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The purpose of this study was to synthesize ecofriendly nano-composite in which agricultural waste (seeds of Tamarindus indica) was used to synthesize tamarind seed polysaccharides (TSP) and its composite with copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) for the purpose of green and clean environment as well as reduction of green-house gases. Confirmation of extracted TSP, synthesized nanocomposite was carried out using FTIR, SEM, PXRD and EDX techniques. In FTIR analysis TSP gives a strong broad peak at 3331 cm−1 due to –OH group and in case of composite its intensity is reduced which might be due to the interactions between –OH and Cu+2 ions. SEM analysis gives that TSP have irregular and rough surface while Cu-NPs exhibited spherical morphology and composite showed clustering of spherical shape to rough surface. EDX analysis quantitatively represented copper having atomic ratio 0.57 % which confirms the synthesis of composite. Furthermore, synthesized composite demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive (S.aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (E.coli) even greater than standard medicine (ciprofloxacin). From this study it was revealed that agriculture waste can be utilized to make environment green as well as synthesized composite from agricultural waste seed also displayed excellent antimicrobial activities which directs that they can be utilized in medical field. This study aims to assess the antimicrobial properties of the nanocomposite, aiming to contribute to the development of effective antimicrobial agents. Through these objectives, the research seeks to bridge the gap between green technology and antimicrobial efficacy, offering a promising avenue for both environmental conservation and healthcare advancements.

Geckos and their products have been used in Asian traditional medicine. Medicinal properties of desert-dwelling Gecko species, Crossobamon orientalis remain unexplored. In this study, natural bioactive macromolecules present in oil extracted from C. orientalis (COO) and their biological activities were evaluated. Chemical constitution of COO was explored by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Antioxidant, antiviral, and antibacterial activities of COO extracts were assessed using various assays, including DPPH free-radical-protocol, HET-CAM method, in ovo-antiviral technique, and disc-diffusion method. GC-MS study reported 40 different compounds in COO. n-hexane and methanol extracts of COO demonstrated highest DPPH radical inhibition, with values of 70 and 63.3%, respectively. Extracts of COO in solvents, namely 1-butanol, methanol, diethyl ether, and n-hexane significantly inhibited the proliferation of four pathogenic viruses. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli (13.65 ± 0.57 mm). These findings suggest that COO possesses potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against viral and bacterial strains, thanks to its biologically active components having no side effects. Further studies are essential to isolate and identify individual bioactive compounds present in COO and to investigate their potential as therapeutic agents.

ABSTRACT: Members of the genus Lanius, known as shrikes, are economically important song birds distributed widely in several Asian countries. DNA sequencing, based on a partial segment of the cytochrome oxidase b (Cyt b) gene, was used to determine genetic variations and population genetic structure in four populations of shrike samples from north, east, and west Pakistan. We observed nucleotide diversities in L. isabellinus(= 0.02), L. schach(= 0.005), L. vittatus(= 0.004) and L. lahtora(= 0.008) . FST values were significant (P < 0.05) in all species populations apart from L. isabellinus, which were non-significant. The negative values of Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D showed significant population expansion in three species, L. schach, L. vittatusand L. Lahtora, whereas they were insignificant in populations of L. isabellinus. Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D values explain that a strong genetic structure is present among members of L. isabellinus. On this basis, it is inferred that strong genetic structuring in L. isabellinuspopulations within this region was largely shaped by a common origin, with secondary influences from geographical factors and isolation.

Short and long-term sound-induced stress on daily basis can affect the physiology of avian individuals because they are more susceptible to sound stress in an open environment.ObjectivesAn ex-situ study was carried out to determine the impact of noise on physiology and ptilochronology of non-breeding male domesticated quail birds.MethodologyDuring 60-days long trial, male quail birds, aged 5-weeks, weighing (c.100gm) were used. Out of 72 experimental birds, 18 birds were assigned to the Control Group (G1) while remaining 54 birds were divided equally into 3 treatment groups: Road Traffic noise (G2), Military activity noise (G3) and Human Activities noise (G4). Birds were housed in standard-sized separate cages (20 ×45 × 20 cm), every bird was kept apart in separate cage in open laboratory under maintained environmental conditions. Millet seeds and water were provided to all the experimental birds ad libitum. Noise originated from several sources of recorded high-intensity music (1125 Hz/ 90 dB), was administered for 5-6 hours per day. Observations were recorded in the morning and afternoon. The experiment was conducted during the non-breeding season from August to October in triplicate. Blood sampling was done after 60 days.ResultsAccording to the current study, noise stress significantly (pConclusionNoise stress can significantly affect serology, hematology, hormonal physiology and ptilochronology in quail birds.

Objective(s): Emergence of multidrug resistance has reduced the choice of antimicrobial regimens for UTIs. To understand the association of phenotype and genotype among uropathogens.Materials and Methods: Six hundred and twenty-eight (628) urine samples were collected and analyzed. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern was determined by the Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was tested by the E test. Fluoroquinolone resistant mutations in QRDR of gyrA and ParC, phylogenetic groups, and PAIusp subtype were detected by PCR.Results: Most prevalent uropathogens were Escherichia coli (53.2%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%). Multidrug- resistance was observed in > 50% cases for third-generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin and lowest in meropenem. E. coli (66.2%) and K. pneumonia (64.4%) were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producers. MIC to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was highest in E. coli (>1024 µg/ml). In 80 (24%) of the 334 E. coli isolates analyzed in detail, 54 fluoroquinolones (FQ) resistant isolates carried mutations (S83L, D87N, S80I, E84V) in QRDR of gyrA and ParC. Out of 54 FQ-resistant isolates, 43 (79.6%) isolates belonged to the phylogenetic group B2, and 11(20.4%) belonged to group D. Isolates belonged to group B2, 38 (88.4%) of the 43 isolates carried PAIusp subtype IIa and high frequency of mutation E84V in ParC was detected in 37 (97.4%). Other mutations, such as S80I, S83L in gyrA and D87N in ParC were found in all resistant isolates.Conclusion: Correlations between phenotype and genotype provided a basis to understand the resistance development in uropathogens, and PAIusp subtyping indicated that E. coli belonged to the B2 group.

The study evaluated therapeutic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Trianthema portulacastrum against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced toxicity in rabbits. The entire sample plant was identified using key, dried, ground, and bioactive compounds were extracted using Soxhlet extractor. Adult rabbits (N = 60, 1 kg body weight) were divided into 5 groups: group I as controls, group II received CCl4 only, groups III to V received CCl4 in normal saline but were later orally administered different doses (75, 150 and 225 mg kg−1) of silymarin , aqueous or ethanolic extracts of T. portulacastrum. Hematological parameters were investigated 6 days after administration of the ameliorants. The effects of T. portulacastrum ethanolic and aqueous extracts were then compared to effects of standard silymarin drug. It was discovered that ethanolic extracts conferred hepato-protection on rabbits as silymarin did, suggesting that these extracts may be used instead of silymarin to improve animals health exposed to toxicity.