Fujifilm. On the basis of diagnostic imaging and computerized image, diagnosis was established for each case. The treatment protocol with gold implant was the same for all seven cases; the adopted procedure was the "Wiener" procedure, described by Kasper and Zohmann. The procedure began with establishing a set of points associated with the treatment of hip dysplasia, spondylosis, arthritis, and osteochondritis. For the therapeutic protocol to be performed correctly took the dogs were sedated. This was done with medetomidine hydrochloride (Dorbene vet, Pfizer, concentration 1 mg⁄ml), administered in a 0,1mg⁄kg body weight dose. The results were visible after a month from the implant, four of the seven animals recovered completely and three partially. In conclusion gold implant is a method of treatment with verified efficacy in hip dysplasia, spondylosis, arthritis, osteochondritis dissecans and joint disorders. The method can be considered safe; it does not endanger the patient's life, being recommended by an increasing number of specialists. The disadvantage of this method is that some patients may feel, for a period that extends to 2 weeks post implant, discomfort in the body due to the application of the method. Another disadvantage is the cost, being an expensive method treatment.

The gold Implant (GI) has started to become important in the fight against chronic musculoskeletal pain in the '90s in Germany. GI has had success, because he left behind the traditional Chinese acupuncture (TCA) and evolved as an orthopedic conservative method, involving all the locomotor system. In this review paper are presented essential information about this new technique for veterinary medicine. Are presented: mechanism of action, IA techniques, the main implant points, the main indications of this technique, processes and dynamic post-operative interventions, combinations with other methods, limits of the gold implant. The paper supports, for the first time in our country, the popularization of this method especially effective in locomotion disorders in animals.

This bibliographic essay is an attempt to recall the main elements applicable in the oncologic therapy useful also in veterinary medicine. In the paper are presented: the pharmacological principles of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, oncologic surgery, nanoterapia and some modern methodologies (photodynamic therapy, cryotherapy, electrochimioterapia, vascular disruption agents). The last chapter is dedicated to phytotherapy, as alternative therapy in oncology with the presentation of the main plants known and used in cancer therapy in animals.

The aim of this bibliographic essay is to refresh the knowledge of veterinarians in the field of therapy and bacterial resistance. Are summarized, in a didactic manner: the bacteria classification, the overall structure of the cell wall, the general characterization of antibiotics, the fundamental modes of action of antibiotics, the main interactions and side phenomena antibiotics and toxic products. Installing and effects of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is presented in detail, being given the basic concepts about resistance mechanisms as: the drug inactivation or misappropriation of the pathway, enzyme target altering or structure, low accumulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial cells. They are also presented: the natural antibiotic resistance (epigenetic), the gained antibiotic resistance, the genetic adaptation (by mutation and selection) and the genetic acquisition. By means of resistance means all the mechanisms by which bacteria can reduce or total inactivate the antimicrobial activity. In this regard are presented: phases of the resistance installation and antibiotics’ modification / inactivation, not being omitted also the trends in the evolution of resistance to antibiotics and environmental impacts analysis, the results of the imprudent using of the anti-infectives (like veterinary antibiotics in soil and water, the antibiotic resistance in the genetic modified crops or the long-term effects on ecosystems) and them consequences.

Excessive use of antimicrobials and inadequate infection control practices has turned antimicrobial resistance (AMR) into a global, public health peril. We studied the expression of qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS plasmid in ciprofloxacin (CIP)-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in swine and humans from Romania, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) for human subjects (H) on 147 samples and 53 swine (S) was ascertained as well as the isolation of bacterial DNA (E. coli) as follows: bacteriolysis, DNA-binding, rinsing, elution, amplification, and nucleic acids’ migration and U.V. visualization stages. From 24 samples of E. coli resistant to CIP collected from H subjects and 15 from S, for PCR analysis, 15 H and 12 S were used, with DNA purity of 1.8. The statistically analyzed results using the Crosstabs function (IBM SPSS Statistics-Ver. 2.1.), revealed the qnrS (417 bp) gene in 13 human subjects (52.0%), as well as in all swine samples studied. The qnrB (526 bp) gene was exposed in 9 of the human patients (36.0%) and in all swine isolates, and the qnrA (516 bp) gene was observed only in 3 of the isolates obtained from human subjects (12.0%) and was not discovered in pigs (p > 0.05). The presence of plasmids qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS in the human samples and of qnrB and qnrS in swine, facilitates the survival of pathogens despite the CIP action. The long-term use of CIP could cause a boost in the prevalence of qnr resistance genes, and resistance in the pigs destined for slaughter, a perturbing fact for public health and the human consumer.

By using several samples collected from different farms distances it can be determined the degree of farms pollution and their effects on ecosystems. In order to avoid any error the soil samples were tested in comparison with a control soil sample, used as a reference, considered animal waste pollution free. The registration of survival rate for each testing recipient and for each soil along five repeats was a critical control point of testing. The 11 identified soil types were tested in comparison with a clean reference soil, by using 275 test earthworms and 55 control earthworms. According to normality Kolmogorov- Smirnov test the mortality was analyzed and results were significant (p=0.046).

Studies on microtubule inhibitors have shown that the loss of equilibrium between tubulin and microtubules can generate a multitude of histochemical changes in mitochondria. This disruption of balance is also considered the basis of benzimidazole anthelmintic (BZ) activity. Studies have shown that BZ does not bond to the tubulin of the BZ-resistant Haemonchus contortus, as opposed to sensitive ones. This affinity alteration can be easily recognised by changes in the optical density and can help in the classification of H. contortus mitochondria, into sensitive (dark) and resistant (clear, unmodified zones). In order to confirm this hypothesis, we started our study from albendazole (ABZ) resistant and sensible H. contortus individuals, collected from the intestinal tract of sheep, aiming towards the identification of mitochondrial features, using the Electron Microscopy Transmission (EMT) technique. The EMT has confirmed that the structure of sensitive trichostrongilian populations was affected rapidly, only four hours after ABZ treatments. The main changes that appeared in the intestinal mitochondria of sensitive helminths were: cristae thickening and decreasing in number and cellular membrane thickening. Twelve hours after anthelmintic administration, a total blocking of metabolic functionality was observed, and finally, these changes completely altered the optical density of the mitochondria. In ABZ resistant populations, the optical density has remained normal; and the cristae number, size or functionality of resistant nematode mitochondria has remained unchanged.

In this clinical tutorial report for young vets, there is presented the clinical efficiency of a common surgery technique in a non-healing decubitus inflammatory crusted and pyogenic wound to a nine years male green iguana (Iguana iguana). The wound appeared two months before the reptile was presented to control and the bacteriologic culture made revealed a massive bacterial association where Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis were dominant. Consequently, the antibiogram was accomplished, the results indicating resistance to penicillin and chloramphenicol and respectively, efficacy to gentamicin, erythromycin and tetracycline. The initial treatment with gentamicin 5%, as topical application was started, but though the massive tissue destruction, the surgical way was chosen. Under anaesthesia, the area was scratched and the wound was debrided with scalpel until the bleeding occurred and skin was primarily closed with a surgical skin stapler, but this technique proven to be totally unsuited to green iguana, because of the skin’s tension developed consequently the intervention. Following, the “twisted flap” surgical technique was accomplished, we considering this way as a choice one in iguana’s case, and skin was sutured with no absorbable 2/0 nylon. After the local and general antibiotic treatment with enrofloxacin, animal was fully recovered, the suture points being removed after five weeks.

Analyses of water and soil samples by chemical methods identified the quantities of chlorides, nitrates and phosphates by comparison with the maximum limits of law. Acute toxicity tests on zebra fish embryos is an alternative test of water samples around swine farms in Banat region, because embryos are not subject to animal protection legislation during experiments. The use of Eisenia fetida earthworms as pollution indicators allowed assessment of avoidance behavior of potentially polluting soils collected from different distances from farms.

The thyroid gland is located in the cervical fascia were it is divided in two lateral lobes, right and left, disposed on both sides of the trachea, and unlike other vertebrates, the cat does not have an isthmus that connects the two lobes. The main products of secretion of the thyroid gland are represented by thyroxine [T4] and 3,5,3 'triiodothyronine [T3]. To these are added other hormones resulted from the deiodination of the principle hormones. This process is catalized by the D1, D2 and D3 deiodinase resulting 3,3,5' triiodothyronine [rT3], 3,5-T2, 3,3’-T2 or 3’,5’-T2 which by further deiodination will form 3-3'-T1 and T1. To reach this deiodination must be followed certain steps in the hormon synthesis transport path, and it is important the present of the carrier protein. Once inside the tissue, the concentration of each hormone will vary depending on the binding site and the metabolic processes that will be followed.

Instructions for authors in Romanian

Soil and water ecotoxicity is one of the major concerns with important implications for human and animal life’s quality. Consequently, there were appeared many methods to determine the level of environmental pollution, which in the last decade have seen a tremendous development, with the implementation of European and national legislations. The present review is intended to familiarize readers with some indicators of water pollution and soil testing; testing that zebra fish and earthworm bodies recognized as viable and sensitive indicators of pollution.It describes the testing methodology known: acute and chronic toxicity on fish; determining pollution by using earthworms (OECD Protocol 207). In addition, analytical methodology chapter establishing eco-toxicity is summarized soil and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and applications in determining the degree of environmental pollution, and the last chapter is presented legislation manure management in the EU and Romanian legislation related.

inând cont de etiologia multifactorială a acestei endocrinopatii, confirmarea diagnosticului de hipertiroidism a întâmpinat numeroase dificultăti de-alungul anilor nu numai datorită necesitătii unor cunostiinte medicale cât si a lipsei posibilitătii de a realizare diferite examene de laborator mai mult sau mai putin accesibile. Astfel că în prezent metodele cele mai frecvent utilizate si accesibile sunt dozarea hormonilor tiroidieni totali sau liberi, testul de supresie cu triiodtironină, iar una dintre metodele ce necesită aparatură specială însă nu este accesibilă܈i în tara noastră este scintigrafia

Nanobiotechnology is a new field in research, constituting the interface between the life sciences and nanotechnology. In this field, the size of the working range is between 1 nm and 100 nm. This new domain it proposes the exploitation of quality biomolecules and processes involved in the development of materials or devices with definite activity in medicine. Therapeutic nanotechnology seeks to provide specific features that can reduce morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, of which the most important are: a minimal invasive therapy, high density functions and the concentration in very small volumes. The first origins of the concept of nano-medicine are from Feynman's, who had the visionary idea of the nanorobots and similar mechanisms that could be designed, constructed, and placed in the body to perform cellular repairs at the molecular level. With the priorities crystallization in the medicine domain of XX and especially of the XXI’s century, also nanomedicine gained the momentum. In this respect the review proposes to introduce the reader to this fascinating field. There are provided information about cancer’s nanotherapy, examples of systems, applications of DNA, magnetic separation and manipulation of cells and biomolecules, nanotechnology applications in tissue engineering and many more. Also there are presented applications of nanotechnology in tissue engineering and about nano-robots.

Soil and water ecotoxicity is one of the major concerns with important implications for human and animal life's quality. Consequently, there were appeared many methods to determine the level of environmental pollution, which in the last decade have seen a tremendous development, with the implementation of European and national legislations. The present review is intended to familiarize readers with some indicators of water pollution and soil testing; testing that zebra fish and earthworm bodies recognized as viable and sensitive indicators of pollution.It describes the testing methodology known: acute and chronic toxicity on fish; determining pollution by using earthworms (OECD Protocol 207). In addition, analytical methodology chapter establishing eco-toxicity is summarized soil and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and applications in determining the degree of environmental pollution, and the last chapter is presented legislation manure management in the EU and Romanian legislation related.

The CV of a young PhD student is presented

Nanobiotehnology is a relatively new field of research, being the interface between the life sciences and nanotechnology. In this area where the work dimensions are between 1 nm and 100 nm the recovery of biomolecules’ quality and the processes involved it is proposed, in the development of materials or devices with certain medical activity. This bibliographic approach proposes a first foray into nano-therapeutic resources use in the medical field. Are presented sintheticaly the main nanomaterials, their properties and potential applications in nanomedicine, magnetic fluids, their synthezis and stabilization as well as recent advances in this topic.

The most important role in biological soil pollution is allocated to the untreated waste water used to ground’s fertirigation from livestock farms, and in particular of swine units. Applying of arbitrary measures, and national and European legislation’s non-compliance are main factors that often makes from this issue a public health problem by the great impact it can generate and create in large agglomerations and animals. The diluted manures are able to affect the quality of the environment mainly by: nitrous oxide, ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, etc. and they, being administered in soils, may cause epizootic and epidemiological aspects and also those relating to environmental protection. In this respect it rise the need for all livestock farms to apply appropriate measures for certain manure treatment, different to species of animals and depending on the collection and discharge systems used. This paper is an original research work and it intends to be also a practical guide to follow for those interested in field research of environmental pollution. There are presented current investigation methodologies of water’s quality from swine farms vicinity in Timis County. In four chapters are presented: primary water analysis methodology, the determination of chlorides, nitrates and phosphates for each substance being presented methodology, kits and reagents necessary specific results and their interpretation and conclusions for each study. The last chapter was allocated to the description of the potentially polluting compounds determination by GC-MS technique.

Currently, the feline hyperthyroidism possesses three types of treatment that includes medication, surgery and radioactive therapie. The success of these therapies consists in obtaining favorable results, by inhibiting thyroid hormone secretion, reducing clinical signs, improving the live's quality and by absence of side effects of administered medication. One of these three therapies that fulfill these conditions and considered ideal for clinicians is the radiation therapy. Choosing this therapy depends not only on the availability of radioiodine licensed clinics or the presence of a skilled surgeon but also on the patient's clinical condition, especially when a cardiovascular or renal disease is present in this review paper.

This paper is a brief description of tablets and possible uses in veterinary therapeutics. Are described: classification, components, method of preparation and methods of compression defects and control tablets. Are also described special purpose tablets and coated tablets (tablets).

Colic is a frequent syndrome in horses, being basically a manifestation of the discomfort that can range from a dull ache to an excruciating pain that often ends with death. Causes can be multiple: digestive, neuronal, psychological, urinary, muscular, vascular and correlated with various pathological conditions and environmental factors, but premises of origin of true colic is stomach, small intestine or large intestine. Any disruption of their function, positional changes, twisting, swelling, infection or trauma willlead to the colic symptoms. There are many conditions that can trigger the colic syndrome, however, the widely recognized primary cause of the colic symptoms in horses is considered the stomach dilatation and / or of intestines, that will lead to obstruction of blood flow. In this sense, the review can be am useful remembrance, we believe, conceived in three chapters, for practitioners of the main elements related to inflammation and colic. Are presented: basic concepts related to anatomy and physiology of the horse digestive components, theoretical and practical recollections about the colic: general causes, syndrome types description: simple occlusion, intestinal wall stenosis, occlusion by strangulation, of bowel infarction, the sand colic, colic in foals, constipation with meconium, ulcers, bladder rupture, malformations etc, major symptoms and the clinical examination. Are also shown inflammation and colicmedication and main treatment objectives, the anti-inflammatory list of the major useful groups: derivatives of acetic acid, propionic acid, aryl-anthranilic acid (fenamates), anti-inflammatory oxicamtype, butyl-pirazolidinic, COXIBS. In the last part of paper are presented the own contributions in therapy of colics in horses through a comparative study between Vetalgin® vet and Cronyxin® vet.