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Objective To study the characteristics of gallstone composition in Tibetans. Methods Gallstone/gallbladder stone(GS) specimens were collected from 106 Tibetan patients in the Department of General Surgery of Tibet Autonomous Region People′s Hospital from January to June 2021. The contents of cholesterol, bilirubin, cholic acid and calcium, sulfur, iron and zinc in gallstone were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer and by inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. Results Among 106 cases of cholecystolithiasis, 8.49% (9 cases) were cholesterol gallstones with cholesterol content of 534(528,725)μg/mg; 19.81% (21 cases) were pigment stones, and the content of bile pigment was 320(311,413)μg/mg; 71.69% (76 cases) were other types of stones; At the same time, bile acid with different contents was detected in three types of stones, and the content of bile acid in other types of stones was 22(12,33)μg/mg; The content of calcium, zinc and sulfur in pigment stone was relatively high(P＜0.05), but the content of iron didn′t show had significant difference. Conclusions Gallstone ofTibetan people is mainlycomposed of other stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones only account for a small proportion, which is quite different from the composition profile from other parts of China. The content of calcium, sulfur and zinc in pigment stone is relatively high, and the content of calcium is the highest element.

Several studies have reported a worldwide increase in incidence and prevalence of nephrolithiasis, with some specificities across countries and regions. A retrospective review was performed on all urinary calculi submitted between 2009 and 2019 from a large part of the western Switzerland to our laboratory. A total of 10,437 stones were analysed and the presence of 18,804 compounds revealed. The median age of patients was 51 years and the global male-to-female ratio was 2.49:1. From 2009 to 2019, calcium oxalates containing calculi were the most frequent, followed by calcium phosphate and uric acids, the latter being more common in men, whereas carbapatite was the second most frequent component in women. Infection stone frequency remained unchanged and low, with a higher rate for women. Finally, while Randall’s plaque frequency was relatively small (7.4%), patients experiencing them were significantly younger. In this review, we identified an age and gender relationship of stone composition and Randall’s plaque formation in our Swiss region, which paves the way for future investigations.

Background: Urolithiasis is a growing issue globally, but it is heterogeneous, with a different epidemiology and pathophysiology for each different stone composition. Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of urinary stones in the USA from 2016 to 2019 by chemical composition and to investigate the influence of age and geography on these stone types. Design, setting, and participants: We obtained compositional analyses for all urinary stones submitted to a national laboratory over an approximately 3-yr period. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Data collected included the chemical constituents of a stone, patient age, and geographical origin. We describe the incidence of each stone type by frequency. Statistical testing was performed to determine the influence of age and geographical region on overall incidence of each stone composition. Results and limitations: In total, 99 908 specimens were analyzed. When pure stones were ordered by frequency, we found that the most common stone type was calcium oxalate (CaOx) (79.2%), followed by uric acid (UA; 14.3%), calcium phosphate (CaPO4; 3.7%), cystine (0.51%), drug induced (0.12%), and magnesium ammonium phosphate (0.04%). CaOx, UA, and CaPO4 were often mixed with one another. Among CaOx stones, the plurality (28.0%) was made of pure calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), and only 0.002% was pure calcium oxalate dihydrate. There was an overall association between stone composition and both geographical distribution and age (p < 0.001). Conclusions: CaOx stones comprise the majority of urinary stones in the USA, of which almost 28% were pure COM. Additionally, age and geographical region are significantly associated with variations in stone composition. Patient summary: We evaluated the incidence of urinary stones in the USA based on their chemical composition. The most common stone type was calcium oxalate, the majority of which was pure calcium oxalate monohydrate. We also found age and geographical region to be significantly associated with variations in stone composition.

Abstract Introduction: Large variations in demographic, economic and environmental factors might influence the worldwide distribution of urolithiasis, but scarce data are available concerning their associations with stone composition. We aimed to evaluate the frequency and composition of kidney stones and their associations with temperature, humidity, and human development index (HDI). Materials and Methods: A total of 1,158 stones from distinct patients (47±14 years old, male/female 2:1) were included. The mean annual temperature and relative humidity of each town were considered separately. Results: Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) was disclosed in 38.8% of patients, calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) in 22.1%, mixed COD/apatite in 9.4%, pure apatite in 1.9%, brushite in 1.8%, struvite in 8.3%, pure uric acid in 11.1%, mixed uric acid/COM in 5.6%, and cystine/rare types in 0.8%. Mean HDI of all pooled cities was 0.780±0.03. However, people living in HDI0.800 (OR=2.14, 95% CI 1.11-4.11). Furthermore, a progressive increase in the struvite stones frequency from 4.5 to 22.8% was detected from HDI>0.800 through HDI

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a common condition that has various classifications according to stone composition. Stone formation can affect renal function; it can be a strong risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main objective of this study is to explore the association between creatinine clearance and different stone compositions. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between 2005 and 2014. Renal function was assessed by the estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Stone composition was determined by urinary calculi analysis with infrared spectrometry. Results: Stones of 365 patients, with a mean age of 48.2 ± 13.6 years and a male to female ratio of 3.2:1, were analyzed. Stage 2 CKD has been documented. It involved oxalate, struvite, cystine, and uric acid stones. The worst eGFR was reported for stones containing uric acid. The eGFR was least affected with apatite stones followed by brushite stones. Conclusion: Stone disease can affect renal function. Different stone compositions show factor for renal impairment, and this should be considered in patient management. A special precaution should be considered for higher risk groups. Multidisciplinary patient care and immediate referral to a nephrologist are strongly advised.

Hounsfield units (HU) provides a quantitative assessment of stone density in the urogenital tract on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) and has the ability to predict treatment success. The difference in HU (HUdiff) value was measured on NCCT in two patients. Our opinion is that HUdiff can predict stone composition before treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the urinary stone composition of Indonesian population. Material & Methods: This is a retrospective study analyzing total 277 urinary stone, obtained from urinary stone patient that underwent treatment in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in period 2000-2013. Results: Urinary stone disease is more common in male, with male : female ratio 1.8 : 1, with both in male and female patient, the incidence are highest at 51-60 years old. Calcium containing stone is predominant in this study with calcium oxalate as the most frequent stone with 61% overall, 43.7% in male and 17.3% in female and founded most frequent in 51-60 years old. Uric acid become the second most common stone after calcium containing stone with 9.0% overall, 6.5% in male and 2.5% in female. Infection associated stone such as struvite is 5.8% and Amonium urate 0.7%. In our study, struvite is founded more in male 3.6% than in female 2.2%. Cystine is a rare stone which is only founded 0.7%, in young age at 21-30 years old. Conclusion: Calcium oxalate is the most frequently stone type in our country as it is worldwide. This study revealed information of stone composition in Indonesian population, that could be beneficial for strategies and management to prevent urinary stone disease and recurrence.

Objective: To study the composition of urinary stones, evaluate the percentage of each stone type and assess the association between the stone type and the sex and age in Moroccan stone formers. Subjects and methods: This epidemiologic study of urolithiasis was carried out in the Rabat-Salé region (Morocco) between 2008 and 2013. A series of 828 urinary stones from 537 men and 265 women was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in order to evaluate the percentage of each stone type. The results were compared to the patients’ demographic data in order to assess the association between the stone type and the sex and age. Results: The overall sex ratio (male/female) was 2.03:1, and the majority of patients were aged between 40 and 60. The majority of stones were composed of calcium oxalate (66.6%), followed by anhydrous uric acid (18.1%), carbapatite (7.9%), struvite (4.4%) and cystine (0.6%). Anhydrous uric acid stones in this study accounted for a relatively higher rate in males and females compared to that reported in other studies. Our results also showed a higher percentage of carbapatite stones in females compared to males and an increase of the prevalence of anhydrous uric acid stones with age. In addition, the percentage of calcium oxalate stones decreased, while that of carbapatite stones increased with age.

Introduction: Nephrolithiasis is a complex disease affecting all age groups globally. As the causative factors for nephrolithiasis rises significantly, its incidence, prevalence and recurrence continues to baffle clinicians and patients. Aim: To study the prevalence of different types of renal stones extracted by Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgical procedures. Materials and Methods: Renal stones from 50 patients were retrieved by Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), Ureterorenoscopy (URS) and open surgical techniques for qualitative tests for detection of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, phosphate, ammonium ion, carbonate, cystine and xanthine. Results: Three patients had stone removed by open surgery and rest had undergone PCNL. Nine of the stones were pure of calcium oxalate, 9 were of pure uric acid and 32 were mixed stones. Forty one stones had calcium. Among the mixed stones, oxalate was present in 25 samples (39 of total), uric acid was seen in 17 (25 of total stones), phosphate was present in 23 (23 of total) and carbonate was present in 4 stones (4 of total). Only 1 patient had triple phosphate stone. 12 were of staghorn appearance of which 6 were of struvite type, 6 were pure uric acid and remaining were mixed oxalate-phosphate stones. Conclusion: Our study, though in a small number of hospital based patients, found much higher prevalence of uric acid stones and mixed stones than reported by previous hospital based studies in north India (oxalate stones~90%, uric acid~1% and mixed stones~3%). Biochemical analysis of renal stones is warranted in all cases.