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Hydropower is one of the dominating renewable energy sources of the modern era, generating around 17% of the world’s total electricity. Pumped storage hydropower in particular is rapidly growing within the industry, making it a topic of interest. This report will give an overview of the history of hydropower as a whole and specifically pumped storage, examine the physical principles and current technological implementations, and discuss the environmental and economic impacts. We have concluded that despite the seemingly long-term investment, pumped storage remains a reliable and necessary form of renewable energy.

With the trend of digitalization, intelligence, and networking sweeping the world, functional safety and cyber security are increasingly intertwined and overlapped, evolving into the issue of generalized functional safety. Traditional system reliability technology and network defense technology cannot provide quantifiable design implementation theories and methods. As the cornerstone of software systems, operating systems in particular are in need of efficient safety assurance. The DHR architecture is a mature and comprehensive solution, and it is necessary to implement an OS-level DHR architecture, for which the multi-kernel operating system is a good carrier. The multi-kernel operating system takes the kernel as the processing scenario element and constructs redundancy, heterogeneity, and dynamism on the kernel, so it has the generalized robustness of the DHR architecture. This article analyzes the significance and requirements of OS-level DHR architecture, and systematically explains how the multi-kernel operating system responds to the requirements of OS-level DHR architecture by analyzing the technical routes of multi-kernel operating systems and develops an operating system solution idea for the generalized functionally safety.

[Objective] Low-carbon transition is an international consensus, accelerating low-carbon development is the focus of the work of all countries in the world, therefore it is necessary to explore the impact of geopolitical risks, a major risk-causing factor, on the process of low-carbon transition in countries. [Methods] Based on a systematic elaboration of the impact of geopolitical risks on the low-carbon transition process of each country, this study empirically examined the impact of geopolitical risks on countries’ low-carbon transition and regulatory role based on the national panel data and geopolitical risk index from 2010 to 2020, and the moderating effect model. [Results] (1) Geopolitical risks can significantly slow down the process of national low-carbon transition, and this result still holds after sample truncation, replacement of explanatory variables and explained variables, and placebo test; (2) The negative moderating effects of financing constraints and trade barriers are significant, exacerbating the disincentive effect of geopolitical risk on countries’ low-carbon transitions, while green technology R&D capacity positively moderates the relationship between geopolitical risk and countries’ low-carbon transitions; (3) Optimizing the industrial structure and the green technology development capacity is the most important mechanism for the low-carbon transition of countries; (4) In regions with a high level of geopolitical actions and threats, the inhibition of geopolitical risks on the process of their low-carbon transition is more pronounced, and this adverse impact is more obvious in developing countries than in developed countries. [Conclusion] Countries should pay attention to the adverse impact of geopolitical risks in the process of national low-carbon transition, pay attention to financing constraints, and actively optimize industrial structure and improve renewable energy production capacity, so as to hedge the negative impact of geopolitical risks and accelerate the process of low-carbon transition.