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In this article the formation of A. S. Bartenev as a medieval scholar is considered against a broad background of institutional changes and reform of the system of higher education and postgraduate studies in the USSR in the second half of the 1920s – first half of the 1930s. The development of the system of academic training in the field of medieval studies took place under the direct influence of the scholars of the “old” school, who sought to adapt the traditional requirements for qualifying essays to the new conditions. Thus, they established continuity in the development of science.

Background. A lot of brain damage including traumatic brain injuries during war can lead to persistent cognitive disorders and followed impaired functioning in everyday life. The main focus in dealing with such disorders is made on the neuropsychological (cognitive) rehabilitation. Patients psychoeducation aimed to creating an adequate internal picture of the disease and increasing self-awareness of deficits and behavior is considered as the first and the most important step in their rehabilitation process. Yet, to date the theoretical and methodological foundations of psychoeducation are not clear formulated and developed so it makes this stage of the cognitive rehabilitation not much effective. Objective. Review and analysis of the research literature in the fields of clinical psychology and neuropsychology concerning implementation of psychoeducation for neurological patients, as well as discussion of relevant issues in this problematic area. Results. The literature review has shown that “psychoeducation” was first officially recommended for severe mental illnesses and continues to develop in the modern system of psychosocial rehabilitation for psychiatric and psychosomatic patients as a special type of psychosocial intervention in the structure of their treatment and rehabilitation process. Various authors particularly highlight the learning aspect of psychoeducation, associated with the patient's mastery of methods for recognizing the manifestations of his cognitive deficits and behavioral disorders. Conclusions. Psychoeducation should be implemented in the practice of neuropsychological (cognitive) rehabilitation. In order to advance research and practice of psychoeducation for improving the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation, it is necessary to develop it as a typical educational process where each stage should be matched with adequate tools and practices. In addition, psychoeducation should be linked to the treatment process and to specific therapeutic and rehabilitation goals.

Abstract We develop massive higher-spin theory as a framework for describing dynamics of rotating compact objects, such as Kerr black holes. In this paper, we explore gauge interactions up to quartic order and corresponding Compton amplitudes of higher-spin massive objects coupled to electromagnetism and Yang-Mills theory. Their classical counterparts are known as root-Kerr gauge-theory solutions, whose amplitudes are closely related to those of Kerr black holes. We use three distinct approaches: (i) massive higher-spin gauge symmetry to introduce cubic interactions for all spins and the quartic interactions up to spin 3, which is implemented both off shell and via Ward identities; (ii) a chiral higher-spin approach to construct quartic Lagrangians with correct degrees of freedom to all spins; (iii) on-shell functional patterns before and after taking the classical limit to constrain the Compton amplitudes. As final results, we arrive at simple local formulae for the candidate root-Kerr Compton amplitudes both in the quantum regime and classical limit, to all orders in spin. This is a precursor to the gravitational Kerr case, which is presented in a follow-up paper.

Abstract Massive higher-spin fields are difficult to introduce consistent interactions, including electromagnetic and gravitational ones which are clearly exhibited by (non-elementary) higher-spin particles in nature. We construct an action that describes consistent interactions of massive spin three-half field with a constant electromagnetic background. We also work out the relation to the chiral approach.

Background. The purpose of the work is to develop, implement and test a projection method for comparing methods of focusing electromagnetic fields passing through a dielectric partially shielded half ball. Material and methods. The Galerkin method is implemented for the vector integro-differential equation of the diffraction problem; basic vector functions in a three-dimensional solid and a parameterized nonplanar screen are determined; a parallel algorithm for solving the problem using the MSMPI library is implemented. Results. Various options for shielding the half ball in order to focus the electric field inside the body were compared. Conclusions: the most effective method of focusing the wave in the proposed arrangement of the screen-body system has been selected.

The ongoing antimicrobial resistance crisis has incentivised research into alternative antibacterial and antibiofilm agents. One of them is plasma-activated water (PAW), which is produced by exposing water to a cold plasma discharge. This process generates a diverse array of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) with antimicrobial properties. Another intensively studied class of alternative antimicrobials are bacteriophages, attracting attention due to their specificity and strong antibacterial activity. As combinations of different types of antimicrobials are known to often exhibit synergistic interactions, in this study we investigated the combined use of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma-activated water and the bacteriophage vB_PmiS_PM-CJR against Proteus mirabilis biofilms as a potential option for treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).We compared the effect of two cold plasma discharge setups for PAW production on its antimicrobial efficacy against P. mirabilis planktonic and biofilm cultures. Next, we assessed the stability of the phage vB_PmiS_PM-CJR in PAW. Finally, we tested the antimicrobial activity of the phages and PAW against biofilms, both individually and in combinations.Our findings demonstrate that the combination of PAW with phage is more effective against biofilms compared to individual treatments, being able to reduce the number of biofilm-embedded cells by approximately 4 log. We were also able to show that the order of treatment plays an important role in the anti-biofilm activity of the phage-PAW combination, as the exposure of the biofilm to PAW prior to phage administration results in a stronger effect than the reverse order.This research underlines PAW's ability to potentiate phage activity, showcasing a considerable reduction in biofilm viability and biomass. Additionally, it contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of phage-based combinatorial treatments. Overall, this sequential treatment strategy demonstrates the potential of leveraging multiple approaches to address the mounting challenge of antibiotic resistance and offers a promising avenue for enhancing the efficacy of CAUTI management.

The subject of this article is the international law enforcement practice developing in relation to the concept of investment. The formation of this practice takes place in numerous decisions of investment arbitration. The Salini test plays an important role in this practice, which is an investment arbitration decision that has become the flagship of the development of the practice of applying international investment law and its principles.The purpose of the article is to identify trends in the decisions of investment arbitration, in which the concept of investment is interpreted, as well as in the doctrinal justification of approaches to this problem.The methodology of the study is a comparative legal analysis of those concepts that are the basis of the Salini test, as well as competing theories with it.Main results. The reason for the appearance of the Salini test was the impossibility of a total consensus of states regarding the legal formalization of the concept of "investment". This impossibility has an objective character, since the investments of resources in one or another sphere have such significant differences that they cannot be taken into account within the framework of a single legal paradigm. In addition, the subjective factor is also important for the formulation of this concept, since states endowed with different roles – either as recipients of investments or as investors have divergent interests that cannot be realized within the framework of a single legal approach.Conclusions. Investment arbitration has to a certain extent demonstrated the ability to overcome the differences that exist between different states regarding the key concept of investment law. It was in the arbitration decisions, and above all in the Salini test, that the signs of the key concept of investment law were identified, which together constitute its content. The content of the Salini test is that the concept of investment is formulated based on the identification of the following criteria: (1) investment of assets; (2) a certain duration of the investment of assets; (3) risky nature of investments; (4) significant economic importance for the recipient state.In addition, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that, despite the fact that the Salini test accumulated the main legal ideas about the regulation of investment activity, the amorphous nature of the concept of investment determines a high degree of its uncertainty in relation to specific situations. This provokes a continuation of the discussion regarding legally significant investment criteria.

Understanding the dispersion of floating objects and ocean properties at the ocean surface is crucial for various applications, including oil spill management, debris tracking and search and rescue operations. While mesoscale turbulence has been recognized as a primary driver of dispersion, the role of submesoscale processes is poorly understood. This study investigates the largely unexplored mechanism of dispersion by refracted wave fields. In situ observations demonstrate significantly faster and distinct dispersion patterns for objects influenced by wind, waves and currents compared to those solely driven by ocean currents. Numerical simulations of wave fields refracted by ocean eddies corroborate these findings, revealing diffusivities that exceed those of turbulent diffusion at scales up to 10 km during energetic sea states. Our results highlight the importance of ocean waves in dispersing surface material, suggesting that refracted wave fields may play a significant role in submesoscale spreading. As atmospheric forcing at the ocean surface will only strengthen due to anthropogenic contributions, additional research into wave refraction is necessary. This requires concurrent high-resolution measurements of wind, waves and currents to inform the revisions of large-scale coupled models to better include the submesoscale physics.

Biofeedback (BFB) is a rehabilitation method, which, among other things, is used for the restitution of motor and gait function. As of now, it has become technically feasible to use BFB training based on target gait parameters to improve the gait function in stroke patients. The walking patterns of stroke patients are generally characterized by significant gait phase asymmetries, mostly of the stance phase and the single stance phase. The aim of the study was to investigate the restoration of gait function using BFB training with gait phases as feedback targets. The study included two patient groups, each of 20 hemiparetic patients in the subacute stage of stroke and a control group of 20 healthy subjects. Each patient group received BFB training with either stance phase or single stance phase as the feedback target, respectively. The patients received a total of 8 to 11 training sessions. Assessments based on clinical scales and gait analysis data (spatiotemporal, kinematic, and EMG parameters) were performed before and after the training course. The score-based clinical assessments showed a significant improvement in both patient groups. According to the assessments of gait biomechanics, the subjects in the Single Stance Phase group had significantly more severe dysfunctions. In both patient groups, the unaffected limb responded to the BFB training, while the stance phase significantly changed after training in the unaffected limb only. The other patient group, trained using the single stance phase as the feedback target, showed no changes in the target parameter either in the affected or in the contralateral limb. The clinical and instrumental assessments showed different, non-equivalent sensitivity. The results of the study demonstrated the possibility to use targeted BFB training to improve walking function. However, a significant effect of such training was only observed with stance phase as the target parameter. A response to training was observed predominantly in the unaffected limb and facilitated the desired increase in the functional ability of the paretic limb. Training based on stance phase as the target parameter is probably preferable for the patient population under study.

This paper investigates the application of game-theoretic principles combined with advanced Kalman filtering techniques to enhance maritime target tracking systems. Specifically, the paper presents a two-player, imperfect information, non-cooperative, sequential game framework for optimal decision making for a tracker and an evader. The paper also investigates the effectiveness of this game-theoretic decision making framework by comparing it with single-objective optimisation methods based on minimising tracking uncertainty. The paper assumes that both the tracker and the evader are intelligent operators capable of complex decision making, and use passive sensors to get noisy bearing information about each other. Rather than modelling a zero-sum game between the tracker and the evader, which presupposes the availability of perfect information, and therefore unrealistic, in this paper we model both the tracker and the evader as playing separate zero-sum games at each time step with an internal (and imperfect) model of the other player, which each player constructs based on the imperfect state information they have about the other player. The study defines complex multi-faceted winning criteria for both tracker and evader, and computes winning percentages for both by simulating their interaction for a range of speed ratios. The results indicate that game theoretic decision making improves the win percentage of the tracker compared to traditional covariance minimization procedures in all cases, regardless of the speed ratios and the actions of the evader. In the case of the evader, we find that a simpler linear escape action is most effective for the evader in most scenarios, though the effectiveness of game-theoretic decision making improves when the evader has a more significant speed disadvantage. Overall, the results indicate that the presented sequential-game based decision making framework significantly improves win percentages for a player in scenarios where that player does not have inherent advantages in terms of starting position, speed ratio, or available time (to track/escape), highlighting that game theoretic decision making is particularly useful in scenarios where winning by using more traditional decision making procedures is highly unlikely.

Unlocking the ultimate potential of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors requires engineering their thermal properties. Here, the authors improve our understanding of heat flow in these devices and suggest routes to improved performance.

Abstract A unique class of local Higher Spin Gravities with propagating massless fields in 4d — Chiral Higher Spin Gravity — was first found in the light-cone gauge. We construct a covariant form of the corresponding field equations in all orders, thus completing the previous analysis of arXiv:2204.10285 . This result is equivalent to taking the minimal model (in the sense of L ∞ -algebras) of the jet-space BV-BRST formulation of Chiral Higher Spin Gravity, thereby, containing also information about counterterms, anomalies, etc.

Formation of radioactive waste (RW) is specific to the NPP operation. Liquid radioactive waste (LRW) forms in the process of the reactor plant operation, and in decontamination of equipment, rooms and overalls. The radionuclides found mostly in vat residues are 134, 137 Cs in the form of ions and 60Co and 54Mn isotopes in the form of chelates including substances used for equipment decontamination. Among the well-known conditioning techniques, selective sorption provides for the greatest reduction of LRW amounts. The efficiency of using the amount of the filter material can be increased by supplying the treated medium simultaneously to several sorbent layers. The paper presents computer simulation results for three proposed options of improved container filter designs for ion-selective treatment differing in the ways used both to separate the treated water flows and to deliver these to the sorbent layers. The improved efficiency of the sorption processes in the proposed designs was estimated using computer simulation in SolidWorks Flow Simulation. Three sorbent grades from NPP Eksorb were used for the study. A series of experimental studies of the flow through the sorbent layer was undertaken to determine the hydraulic resistance of the studied samples. The obtained experimental data was added to the Solidworks Flow Simulation engineering database for simulation of the earlier presented designs. Representative parameters of the flow inside of container filters were obtained as a result of the simulation.

The thermal stability of carbohydrazide, hydrazine nitrate, acetohydroxamic acid in nitric acid solutions has been studied at atmospheric pressure and above atmospheric pressure. The volumes of gaseous products of thermolysis and the maximum rate of gas evolution have been determined at atmospheric pressure. It has been shown that, despite the high rate of gas evolution and large volumes of evolved gases, the conditions for the development of autocatalytic oxidation are not created. Exothermic processes are observed in a closed vessel in the temperature range of 50–250 °C. With an increase in the concentration of nitric acid, the temperatures of the onset of exothermic effects for all mixtures decrease, and the values of the total thermal effects of reactions increase, to the greatest extent for solutions with carbohydrazide.

Background. Kidney involvement is a common manifestation of the systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Kidney biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of kidney diseases, however this method has not yet become the standard-of-care in rheumatology practice. Aim. To assess the diagnostic value of kidney biopsy in the management of patients of the rheumatology department. Materials and methods. In this retrospective observational study we analyzed the medical documentation including kidney morphology findings in the patients of the Department of Rheumatology at Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases. All patients included in the research had signs of kidney involvement and had undergone needle biopsy of the kidney or re-evaluation of the kidney tissue received previously. Results. From June 2016 to October 2021, 3110 patients were admitted to the rheumatology department. Among them 63 (2%) underwent kidney biopsy and were included in the study. Twenty (32%) were male. Mean age was 42.513.9 years. The most common preliminary diagnoses before kidney biopsy were ANCA-associated vasculitis (n=17), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=12), and AA-amyloidosis associated with inflammatory joint diseases (n=7). In 14 (27%) patients diagnosis was unspecified at the time of biopsy. Among 49 patients with established preliminary diagnosis morphological findings were in line 38 (78%) with the pre-liminary diagnosis. However, in 11 (22%) patients morphological findings resulted in the change of the diagnosis. In all 14 patients with unspecified condition kidney biopsy helped to establish clinical diagnosis. Ultrasound evaluation demonstrated hematoma formation in 18 (31%) patients, and among them two required blood component transfusions. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates significant value and safety of kidney biopsy in the patients with autoimmune rheumatic conditions. We suggest that kidney biopsy should be implemented in the management of this category of patients.

Abstract There exists a natural L ∞ -algebra or Q-manifold that can be associated to any (gauge) field theory. Perturbatively, it can be obtained by reducing the L ∞ -algebra behind the jet space BV-BRST formulation to its minimal model. We explicitly construct the minimal models of self-dual Yang-Mills and self-dual gravity theories, which also represents their equations of motion as Free Differential Algebras. The minimal model regains all relevant information about the field theory, e.g. actions, charges, anomalies, can be understood in terms of the corresponding Q-cohomology.

Abstract We describe a systematic approach for the evaluation of Witten diagrams for multi-loop scattering amplitudes of a conformally coupled scalar ϕ 4-theory in Euclidean AdS4, by recasting the Witten diagrams as flat space Feynman integrals. We derive closed form expressions for the anomalous dimensions for all double-trace operators up to the second order in the coupling constant. We explain the relation between the flat space unitarity methods and the discontinuities of the short distance expansion on the boundary of Witten diagrams.

Abstract Using the Schwinger-Keldysh-formalism, reformulated in [1] as an effective field theory in Euclidean anti-de Sitter, we evaluate the one-loop cosmological four-point function of a conformally coupled interacting scalar field in de Sitter. Recasting the Witten cosmological correlator as flat space Feynman integrals, we evaluate the one-loop cosmological four-point functions in de Sitter space in terms of single-valued multiple polylogarithms. From it we derive anomalous dimensions and OPE coefficients of the dual conformal field theory at space-like, future infinity. In particular, we find an interesting degeneracy in the anomalous dimensions relating operators of neighboring spins.

In recent years, a number of researchers have paid increased attention to the phenomena directly related to the sociocultural mode of ruling. However, in the domestic historiography only the Middle Ages (e.g. Boitsov, Polskaya, Voskoboynikov, Khachaturyan) are closely studied in this aspect, while antiquity remains without researchers’ attention, although it is the basis of the formation of medieval monarchies. Moreover, modern historians developing the concept of «Late Antiquity» originally focused their attention on the cultural, religious and social spheres of Late Antique society, while they were little interested in the political and institutional history of the Late Roman Empire, and accordingly there was a lack of research on these issues. Consideration of the titles of the Roman emperor allows us to bridge the mentioned gaps observed in historiography.Based on the analysis of a set of numismatic and epigraphic sources dating from the 3rd to 5th centuries, the author shows changes in the titles of Roman emperors during this period. In particular, a conclusion is made about the gradual disappearance of the title imperator, which already under the heirs of Constantine almost ceased to be used. At the same time the main title becomes dominus noster, which was gradually included in the official name since the emperors of the III c. There is also a gradual disappearance of victory acclamations, epithets pius felix invictus, references to republican posts, and the title Caesar. However, we observe the appearance of the word victor et triumphator and the addition of the epithets semper or perpetuus to the title augustus.These changes in the titles are explained by the shift in emphasis from the exaltation of the emperor’s personality with the help of specific epithets to emphasizing the impersonal and absolute character of imperial power, expressed in the theatrical rituals of Late Antiquity.

Helicobacter pylori is considered to be one of the significant reasons of formation of gastroduodenal pathology. Data on the role of H. pylori in the development of extragastric diseases are confirmed by a positive effect of eradication on peripheral blood changes. In spite of this fact both aspects are still not revealed. However, undoubtedly that H. pylori persistence on gastric epithelium creates conditions for chronic local and systematic inflammation. The aim of the sur- vey was the analysis of literary data about bacterial factors in the development of iron-, vitamin B12-deficiency anaemia and thrombocytopenic purpura included by the international consensus into the circle of evedences for diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori. Material and methods. There was accomplished search of literature sources with the help of data bases PubMed, CyberLeninka, eLibrary, Google Scholar. The results of our analysis specify mechanisms of cer- tain blood diseases pathogenesis in association with H. pylori. Multiple roles of virulent strains of pathogen in anaemia and thrombocytopenic purpura include: development of erosive and ulcerative lesions of mucosa, hypoacidity, chron- ic inflammation and autoimmune response. Data about these changes in haematological syndromes and independent eradication effects on blood parameters normalisation, are controversial. Н. pylori host iron competition theory has not been found convincing confirmation. Conclusions. It is necessary to study more deeply the connection of H. pylori and haematological diseases. The dietary research and application to maintain the mucous integrity and bacterial adhesion prevention are perspective.

Р The use of composition material based on the polyamide (caprolon) Ertalon 4.6 as an anti-friction material in the sliding units in the aviation industry is considered. Low carbon electrotechnical sheet steel 21864 of different concentrations was used as filler of composite material. The article presents the thermal calculation of plain bearings with polymer insert in different operating modes. It is determined that the addition of a metal filler to polyamide causes a temperature decrease in the friction zone due to the effective heat exchange from the shaft to the bearing housing. The article conducts a study of tribo-technical properties of the proposed composite material on installation PT-4C under sliding conditions according to the scheme “cylinder-plane”, as well as modeling of the support unit in the software complex DS SolidWorks. It has been experimentally determined that the addition of finely dispersed steel filler enhances the antifriction properties of the Ertalon 4.6 polymer and extends the temperature range of the composite insert performance. Increasing the filler concentration to 20% results in a reduction of the friction coefficient by an average of 3.6 times and an increase in the temperature range of composite material use to 100 °C. The load-bearing capacity of the composite material bushing is increased to 25 MPa at a 20% filler concentration respectively. The practical significance of the work lies in the analysis of the antifriction properties of the polymer with metallic filler in comparison with the polymer without filler, which will prove the effectiveness of the use of such polymers in friction units instead of non-ferrous metals (bronze, babbitt).

The article describes a clinical case of viral pneumonia associated with COVID-19 of the only lung, it developed in the patient 30 days after pleuropneumonectomy which was done to manage fibrous cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis. The favorable course of COVID-19 was due to its timely detection and initiation of treatment, and possibly, it was due to using anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy containing antibacterial drugs that prevented nosocomial infections.

This paper highlights the problem of chronic constipation, their epidemiology, etiology, clinical features in some concomitant diseases, diagnostics and approaches to therapy with a focus on sodium picosulfate preparations. Based on several scientific papers, an analysis of a group of sodium picosulfate preparations was performed, indications, dosage, efficacy and possible side effects were considered. The paper also provides a clinical example of managing a patient with chronic constipation. Who received therapy with sodium picosulfate. Constipation is a violation of the act of defecation less than 3 times a week or more than three days. At the same time, it is possible to say about chronic constipation if such symptoms persist for 6 months. To date, the discussion about constipation as a nosological unit continues. The study of the epidemiology of constipation in various scientific sources indicates the wide spread of this disease. The diagnosis of “Constipation” is based on the Rome Criteria IV adopted in 2016. By origin, constipation can be primary and secondary, and among the factors provoking them are not only gastroenterological diseases, but diseases of other organ systems, as well as environmental factors and the intake of certain groups of medicines. Therapy of chronic constipation is carried out both medicamentally and non-medicamentally (surgical methods today have no proven effectiveness). The analysis of sodium picosulfate preparations proved their effectiveness and safety, which was also noted in our clinical case.

The targeting and timeliness of financial and non-financial measures of state support for small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of agriculture within the framework of ongoing state support for entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation are currently crucial not only for a specific industry, but also for the national economy of the country as a whole, as they minimize the risks associated with the specifics of the activities of these enterprises, and make it possible to redistribute the resources released as a result of the support received to enhance the digitalization of business processes. The authors investigated the results of providing financial and non–financial support to SMEs in the Sverdlovsk region, including in the field of agriculture, received from the regional Development Institute of the Sverdlovsk region for the period from 2021 to 2023. The conclusions obtained by the authors showed the need to strengthen measures to support small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of agriculture by the state through regional development institutions, which will ensure the growth and scaling of their business and allow for a more comprehensive implementation of digitalization processes in business planning and operational management of enterprises.

In this article, we review recent advances in the technology of writing fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in selected cores of multicore fibers (MCFs) by using femtosecond laser pulses. The writing technology of such a key element as the FBG opens up wide opportunities for the creation of next generation fiber lasers and sensors based on MCFs. The advantages of the technology are shown by using the examples of 3D shape sensors, acoustic emission sensors with spatially multiplexed channels, as well as multicore fiber Raman lasers.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD – is a pathology that usually has a metabolic cause and is not caused by excessive alcohol consumption. NAFLD is the most frequent chronic liver disease worldwide and is accompanied by a high financial burden for the patient and the healthcare system. NAFLD is generally considered a “benign disease” with low progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, due to the large number of affected patients, the prevalence of cirrhosis of the liver has gradually increased, and in fact it represents the third cause of liver transplantation in the world. Moreover, even if the frequency of HCC in patients with NAFLD is lower than in patients with HCV/HBV cirrhosis, the absolute number of HCC associated with NASH is higher due to the higher number of patients with NAFLD. It is likely that the importance of this disease will continue to grow in the future, when new treatments and prevention programs for hepatitis C and B reduce the size of viral liver infections. Many aspects of the disease have yet to be solved. It is very important to understand the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of NAFLD, the features of the clinic and diagnosis, as well as the tactics of management and treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It is important for patients to get a complete understanding of NAFLD so that they can play an active role in the treatment of their disease.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of whole genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2 to inform public health policy. By enabling definition of lineages it facilitates tracking of the global spread of the virus. The evolution of new variants can be monitored and knowledge of specific mutations provides insights into the mechanisms through which the virus increases transmissibility or evades immunity. To date almost 1 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been sequenced by members of the COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium. To achieve similar feats in a more cost-effective and sustainable manner in future, improved high throughput virus sequencing protocols are required. We have therefore developed a miniaturized library preparation protocol with drastically reduced consumable use and costs. Results We present the ‘Mini-XT’ miniaturized tagmentation-based library preparation protocol available on protocols.io ( https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bvntn5en ). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was amplified using the ARTIC nCov-2019 multiplex RT-PCR protocol and purified using a conventional liquid handling system. Acoustic liquid transfer (Echo 525) was employed to reduce reaction volumes and the number of tips required for a Nextera XT library preparation. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina MiSeq. The final version of Mini-XT has been used to sequence 4384 SARS-CoV-2 samples from N. Ireland with a COG-UK QC pass rate of 97.4%. Sequencing quality was comparable and lineage calling consistent for replicate samples processed with full volume Nextera DNA Flex (333 samples) or using nanopore technology (20 samples). SNP calling between Mini-XT and these technologies was consistent and sequences from replicate samples paired together in maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees. Conclusions The Mini-XT protocol maintains sequence quality while reducing library preparation reagent volumes eightfold and halving overall tip usage from sample to sequence to provide concomitant cost savings relative to standard protocols. This will enable more efficient high-throughput sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 isolates and future pathogen WGS.

Abstract We explore a class of CFT’s with higher spin currents and charges. Away from the free or N = ∞ limit the non-conservation of currents is governed by operators built out of the currents themselves, which deforms the algebra of charges by, and together with, its action on the currents. This structure is encoded in a certain A ∞ /L ∞-algebra. Under quite general assumptions we construct invariants of the deformed higher spin symmetry, which are candidate correlation functions. In particular, we show that there is a finite number of independent structures at the n-point level. The invariants are found to have a form reminiscent of a one-loop exact theory. In the case of Chern-Simons vector models the uniqueness of the invariants implies the three-dimensional bosonization duality in the large-N limit.

The Flaming Datum (FD) problem refers to the search for a hostile Evader that is fleeing after momentarily revealing its position. If Evader’s direction is fixed but unknown, while its maximal speed is known, Koopman argued in 1980 that the best trajectory for Searcher is a spiral starting from the revealed position. The objective of our study is to verify the hypothesis of a spiral search path, by formulating the FD problem in the framework of a finite two-player zero-sum partially observed stochastic search game, where the opponent plays repeatedly a fixed but unknown pure strategy. Using a realistic sensor model, current information about the position of Evader is represented by an occupancy map, updated in the Bayesian framework. The utility is computed as the entropy reduction of the occupancy map. The game was implemented in software and solved using the maxmin method. By running repeatedly the described search game, we have found that the search pattern, although random (due to the uncertainties in sensing and mixed strategies), is indeed a spiral on every play of the game, thus confirming the hypothesis.

The problem of comorbidity becomes especially relevant in the conditions of demographic aging of the population. In recent years the number of studies devoted to diagnostic and treatment features of comorbidities, especially in elderly and senile patients, has increased. In spite of this fact, until now there are no clear recommendations for the management of comorbidities in the therapeutic practice.The article is devoted to the presentation and discussion of a clinical case of a comorbid patient with arterial hypertension. The stages of the performed diagnostic search with verification of the clinical diagnosis and the tactics of the prescribed pharmacotherapy are presented. On the basis of the presented data it is shown that exacerbation of one of the chronic diseases of the patient’s general comorbid background may significantly increase the severity of the general pathology and in its turn will determine the prognosis and influence the treatment tactics. The complexity of this case is that the patient has chronic single kidney disease in the stage of chronic renal failure. In analysing this case, it is also important to note the difficulties in the choice of drug therapy, as this situation poses significant limitations in the use of many drugs. This is a challenge that every clinician faces on a daily basis, regardless of clinical experience and medical knowledge. Only a multilevel approach will enable comprehensive medical and social care to be organised for patients with co-morbidities with chronic diseases, provide follow-up not only during exacerbations but also during remissions, contribute to the prevention of exacerbations and complications, which will consequently improve prognosis and quality of life.

Background: Currently, training of the gait function for patients with cerebral stroke using the biofeedback technology is an independent, effective, and promising method. The most common training and exposure parameters are the gait speed, cycle length, and cadence. However, the application of basic and more complex types of selective training using wearable sensor technology is rare due to the technological complexity of their use for biofeedback. Aims: To study the possibility of using the biofeedback training technology with a targeted effect on one of the basic parameters characterizing the symmetry of walking, the duration of the support period, in patients in the early recovery period of cerebral stroke. Methods: We examined 12 patients who underwent a course of biofeedback training to harmonize the period of support during the early recovery period of hemispheric cerebral stroke in the middle cerebral artery basin. The biomechanics of voluntary walking was investigated before and after the training. The spatio-temporal parameters of walking, kinematics of movements in the hip, knee, and ankle joints, and the maximum EMG amplitudes of the main muscle groups responsible for walking were recorded. The classical clinical scales were also used. The biofeedback training on a treadmill consisted of 10 sessions; the duration of the support period was the training parameter. Results. As a result of the treatment, a significant improvement was noted according to the UpGo clinical scale and Hausers walking index. The differences in the trained support phase after the treatment are not significant and demonstrate positive changes. The kinematics of movements in the joints also demonstrates relatively small, but significant changes for the knee joint. For the hip joint, no dynamics in the parameters values is observed; the joint function does not change significantly, and the amplitude asymmetry remains unchanged. For the knee joint, the greatest dynamics is observed for the main swing amplitude and its phase. Conclusion: The study has shown that the purposeful biofeedback training of the gait function using the support period to reduce the functional asymmetry in this parameter, and also has a positive effect on other gait parameters.

The formation of the institute of postgraduate studies in history in the USSR in the 1930s is examined in the article. The sources used are published legislative acts, journalistic materials, archival data. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the proposed problem was often considered in the context of the history of scientific and scientific and educational institutions or exclusively through regulatory legal acts without taking into account the practice that actually existed and developed under the influence of the community of scientists. Using the materials of curricula for the training of graduate students of Moscow University, Leningrad University, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as well as using the individual plans of graduate students, the author proves that the older generation of historians sought to integrate pre-revolutionary standards and mechanisms for training dissertation candidates into the new conditions of Soviet power. It is stated in the article that, despite the publication of numerous decrees, instructions, rules by government structures in relation to the institute of graduate school in the 1930s, there were no clear recommendations on the nature of the process of training scientific personnel. Supervisors of post graduate students, as a rule, themselves determined the scope of requirements for applicants. The author reveals the relative freedom of historians in determining the conditions and scientific criteria for entering the scientific community of neophytes.

Chiral Higher Spin Gravity with cosmological constant is constructed as a Free Differential Algebra, i.e. at the level of equations of motion, which is a smooth deformation of its flat space cousin [34]. Chiral Higher Spin Gravity is a unique class of local higher spin theories; its very existence implies that there is a closed and, most likely, integrable sub-sector of Chern–Simons Matter Theories, which has important consequences both for the theories themselves and for three-dimensional bosonization duality.

The research is devoted to the study of the specificity of disorders of written speech in efferent motor agraphia, depending on the functional orientation of writing. The theoretical prerequisite for the work was the functionalist approach developed in the direction of cultural-historical psychology. The goal of the study: to reveal the variability of writing disorders in efferent motor agraphia in the conditions of different types of written speech performance in terms of functional orientation. The study used ecological tasks, which were developed in the culture of everyday writing activities, and traditional diagnostic tasks aimed at assessing separate writing operations. The study involved 22 patients with post-stroke efferent motor agraphia, 13 of them were men, the average age was 55,0±8,0 years. Nineteen patients had higher education, 3 — secondary education. The results of statistical calculations did not reveal significant differences in any of the types of errors at the level of individual words. The analyzed types of written errors were revised in favor of syntactic ones. Intraindividual analysis using nonparametric criteria revealed differences in 5 types of syntax errors. The obtained differences are explained by the choice of certain writing strategies that meet the written task assigned to the patient. The analysis shows the need to take into account not only the various instrumental components of speech and structural units of the language, in particular, syntax, but also functional changes manifested at the level of pragmatics.

The aim of this paper is to compare and analyze two approaches to aphasia: The systemic dynamic localization of higher mental functions theory developed by A.R. Luria and neurocognitive dual-route model. To our knowledge, comparative analysis of these two theories was never done before. We found similarities between these two theories, as well as differences between them. One of the key differences is that while Luria’s approach views various symptoms as systemic consequences of a primary impairment, the dual-route model sees these symptoms as independent and unrelated. This major difference between two approaches can be explained: Luria’s approach is in line with classic “syndrome analysis” of aphasia, contrary to the cognitive approach, which assumes that classic syndromes are unable to explain all diversity of clinical symptoms

Background: Tandem Gait (TG) testing is known as a clinical method for studying the walking function with complicated coordination. The precise biomechanical walking parameters in this test remain poorly investigated. Moreover, TG is a modified locomotion of walking. In general, walking is a highly automated movement. TG introduces a component of voluntary control into it. Aims: A study of functional and biomechanical symptoms in children after the treatment for the posterior fossa tumor in the long term. Methods: The study involved 15 healthy subjects aged 12 to 35 years (20.47.2), among them 4 men and 11 women control group. The group of patients comprised 33 children who had a tumor of the posterior cranial fossa (HF) at the age of 7 to 17 years (12.33.1), of these 15 boys and 18 girls, who were admitted for rehabilitation treatment to the "Russkoe pole" Rehabilitation Center. A study on the TG kinematics was performed with the Optitrack system. Results: The results showed asymmetry in the duration of the step cycle and an increase in its duration proportional to the severity of the functional state. The pelvic movements showed different abnormalities. The flexion-extension movements in the hip joints were characterized by an extension lag at the end of the transfer period and a slight decrease in the amplitude, which probably became more pronounced with an increase in the degree of the motor impairment. The movements in the knee joints demonstrated two main phenomena: an increase in the flexion setting of the joint and a decrease in the amplitude of the main swing flexion. In addition, there was a delay in the maximum of the swing flexion. The kinematic parameters of the TG of the examined patients, in contrast to the control group, are not stable. This is, presumably, due to the fact, that normally such a modification of walking is easily automated and does not require voluntary control. In patients with SCF, each step in the TG mode requires additional voluntary control, and under these conditions, the stability and repeatability of a movement are dramatically reduced. Conclusions: In contrast to the routine clinical version of the test, the analysis of the movement biomechanics allows one to present an accurate qualitative and quantitative characterization of functional disorders. According to our research, motor function disorders develop at various levels of the musculoskeletal system. The degree of their severity is in a good agreement with the expert assessment of the patient's functional state.

The definition of gastritis is based on the histological features of the gastric mucosa. This is not the erythema observed during gastroscopy, and there are no specific clinical manifestations or symptoms that determine it. The modern classification of gastritis is based on time (acute and chronic), histological features, anatomical distribution and the main pathological mechanisms. Acute gastritis will develop into chronic if left untreated. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of gastritis worldwide. However, from 60 to 70% H. pylori-negative subjects with functional dyspepsia or non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux were also found to have gastritis. H. pylori-negative gastritis is considered when a person meets all four of these criteria: negative triple staining of biopsies of the gastric mucosa, no history of treatment of H. pylori. In these patients, the cause of gastritis may be associated with tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and / or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids. Other causes of gastritis include autoimmune gastritis associated with antibodies of serum anti-parietal and anti-internal factor; organisms other than H. pylori, such as Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, Herpes simplex and Cytomegalovirus; gastritis caused by acid reflux; Rare causes of gastritis include collagen gastritis, sarcoidosis, eosinophilic gastritis and lymphocytic gastritis. The clinical picture, laboratory studies, gastroscopy, as well as histological and microbiological examination of tissue biopsies are important for the diagnosis of gastritis and its causes. Treatment of gastritis caused by H. pylori leads to the rapid disappearance of polymorphic-nuclear infiltration and a decrease in chronic inflammatory infiltrate with gradual normalization of the mucous membrane. Other types of gastritis should be treated based on their etiology.

The article considers the interpretation of the Late Roman empire by pre-revolutionary and Soviet researchers. The subject attracted special interest in the antiquity rarely. Nevertheless it was covered in some detail, especially in the pre-revolutionary period. Despite the fact that the period of the Late Roman Empire became the object of careful attention of scientists, work that covered all spheres of the late-antique society was not created. However many aspects of the life of the society of the end of the III-V centuries were covered in pre-revolutionary historiography as a whole. Soviet historians continued the socio-economic direction in the study of the history of the Late Roman Empire, attempting to include it in the last stage of the "slave revolution". The period of late antiquity (III-V centuries) was assigned a decisive role in this theory, since the social struggle was to be exacerbated precisely during this period. The political aspect of the dominant was interpreted by domestic historiographers as an absolute military-bureaucratic monarchy, which began to take shape even during the Principate period, and finally took shape in the fourth century.

The article deals with the issues of the sudden appearance of white-stone construction in the middle of the XII century in the North-East of Russia, in the Vladimir Principality, which are practically not affected by science. The purpose of the study is to identify the most likely sources that influenced the process of origin and formation of the unique style of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157–1177). The research methods were reduced not only to the analysis of the Old Testament texts, with which the Great Vladimir Prince was well acquainted and admired their heroes during the construction of his white-stone churches, but also to the identification of the peculiarity of the current situation, individual facts of the prince's activity and the nature of his character, which became an active incentive to the introduction of white stone instead of bricks, which took a sacred character for Andrey Bogolyubsky. The result of the study is as follows: first, the symbolism of the white color, drawn from the biblical testaments of the consubstantial God, became the leitmotif for the architectural creations of the Vladimir prince; second, the perceived Old Testament building traditions stimulated the growth of original forms of Vladimir-Suzdal white stone architecture, which have no close analogies in the entire area of neighboring countries. In the light of the current inclusion of white stone buildings in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage, the aspect of their study not only brings scientific novelty to the already established interpretation, but also entails a rethinking of the practical orientation of restoration and restoration work on them.

Introduction. In megacities, the use of organs obtained from those who died as a result of sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) for transplantation is one of the promising ways of addressing the problem of organ donor shortage. In St. Petersburg, the model of transition from life support via extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) of patients after OHCA to ECMO life support for organs of potential donors was tested for the first time.Materials and methods. In order to implement the program, round-the-clock ECMO and transplantation teams were organized at the inpatient emergency ward of Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University. Interaction with the St. Petersburg City Emergency Station, St. Petersburg was established. The protocol of work with potential donors brought to the hospital after a sudden circulatory arrest was developed, approved by the ethics committee, and implemented in clinical practice. This was the first in Russia and in international practice. Between 2017 and 2020, 67 patients with sudden OHCA were brought to the inpatient emergency ward. In 4 (5.97%) cases, advanced cardiovascular life support was successful, and 11 (16.42%) patients became effective donors. Mortality among this group of patients without subsequent postmortem donation was 77.61% (52 patients).Results. Liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors (NHBDs) whose blood circulation was restored by ECMO (ECMO NHBD) was performed in 5 recipients who were in severe condition against the background of liver failure. In 1 (20%) case, there was severe liver allograft dysfunction for 33 days with subsequent complete restoration of function. Kidney transplantation was performed in 22 patients. Immediate graft function occurred in 10 (45.45%), while delayed function occurred in 12 (54.55%) patients. Kidney graft survival was 86.4%, kidney graft recipient survival was 95.5%, liver graft recipient survival was 80%, and the follow-up period was 24.1 ± 7.15 months.Conclusion. The use of ECMO to save the lives of patients with sudden OHCA can be implemented in conditions of a high degree of organization and synchronization of the work of the city emergency medical station and the emergency department of a multidisciplinary hospital. If cardiopulmonary resuscitation with ECMO (ECMO CPR) fails, it is possible to launch the ECMO NHBD donor program. Long-term outcomes of liver and kidney transplantation from ECMO NHBD are consistent with those using organs from brain-dead donors. Widespread implementation of the new organ donation model will increase the availability of transplant care.

Abstract Higher Spin Gravities are scarce, but covariant actions for them are even scarcer. We construct covariant actions for contractions of Chiral Higher Spin Gravity that represent higher spin extensions of self-dual Yang-Mills and self-dual Gravity theories. The actions give examples of complete higher spin theories both in flat and (anti)-de Sitter spaces that feature gauge and gravitational interactions. The actions are based on a new description of higher spin fields, whose origin can be traced to early works on twistor theory. The new description simplifies the structure of interactions. In particular, we find a covariant form of the minimal gravitational interaction for higher spin fields both in flat and anti-de Sitter space, which resolves some of the puzzles in the literature.

Abstract We construct a new covariant action for “flat” self-dual gravity in four space-time dimensions. The action has just one term, but when expanded around an appropriate background gives rise to a kinetic term and a cubic interaction. Upon imposing the light-cone gauge, the action reproduces the expected chiral interaction of Siegel. The new action is in many ways analogous to the known covariant action for self-dual Yang-Mills theory. There is also a sense in which the new self-dual gravity action exhibits the double copy of self-dual Yang-Mills structure.

Background: According to numerous studies, from 30% to 50% of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are resistant to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and cardiac contractility modulation (CCM), despite their careful selection in accordance with current guidelines. It is of interest to study neurohormones characterizing myocardial (NT-proBNP) and fibrosis (sST2) as potential additional markers of CHF patients' “response” to CRT and CCM.Aim: To evaluate the potential to use NT-proBNP and sST2 biomarkers in CHF patients combined with transthoracic echocardiography (Echo) and contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters of the heart to predict a positive response to CRT and CCM devices.Materials and methods: The study included 51 patients (41 men, 10 women) aged 58 ± 12 years (26 to 79 years) with ischemic heart disease post acute myocardial infarction (n = 22) or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (n = 29), left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction (EF) < 35%, and CHF II–III NYHA functional class despite ≥ 3 months of optimized medical therapy. The patients were assessed by serum biomarkers NT-proBNP and sST2 measurements, transthoracic Echo, and contrast- enhanced cardiac MRI. After the diagnostic assessment, CRT defibrillators (CRT-D) were implanted to 39 patients and CCM to 12 patients. After prospective follow-up of the patients for 18 to 24 months, predictors of the response to each device type were analyzed in univariate, multivariate, and ROC analysis.Results: The response to CRT-D was found in 21 (54%) patients, to CCM in 7 (58%) patients. Multivariate analysis showed the following predictors of the response of patients to CRT-D were: 1) sST2 < 50 ng/mL, 2) NT-proBNP < 3900 pg/mL, 3) < 3 LV segments with fibrosis (by MRI) and 4) anteroposterior dimension of the left atrium < 4.8 cm (by Echo). Any 2 of these 4 characteristics made it possible to predict the response to CRT with an accuracy of 87% (sensitivity 90%, specificity 83%). The predictors of the response to CCM were: 1) sST2 < 30 ng/ml, 2) LV end diastolic diameter < 78 mm (Echo), 3) age < 56 years, 4) body mass index < 27 kg/m2. Any 2 of these 4 characteristics predicted the positive response to CCM with an accuracy of 92% (sensitivity 86%, specificity 100%).Conclusion: The preoperative sST2 level was the only universal marker of the response to either CRT (< 50 ng/mL) or CCM (< 30 ng/mL) devices in CHF patients with reduced LVEF. The results indicate the potential for improved efficacy of these devices with their earlier implantation after the onset of the heart disease, as well as provided that maximal control CHF in these patients has been achieved.

Statins, small molecular 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are widely used to lower cholesterol levels in lipid-metabolism disorders. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that statins exert beneficial effects in the management of breast cancer by increasing recurrence free survival. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.

Introduction. The problem of gastric ulcer is of particular socio-economic importance and has a tremendous impact on the quality of life of people. The relevance of our study is due to an increase in the incidence of peptic ulcer in the population, the variability of the clinical picture depending on the age category of patients, and the peculiarities of the treatment of this gastrointestinal pathology.The aim of the study is to study the features of the course of gastric ulcer in different age groups of patients under dispensary supervision in the outpatient department of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Republic of Moldova “Republican Clinical Hospital No. 5” in the period from 2017 to 2020.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of outpatient records of 100 patients of different age groups with gastric ulcer who were under dispensary observation at the outpatient clinic of the Republican Clinical Hospital No. 5 in Saransk in 2017– 2020 was carried out. Statistical analysis of the data obtained was carried out using the Microsoft Office Excel program.Results and discussion. It was found that gastric ulcer is more often observed in middle-aged and elderly patients and is accompanied by blurring of the clinical picture of the disease, in contrast to young people, who have vivid clinical manifestations of this disease. Ulcerative defects in young and middle-aged patients are more often small in size and are located mainly in the area of the stomach angle, and in elderly and senile patients, ulcers are localized mainly in the cardiac region, can be gigantic and often lead to the development of complications (primarily gastrointestinal intestinal bleeding).Conclusions. The blurring of the clinical picture, the absence of pathognomonic symptoms in elderly patients determine the late diagnosis of gastric ulcer, which ultimately leads to a high incidence of complications requiring surgical intervention. In clinical practice, it is necessary to take into account these features of the course of peptic ulcer disease in elderly patients and to prescribe the necessary complex of laboratory and instrumental studies and preventive therapy in a timely manner.

Industry is one of the important sectors of the economy of any country in the world. At the same time, statistics show that the industrial complexes of many countries are developing unevenly, with periodic changes in the structure and volume of production under the influence of many internal and external factors. Ukraine's industrial complex is also undergoing spatial and structural distortions, but these trends do not always correspond to those formed in the world's leading countries in the direction and pace of change, although today the industrial complex of Ukraine is the most important structural part of Ukraine's economy, a third of fixed assets and more than 30% of the employed population. As one of the largest spheres of social production in the country, industrial production determines the level of its socio-economic development, the specialization of the economy and the extent of participation in the territorial division of labor. Properly chosen strategy for the development of industrial production, the appropriate volume and structure of production, a reasonable volume of sales allows all participants in production to achieve their financial goals. This is due to the importance of studying the activities of industrial enterprises. The article constructs nonlinear models of multiple regression, which describe the main trends in industrial production, the effect of external and internal factors on the economic performance of industry in general and industrial enterprises in the western region of Ukraine. It is established that innovative transformations in industrial production have led to the renewal of fixed assets and have had a positive effect on the dynamics of economic results. At the same time, this process was accompanied by a reduction in the number of people employed in industry. It is revealed that the influential factors of the external environment include economic conditions of management, and among the factors of the internal environment – the management of innovation and innovation activity of economic entities. It is recommended to expand the set of tools at the expense of distribution-lag, autoregressive, simulative and other econometric models to describe the relationship between the economic performance of enterprises and factor characteristics.

Functional RNA secondary structure is important for the pre-mRNA processing including splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation, and RNA editing. Here the authors present a catalog of conserved long-range RNA structures in the human transcriptome by defining pairs of conserved complementary regions (PCCR) in pre-aligned evolutionarily conserved regions.

The object of the study was a hoard of Roman coins discovered to the Southwest of the Melnikovo—Kashtanovka highway. He was buried in a wooden box with bronze handles. The treasure consisted of brass coins of the Italic minting. Most of them are significantly worn out. Many coins are so badly worn that they have lost significant weight. But, judging by the fact of their discovery in the treasure, they continued to be appreciated. We come to the conclusion that the object of our research was not a collection of metal objects valued for the material from which they were made. It is a treasure of money, made up of well-known means of payment in the region. We believe that Roman brass coins came to the region in abundance under the emperors of the “golden age” in exchange for amber. We conclude that the population of the Sambian-Natangian culture valued the change money of the Roman coinage as a means of payment and accumulation.

Background: The standard of the surgical treatment for arthrosis of the knee joint (KJ) at the later stages is total arthroplasty, which allows relieving the pain and eliminating the existing deformity. However, there are not enough data on the long-term results after the surgery that is important for understanding the dynamics of the recovery and predicting the result. Aims: Study of clinical, functional, and biomechanical symptoms in patients after total arthroplasty of the knee joint in the long-term period. Methods: 22 patients after knee joint replacement and 20 relatively healthy adults (control group) were examined in long-term periods. The biomechanics of walking was studied at an arbitrary pace. The temporal characteristics of the gait cycle, shock loads and movements in the hip joints (HJ) and KJ were recorded. We recorded the time characteristics of the walking cycle, shock loads and movements in the hip joint (HJ) and KJ. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the results of the biomechanical study. The patients from subgroup 1 had good functionality with a swing amplitude of the knee joint of 50 degrees or more, the movement algorithm was preserved. The patients from subgroup 2 had a swing amplitude of up to 50 degrees, the movement algorithm was impaired. Results: The temporal characteristics of the waking cycle of knee arthroplasty patients did not differ significantly from the control group in the long term. Abduction-adduction and rotation movements in HJ and KJ show a decrease in the amplitudes, more pronounced in the second subgroup. The main changes in the kinematics of the hip joint are characterized by a decrease in the range of motion and a longer extension time during the support period, which was found for both sides, especially in the second subgroup. The greatest changes were observed in the kinematics of the knee joints movements. They included a decrease in the amplitude of all the movements, not only on the endoprosthesis side, but also on the opposite side. Conclusions: There is no complete restoration of the knee joint function after total arthroplasty in the long term. The function of both lower limbs is symmetrically decreased. The fact of functionally different (less severe and more severe) results may be associated with the initial functional state of the joint before arthroplasty or with the subsequent period of rehabilitation.