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NRAO and SpaceX have been engaged in coordinated testing efforts since Fall 2021, including conducting experiments on different interference avoidance schemes for the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico, and the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) inside the National Radio Quiet Zone in West Virginia. The Starlink system is capable of avoiding direct illumination of telescope sites with their adaptive tasking to place downlink beams far away. Nevertheless, even satellites operating in this mode can potentially present strong signals into the telescope’s receiver system if they pass close to the telescope’s main beam at the boresight. For additional protection, Starlink satellites can either momentarily redirect or completely disable their downlink channels while they pass within some minimum angular separation threshold from the telescope’s boresight, methods that are referred to as “telescope boresight avoidance.” In two separate experiments conducted since Fall 2023, NRAO and SpaceX arranged to have the GBT observe a fixed R.A./decl. position in the sky, chosen to have a large number of close-to-boresight Starlink passages. Preliminary analysis from these two experiments illustrates the feasibility of these avoidance methods to significantly reduce, if not eliminate, the negative impact of close-to-boresight satellite passages. Importantly, these experiments demonstrate the value of continuing cooperative efforts between NRAO and SpaceX, and expanding cooperation between the radio astronomy and satellite communities more generally.

In 21 cm experimental cosmology, accurate characterization of a radio telescope’s antenna beam response is essential to measure the 21 cm signal. Computational electromagnetic (CEM) simulations estimate the antenna beam pattern and frequency response by subjecting the EM model to different dependencies, or beam hyperparameters, such as soil dielectric constant or orientation with the environment. However, it is computationally expensive to search all possible parameter spaces to optimize the antenna design or accurately represent the beam to the level required for use as a systematic model in 21 cm cosmology. We therefore present the Model for Emulating Directivities and Electric fields of Antennas ( MEDEA) , an emulator that rapidly and accurately generates far-field radiation patterns over a large hyperparameter space. MEDEA takes a subset of beams simulated by CEM software, spatially decomposes them into coefficients on a complete, linear basis, and then interpolates them to form new beams at arbitrary hyperparameters. We test MEDEA on an analytical dipole and two numerical beams motivated by upcoming lunar lander missions, and then employ MEDEA as a model to fit mock radio spectrometer data to extract covariances on the input beam hyperparameters. We find that the interpolated beams have rms relative errors of at most 10 ^−2 using 20 input beams or less, and that fits to mock data are able to recover the input beam hyperparameters when the model and mock are derived from the same set of beams. When a systematic bias is introduced into the mock data, extracted beam hyperparameters exhibit bias, as expected. We propose several extensions to MEDEA to potentially account for such bias.

The Caltech Submillimeter Observatory telescope will be relocated from Mauna Kea, Hawaii to Chajnantor Plateau, Chile, refurbished there and renamed the Leighton Chajnantor Telescope (LCT). At the new site, the open-air environment, as well as the high altitude, will amplify the influence of gravity and wind load on structural deformation, thus affecting the antenna’s radiation characteristics, which can be characterized by a far-field pattern. To quickly and accurately compensate for the effect of reflector structural deformation on the far-field pattern of LCT’s antenna, we propose a far-field pattern quick calculation method (FPQCM) to analyze the antenna’s radiation characteristics under gravity and various wind loads, which combines the optical path difference calculation method on the aperture plane, the piecewise Zernike polynomial function, and the piecewise aperture field integration method. Through extensive experimental comparisons with the numerical method based on physical optics and physical theory of diffraction, it is validated that the proposed FPQCM significantly reduces the time by more than 100 times for acquiring the far-field patterns while maintaining the accuracy of the main figure of merits at the highest frequency (i.e., 856 GHz). In addition, we analyzed the far-field pattern of the antenna at different zenith angles, gravity, and winds of different strengths and directions by FPQCM, which provided guidance for performing more precise control through an active surface optimization system after LCT resumes operation, thus facilitating the acquisition of higher surface accuracy and better observation effect.

We conducted a Ka -band (26.1–35 GHz) line survey toward Orion KL using the TianMa 65 m Radio Telescope (TMRT). It is the first blind line survey in the Ka band and achieves a sensitivity at the mK level (1–3 mK at a spectral resolution of ∼1 km s ^−1 ). In total, 592 Gaussian features are extracted. Among them, 257 radio recombination lines (RRLs) are identified. The maximum Δ n of RRLs of H, He, and C are 20, 15, and 5, respectively. Through stacking, we have detected the β lines of ion RRLs (RRLs of C ^+ with the possible contribution of other ions like O ^+ ) for the first time, and a tentative signal of the γ lines of ion RRLs can also be seen on the stacked spectrum. Besides this, 318 other line features were assigned to 37 molecular species, and 10 of these species were not detected in the Q -band survey of TMRT. The vibrationally excited states of nine species were also detected. The emission of most species can be modeled under LTE. A number of transitions of E-CH3OH ( J _2 − J _1 ) display maser effects, which are confirmed by our modeling, and besides the bumping peak at J ∼ 6, there is another peak at J ∼ 13. Methylcyanoacetylene (CH _3 C _3 N) is detected in Orion KL for the first time. This work emphasizes that the Ka band, which was long ignored for spectral line surveys, is very useful for surveying RRLs and molecular lines simultaneously.

We present the combination of ALMA-IMF and single-dish continuum images from the MUSTANG-2 Galactic Plane Survey (MGPS90) at 3 mm and the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) at 1 mm. Six and 10 out of the 15 ALMA-IMF fields are combined with MGPS90 and BGPS, respectively. The combination is made via the feathering technique. We used the dendrogram algorithm throughout the combined images, and performed further analysis in the six fields with the combination in both bands (G012.80, W43-MM1, W43-MM2, W43-MM3, W51-E, W51-IRS2). In these fields, we calculated spectral index maps and used them to separate regions dominated by dust or free–free emission, and then performed further structural analysis. We report the basic physical parameters of the dust-dominated (column densities, masses) and ionized (emission measures, hydrogen ionization photon rates) structures. We also searched for multiscale relations in the dust-dominated structures across the analyzed fields, finding that the fraction of mass in dendrogram leaves (which we label leaf mass efficiency (LME)) as a function of molecular gas column density follows a similar trend: a rapid, exponential-like growth, with maximum values approaching 100% in most cases. The observed behavior of the LME with the gas column is tentatively interpreted as an indicator of large star formation activity within the ALMA-IMF protoclusters. W51-E and G012.80 stand out as cases with comparatively large and reduced potential for further star formation, respectively.

The young, compact, very high surface brightness but low excitation planetary nebula (PN) BD+30°3639 is one of the very few PNe that have been reported to exhibit the 21 cm H i emission line. As part of a long-term program to search for circumstellar atomic hydrogen, we observed the 21 cm feature toward BD+30°3639 with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Assuming a direct association between the PN and the detected H i emission, these new observations show that this surrounding emission is significantly more spatially extended than indicated by previous interferometric observations and can be resolved into two velocity components. The estimated H i mass is larger than 100 M _⊙ , invalidating an origin from the host star itself or its ejecta for the emitting material. We discuss the possibility that the extended H i emission stems from the interstellar medium (ISM) swept out over time by the stellar wind. Moreover, we report tentative detections of H i absorption features lying near and blueward of the systemic velocity of this PN, which are probably from a stalled asterosphere at the outer boundary of the expanding ionized region. The mass of the gas producing the H i absorption is insufficient to solve the so-called “PN missing mass problem.” We demonstrate the capability of FAST to investigate the interaction process between a PN and the surrounding ISM.

We performed simultaneous monitoring observations of the 22.2 GHz H _2 O and 43.1/42.8/86.2/129.3 GHz SiO masers toward the red supergiant VX Sagittarii using the Korean VLBI Network single-dish telescopes. The observations were conducted about every 2 months from 2013 May to 2019 January (30 epochs in total). They included four optical maxima in the active phase of the optical pulsation cycles. The line profile of a H _2 O maser always comprised various velocity components with a wider velocity range and varied from highly redshifted to blueshifted velocities with respect to the stellar velocity, in contrast to those of the SiO masers. We examined the relation between peak intensities and velocities of 11 detailed components in the line profile of the H _2 O maser and the pulsation phases. The peak intensity of each component generally exhibited a better correlation with the pulsation phases than that of total intensity. The peak velocities of several components gradually decreased or increased with respect to the stellar velocity, implying an accelerating motion and the development of asymmetries in the H _2 O maser region. The characteristics of four transition SiO maser properties were compared according to the stellar pulsation phases. The intensity and velocity variation trend of the 43.1 GHz SiO maser was similar to that of the 42.8 GHz SiO maser. However, the variation trend of the 43.1 and 42.8 GHz SiO masers was different from that of the 86.2 and 129.3 GHz SiO masers. This difference stems from the different location of each maser reflecting a different excitation condition.