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Understanding the transport mechanism is crucial for developing inhibitors that block allergen absorption and transport and prevent allergic reactions. However, the process of how beta-conglycinin, the primary allergen in soybeans, crosses the intestinal mucosal barrier remains unclear. The present study indicated that the transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates by IPEC-J2 monolayers occurred in a time- and quantity-dependent manner. The beta-conglycinin hydrolysates were absorbed into the cytoplasm of IPEC-J2 monolayers, while none were detected in the intercellular spaces. Furthermore, inhibitors such as methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) significantly suppressed the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates. Of particular interest, sodium cromoglycate (SCG) exhibited a quantity-dependent nonlinear suppression model on the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates. In conclusion, beta-conglycinin crossed the IPEC-J2 monolayers through a transcellular pathway, involving both clathrin-mediated and caveolae-dependent endocytosis mechanisms. SCG suppressed the absorption and transport of beta-conglycinin hydrolysates by the IPEC-J2 monolayers by a quantity-dependent nonlinear model via clathrin-mediated and caveolae-dependent endocytosis. These findings provide promising targets for both the prevention and treatment of soybean allergies.

IntroductionBullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease which mainly affects the elderly. It manifests as severe pruritus, urticarial plaques, and tense bullae and is associated with significant mortality. Therapy options for itch in BP patients are limited, mainly because the pathogenesis of itch in BP remains unclear. Sodium cromoglycate was commonly used in the past as an inhaled drug for the management of bronchial asthma and as an oral treatment for children with urticaria pigmentosa. In this study we sought to assess its efficacy in reducing BP associated itch.ObjectiveAssessing the efficacy of oral sodium cromoglycate in reducing BP-related pruritus after stabilization of disease activity.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BP who were treated with sodium cromoglycate. Patient reported outcome measures (PROM) including: BPDAI pruritus, ABQOL and TABQOL, and BPDAI activity score were compared at two points in time: before commencing treatment with sodium cromoglycate or before commencing maximal dose of this treatment, and at least 4 weeks after treatment commencement.ResultsA total of 21 patients met the inclusion criteria. After at least 4 weeks of treatment with oral sodium cromoglycate BPDAI pruritus, ABQOL and TABQOL scores were statistically significantly decreased compared to the scores prior to treatment commencement, P < 0.000, P < 0.008, and P < 0.004, respectively.DiscussionOral treatment with sodium cromoglycate for the management of pruritus in BP patients may be beneficial, however, further prospective studies are required to better assess its efficacy.

Purpose. To study the effectiveness and tolerability of sodium cromoglycate (Uzbekistan) in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Material and methods. 60 patients (120 eyes) with allergic conjunctivitis aged 18 to 60 years (28 men and 32 women), were divided into two homogeneous groups with similar clinical manifestations. The main group (30 patients), in addition to basic treatment, received instillations of sodium cromoglycate, 2 drops 4 times a day for 4 weeks. The control group (30 patients) received a foreign medication of the same group, instilled in the same way. Results. The patients of both groups revealed a comparable therapeutic effect. By the end of the treatment course, substantial positive changes were observed and the symptoms of allergic inflammation disappeared. The treatment effectiveness was 95.9 and 97.6 % in the main and the control groups, respectively. Conclusion. The use of domestic medication of the sodium cromoglycate group reduces the patients’ subjective complaints and helps achieve a maximum therapeutic effect at a price affordable by the patient and the clinic. No side effects or cases of intolerance to the drug of sodium cromoglycate group used have been revealed.

Background/Aims: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that mainly involves the colon. Thus far, glucocorticoids and amino-salicylate have been the main treatment. Methods: To assess drugs with fewer side effects, this study evaluated the effects of sodium cromoglycate (SCG) on acetic acid-induced UC in rats. The treatment groups included SCG receivers (50 and 100 mg/kg, intra-orally) and sulfasalazine (SSZ) receivers (100 mg/kg, intra-orally). The colonic mucosal injury was assessed by clinical, macroscopic, and histopathological examinations. Results: In the treatment groups with 50 and 100 mg/kg of SCG, the clinical activity score decreased to 2.67±0.18 and 1.73±0.21 (p

Background: Recurrent cow's milk (CM) aspiration is often associated with gastroesophageal reflux in infants and toddlers and it seems to be implicated in the etiology of different inflammatory lung disorders. This study aimed to investigate ex vivo the impact of CM aspiration on human airways and whether treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) or sodium cromoglycate (SCG) may prevent the potential CM-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Methods: Human isolated bronchi were contracted by electrical field stimulation (EFS10Hz) to mimic the contractile tone induced by the parasympathetic activity and challenged with CM, fat/lactose-free CM, or human breast milk (HM). The effect of pre-treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and sodium cromoglycate (SCG) was also investigated on the AHR induced by CM. Results: After a 60 min-challenge with CM 1:10 v/v and fat/lactose-free CM 1:10 v/v, ASM significantly (P ​

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases globally. Mast cells are known to be the main source of brain histamine, which is identified as being involved in seizure modulation. Sodium cromoglycate is a popular mast cell stabilizer and is proposed as the first line therapy in chronic asthma and systemic mastocytosis. Considering the importance of gestational period in brain formation and given the apparent role of the histaminergic system in developmental stages, the question arises as to whether gestational exposure to sodium cromoglycate can impact epileptic susceptibility in the offspring. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gestational exposure of sodium cromoglycate on pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptiform activities in the rat offspring. METHODS: Twelve pregnant Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n=4) including: two treatment groups which received intraperitoneal Sodium cromoglycate in doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg once daily at the last week of pregnancy, and the control group which only received Phosphate-buffered saline at the same amount (0.5 ml) and the same order. At postnatal day 12, eight male pups were selected from each group’s offspring. Anesthetized pups were transferred to stereotaxic frame and silver electrodes were implanted surgically over the brain cortex. After recovery, pups were placed into the recording chamber and pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptiform activities were measured. RESULTS: Electrographic data showed a decrement in seizure latency and increment in frequency/amplitude of the spikes in sodium cromoglycate groups in comparison to the control group (p

Objective:To demonstrate the histopathological effects of the long-term use of cromolyn sodium on healthy rat nasal mucosa using the light microscope.Methods:The animals were grouped according to the intranasal administered agents: first group (n=10), intranasal 10 µL saline administration; second group (n=10), intranasal 10 µL cromolyn sodium with the help of a micropipette for one month duration.Results:When we assessed mucosal edema and increased goblet cell number, there were no statistical differences between control and study groups (p>0.05). However, the assessment of decreased epithelial thickness and squamous metaplasia between control and study groups revealed significant differences (respectively: p=0.001, p=0.001; p